Civil war and its Aftermath

Why did southerners think "King Cotton" would win the war?

Southerners hoped that England's need for southern cotton would lead to English support of the Confederacy. However, cotton surpluses in Egypt and India accompanied with the British need for northern wheat meant that England did not put its full support behind the Confederacy.

Jim Crow laws

State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities.

Ku Klux Klan

Terrorist group dedicated to defeating Republican Party and keeping African-Americans "in their place;" almost exclusively southern; Bedford Forrest

Literacy Test

Test potential voters; goal - deny suffrage to African-Americans; used until 1960s when the Republicans stepped in

Rutherford B. Hayes

3 terms as governor of Ohio (R); wanted to protect

Andrew Johnson (1808-1875)

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

Why was the battle of Bull Run important?

After a clear southern victory in the battle of Bull Run, the first major battle of the war, many southerners became overconfident while northerners began preparing for a long, difficult conflict.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

After an important northern victory at Antietam, Maryland, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and freed all slaves living in states rebelling against the United States. Lincoln used the Emancipation Proclamation to inspire the northern population and to win support from European nations.+

Freedmen's Bureau 1865

Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

What happened to African-Americans after U.S. troops were pulled out of the South?

Although African-Americans made political gains during Reconstruction, they found themselves at the mercy of southern state governments after U.S. troops were pulled out of the South. For a time, race relations remained moderate because of the leadership of Booker T. Washington and southern Bourbons. In the 1890s, however, southern states began to deny African-Americans the right to vote and a rigid system of segregation was established.

Battles of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg 1863

Although the Confederacy won many great victories in the early years of the war, Union forces turned the tide in 1863 with two important victories.

Why is the year 1863 considered the turning point of the Civil War?

Although the Confederacy won many great victories in the early years of the war, Union forces turned the tide in 1863 with two important victories. At Vicksburg, the North took control of the Mississippi River. At Gettysburg, the North demonstrated that the South would never be able to successfully invade the North.

What were the northern advantages in the Civil War?

Although the South had better military leadership in the early years of the war and was fighting a defensive war on their own soil, the North had advantages in population, industrial resources, agricultural resources, naval resources, and financial resources.

First battle of Bull Run 1861

At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared.

Bloody Shirt

The practice of reviving unpleasant memories from the past. Representative Ben F. Butler waved before the House a bloodstained nightshirt of a carpetbagger flogged by Klan members; used during the campaign of 1868 by Republicans to remind voters that Democrats were the party of rebellion and responsible for civil war and Lincoln's assassination

Charles Sumner

The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856, sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory, and supporter of emancipation. He was an outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Black Codes

These laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations. prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations).

Radical Republicans

Treating the South as if it were conquered territory, Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South and protect the legal rights of freed slaves. Due to the congressional power to admit new states, Radical Republicans believed the U.S. Congress was most responsible for determining Reconstruction policies.

What were the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress?

Treating the South as if it were conquered territory, Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South and protect the legal rights of freed slaves. Due to the congressional power to admit new states, Radical Republicans believed the U.S. Congress was most responsible for determining Reconstruction policies.

Plessy v. Fergusson 1896

U.S. Supreme Court decided that a Louisiana law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites on intrastate railroads was constitutional. This decision provided the legal foundation to justify many other actions by state and local governments to socially separate blacks and whites. Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education.

Ulysses S. Grant

U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Bourbons / Redeemers

southern democrats; conservative; pro-business; A religious movement in the South.

Impeach

forcibly remove a gov't official from office

Redemption

forgiveness for past sins; used by white southerners to refer to the reversion of the South to the Union

Freedmen

free slaves

Abraham Lincoln

is elected as 16th President of the United States, and is the first Republican. He receives 180 of 303 possible electoral votes and 40 percent of the popular vote.

Radical Republicans

not only in favor the abolition of slavery but believed that freed slaves should have complete equality with white citizens. After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Reconstruction

rebuilding, specifically the South

Poll tax

tax on voting; to disenfranchise African-Americans and Native Americans

Amnesty

to forgive

When did the Civil War end?

Confederate forces under the Command of Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union forces commanded by Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865

What were some long term results of the Civil War?

Due to the northern victory in the Civil War slavery was abolished, the supremacy of the federal government was established, and northern industry began dominating the national economy.

Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse 1865

End of Civil War

Thirteenth Amendment 1865

Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.

Compromise of 1877 provisions

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

What effect did the election of 1876 have on Reconstruction policies?

In a deal resulting from the controversial election of 1876, Rutherford Hayes was sworn in as president after he agreed to pull northern troops out of the South. The Reconstruction Era ended in 1877 after President Hayes pulled U.S. troops out of the South.

Fourteenth Amendment and its provisions 1866 ratified 1868

It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.

Hiram R. Revels

North Carolina free black, he became a senator in 1870

Why was President Johnson impeached?

President Johnson and Congress faced a political stalemate that resulted in Johnson's impeachment on the grounds that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate failed by one vote to convict Johnson and remove him from office.

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical Republican

What were the results of the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans?

Radical Republican policies resulted in the return of all southern states to the Union by 1870. These states, however, were under "carpetbag" governments and enforced Radical policies. Radical Republican policies increased sectional bitterness to an extent that southern vigilante groups tried to "redeem" the South and deny power to carpetbaggers, scalawags, and African-Americans.

What effect did the election of Ulysses S. Grant have on Reconstruction policies?

The election of Ulysses S. Grant in 1868 gave the nation a president who was willing to carry out the Reconstruction policies of Radical Republicans.

What were the northern and southern strategies to win the Civil?

The northern strategy at the beginning of the war included a blockade of the Confederacy, an attempt to take control of the Mississippi River, and an attempt to capture Richmond, Virginia. The southern strategy was based upon protecting five key cities: Richmond, New Orleans, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and Atlanta.

Blanche K. Bruce

Became a senator in 1874 -- the only black to be elected to a full term until Edward Brooke in 1966

Wade-Davis Bill pocket vetoed, Wade-Davis Manifesto 1864

Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing.

What were the Black Codes?

Black Codes were implemented by southern states immediately after the Civil War. The Black Codes restricted the rights of African-Americans by denying them the right to bear arms, serve on juries, sue whites, or testify against whites

What were the Reconstruction policies of the Lincoln-Johnson administration?

Lincoln's Reconstruction policies were based on his belief that southern states had not seceded. (He believed the southern states had been in a state of rebellion.) Lincoln also believed the president was most responsible for determining Reconstruction policies because he held the constitutional power to pardon. In addition, Lincoln thought Reconstruction policies should be lenient on southerners in order to gain southern loyalty to the nation. President Lincoln's assassination on April 14, 1865, put a southerner, Andrew Johnson, into the presidency. President Johnson generally tried to follow Lincoln's policies. Johnson decided to let southern states determine the legal status of freed slaves.

Fifteenth Amendment Ratified 1870

No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.

Confederacy fires on fort Sumter

The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate troops attacked Union forces at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. After President Lincoln called for volunteers to put down the rebellion, four southern states seceded and joined the seven states already in the confederacy.

When did the Civil War begin?

The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate troops attacked Union forces at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. After President Lincoln called for volunteers to put down the rebellion, four southern states seceded and joined the seven states already in the confederacy.

NY draft riots, 1863

The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people.

What political questions needed to be answered with the U.S. government's Reconstruction policy?

The U.S. government had to decide what conditions southern states should meet in order to return to the Union, whether the president or Congress was most responsible for creating a Reconstruction policy, and what rights should be granted to former slaves.

Assassination of April 14, 1865

While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth.

Gettysburg Address 1863

a speech by Pres. Abraham Lincoln, considered one of the most well known in American history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863; four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Sharecropping

a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land; leads to permanent debt. Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The results, for Blacks, were not unlike slavery.

Emancipation Proclamation - Jan. 1, 1863

confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically. After an important northern victory at Antietam, Maryland, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and freed all slaves living in states rebelling against the United States. Lincoln used the Emancipation Proclamation to inspire the northern population and to win support from European nations.