CJ 220 FINAL EXAM
"Intimate-Partner Assault refers to assaultive behavior that takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship"
MEMORIZE
Pornography and prostitution are institutions that support social patterns and responses to rape.
MEMORIZE
Drug Robberies
Many prey on individuals who are already engaging in lawbreaking activity. -drug dealers are obvious targets -satisfies thirst for drugs and financial aspect -dangerous because of possibility of violent retaliation (deterrence) -minimize risk by using intimidation, anonymity, and hypervigilance.
Secondary Victims
Persons not directly affected by a criminal event, but who suffer unintended consequences of the victimization of others to whom they are close, such as family members, friends, co-workers, and neighbors.
Some occupations and workplaces are considered more prone to violence than others
T
Lack of Capable Guardian:
-Crimes will take place where handlers are -absent -weak -corrupt
Examples of guardians
-Formal: -police -security guard -informal: -neighbors -teachers -peers/friends/family -place manager -lifeguards -parking lot attendants -motel clerks
Professional Car Theft:
-Less common as thefts for others uses -Professional auto thieves work in groups characterized by planning and calculation in target selection. -Professional thefts have lowest recover rates
Arguments against defining crimes as victimless:
-Many of those engaging int he crime have not truly consented -Many were victimless as children -Other crimes exist and persist around the vice -These crimes harm consenters and society at large.
Shoplifting and Employee Theft:
-Retail theft includes shoplifting and theft by store employees -most are short term workers -internal theft more serious than loss due to shoplifting -Technology is one of the best ways to address both types of theft -Shoplifting crosses class lines, not committed primarily by women.
interdiction
an international drug control policy designed to stop drugs from entering the country illegally
Identity Theft:
unauthorized use of another personal information to commit fraud main categories: -existing account fraud (thieves obtain information from open accounts) -new account fraud (thieves use personal information to open new accounts in the victims name.
Financial Crime
** A white collar crime** -corporate fraud -securities and commodities fraud -health care fraud -mortage fraud -insurance fraud -mass marketing fraud -welfare fraud -money laundering -theft of intellectual property
Receivers of Stolen Property:
-Basic elements: -buying and receiving -stolen property -knowing it to be stolen -Fence is least common method for most thieves to dispose of stolen goods -Most common method used by professional burglars
B and E ( Breaking and Entering)
-Burglary: The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft (FBI and UCR) -Breaking and Entering: Using some force to enter a building (opening a door, raising a window, taking screen off, etc.) damage not needed for result.
Drug Addiction:
-Addiction: a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences -Because drug addiction is a disease that impacts the brain, stopping drug abuse is not just a matter of will power.
Arson:
-UCR definition: The willful of malicious burning or attempt to burn with or without intent to defraud, of a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc. -Majority of arrestees white males -Motives vary from profit to thrill seeking -many are juveniles and young adults
Motor Vehicle Theft:
-UCR definition: the theft of attempted theft of a motor vehicle -Automobiles are the most commonly stolen type of vehicle -Car theft victim beyond financial loss -Largest percentage of vehicles stolen from parking lot of garage -most motor vehicle thefts reported to police
What does it mean to be a victim?
-VICTIM: A person or entity who suffers direct or threatened physical, psychological, or financial harm as a result of the commission or attempted commission of a crime or delinquent act. (has to suffer some type of harm)
physical injuries of victimization
-bumps / scratches -gun shot wounds -broken bones -deadly -can be life threatening and can result in long term disability or permanent disfigurement -victims usually taken to hospital regardless for further examination
Theft of Car Parts: motivations
-car parts may be worth a lot -can be sold easily -harder to identify than entire car
decriminalization vs. legalization
-decriminalization: on books but not enforced -Marijuana is still illegal in America (federally)
Flash mobs and larceny:
-flash mobs: purposeful crowds brought together at a moments notice through use of social media website -some involve organized criminal activity -larcenies committed by flash mobs are consider multiple offender crimes
-Elements for the crime of Robbery:
-force (by that or force or intimidation)
Identity Thieves: Who they are
-hard to classify identity thieves -often have no prior criminal background, sometimes have preexisting relationship with victim -increased involvement of foreign organized criminal groups in computer- or internet- related schemes.
-Elements of Crime of theft or larceny:
-illegal taking/removing -another persons property -intent/purpose to permanently deprive
The burglary -drug connection:
-increased demand for crack cocaine in the 1980s affected crime rates (burglary decreased, robbery increased) -crack trade created preference for cash-intensive crimes (robbery) over burglary. -crime shift consistent with view that property offenders tend to be generalists
Motivations of vehicle theft
-joyriding -temporary transportation needs -use in a crime -stripping
Who shoplifts?
-juvenile overrepresented as shoplifters -more serious, chronic forms among economically disadvantaged -majority of juveniles admit to shoplifting at some point in their lifetime -maturing out pattern
-Amateur receiver (neighborhood ex)
-otherwise honest person who buy stolen property on relatively small scale
-Avocational receiver
-part time, fencing is secondary to but associated with prima business
Crimes typically argued to be "victimless" or minimized:
-prostitution -illegal gambling -drug use and dealing -pyramid schemes? -copyright, trademark, or patent infringement -bootleg videos -music piracy -knock offs
What is a key characteristic of robbery
-recognize robbery is classified as violent crime because it involves a threat or use of force
The Role of Criminal Receivers: -Professional receiver
-regularly buys stolen goods for resale -may be generalist or specialized
The sexualized context of burglary:
-some burglaries have associated sexual dynamics (fetishists, voyeurisms) -some sexually motivated homicides begin as burglaries -can be explained from the perspective of opportunity theory -home intrusion rape
physical impacts other than injury of victimization
-stimulation of right or flight response -increase in blood level adrenalin -increased heart rate -hyperventilation -shaking -numbness -crying -dryness of mouth -loss of bowel control -a sense that things are occurring in slow motion
Types of prostitutes
-streetwalkers -online escourts/call girls or boys -club girls (strippers) -brothel prostitutes -bar/hotel prostitutes -others
Larceny/Theft:
-the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or construction possession, of another -most frequently occurring property crime -does not involve force or other means of illegal entry -a crime of opportunity -attempt to permanently deprive someone of their belonging
3 key factors in decision making from Burglar's perspective:
-time: burglars want to get in and out as quickly as possible -sound: the more noise that has to be made increases detection -visibility: burglars do not want to be seen (poorly lit entries and obstructions like bushes are the burglar's friend).
Uniform Crime Reporting
A federal bureau of investigation data-gathering initiative that provides an annual tally of statistics consisting primarily of information on crimes reported to the police and on arrests -FBI
Office for Victims of Crime
A federal office that administers the Crime Victims Fund and that provides funds and assistance to help victims of crime throughout the United States.
Aggravated assault
An unlawful attack by one person upon another, accompanied by the use of a weapon, for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. Aggravated assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm.
Deviant Places Theory
A spatially oriented theory of victimization that suggest that victimization occurs most frequently in socially disorganized areas and that people become victims as a result of their exposure to such areas.
National Crime Victimization Survey
A survey conducted annually by the Bureau of Justice Statistics that provides data on surveyed households reporting that they were affected by crime. -use self reporting interviews to get info on non-fatal crimes -interviewers gather data on crime whether or not they have been reported to the police -Data available through "criminal victimization" and "NCVS Victimization analysis Tool"
Routine Activities Theory
A theory that examines the interaction of motivated offenders, capable guardians, and suitable targets as an explanation for crime, and which suggests that an individual's everyday activities contribute significantly to the likelihood of his or her criminal victimization.
White collar crime
A violation of the criminal law committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation -Includes financial crime (i.e., corporate fraud, securities and commodities fraud, health care fraud, mortgage fraud, welfare fraud, mass-marketing fraud, money laundering)
drug defined crimes
A violation of the laws prohibiting or regulating the possession, use, or distribution of illegal drugs.
Property Crime
According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting program, a crime category that includes burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. -burglary (threat of force) -larceny ( taking something that belongs to someone else and depriving them of it permanently ) -motor vehicle theft (taking a motor vehicle that belongs to someone else) -arson
National Incident-Based Reporting System
An enhanced statistical reporting system to collect data on each incident and arrest within 22 crime categories. -comes from monthly law enforcement groups or individual crime incident records transmitted to the FBI
A human trafficker would most likely target who?
Answer: Someone who is vulnerable.
legalization
Elimination of the laws and criminal penalties associated with certain behaviors-usually the production, sale, distribution, and possession of a controlled substance
"Attractive target" in Routine Activities Theory refers to how good looking a person is. True or False?
F
Every suggested intervention strategy or tip can result in crime avoidance or reduction. True or False?
F
A person can only be found guilty of violating the Trafficking Victims Protection Act if involved in sex trafficking.
False ; labor
Workplace violence
Nonfatal violence (rape/sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault) against employed persons age 16 or older
narcoterrorism
The distribution of a controlled substance in order to provide something of pecuniary value to a person or group that has engaged or is engaging in terrorist activity
Drug Trafficking
The manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and/or exporting of a controlled substance or a counterfeit substance.
pharmaceutical diversion
The process by which legitimately manufactured controlled substances are diverted for illicit use by illegal prescribing (physician) and or illegal dispensing (pharmacy)
Victimology
The scientific study of crime victims and the victimization process. Victimology is a field of study that grew out of criminology.
Robbery
The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.
aggravated assault
The unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another.
UCR Stands For
Uniform Crime Report
drug related crimes
a crime in which drugs contribute to the offense (excluding violation of drug laws) Drugs related to crime in three main ways: -drugs can induce violent behavior -cost of drugs induces some users to commit crime to support drug habits -relations among participants in drug trade often characterized by violence.
hate crimes
a criminal offense in which the motive is hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of anther individual or group of individuals.
Victims of Crime Act (VOCA)
a federal law enacted in 1984 that established the federal crime victims fund/ the funs uses monies from fines and forfeitures collected from federal offenders to supplement state support of local victims' assistance programs and state victims' compensation programs
shoplifting
a form of larceny in which a person takes items from a store without paying or intending to pay
intimiate partner assault
a gender neutral term used to characterize assaultive behavior that takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship.
Institutional robbery
a robbery that occurs in a commercial setting, such as a convenience store, gas station, or bank.
Personal Robbery
a robbery that occurs on a highway or a street or in a public place (also called a mugging) or a robbery that occurs in a residence.
child pornography
a visual representation of any kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
sibling offense
an offense or incident that culminates in homicide. The offense or incident may be a crime, such as robbery or an incident with a less stringent criminal definition, such as a lovers quarrel involving assault or battery. when some crimes end in more serious crimes. for example robbery resulting in murder.
murder
an unlawful homicide also called criminal homicide.
felony murder
an unlawful homicide that occurs during the commission of attempted commission of a felony, or certain felonies specified by law.
Employee Theft
any unauthorized taking of company property by employees for their personal use
Almost all of the stress symptoms experience by victims
emotional (anxious, worries, angry, unsafe, violated, vulnerable, distrustful)
Secondary victimization
social injuries that occur, not as a direct result of criminal act, but through the response of social institutions and individuals to the victim. -blurs line between victim and offender. -happens when justice system imposes requirements for victim that are difficult to meet or which interfere with the victims ability to recover from the initial victimization.
Womens victimization can result in
future criminal involvement -turn to prostitution or theft when run away from home -forced to commit crimes (shop lifting, check fraud, robbery, prostitution, or even murder)
Victims of intimate partner violence
greater feeling of distress than victims of stranger violence and a greater percentage of female than male victims reported experiencing socio-economic problems (regardless of type of violence or offender relationship)
victimless crime
illegal activities that involve willing participation. Although direct and immediate victimization may not occur in victimless crimes, social and personal costs are frequently associated with such activities. -illegal activities that involve willing participants -victimization may not be direct and immediate but there are often social and personal costs associated with these activities
Financial impact of victimization
measured in terms of immediate loss resulting from victimization itself. -other costs include medical, repairs to property or possessions, mental health services, increased insurance premiums, and the cost associated with security systems. -victims may find it difficult to focus on work and economic productivity may suffer. -funeral expenses of families
Aftermath of being victimized
more involvement in drinking, smoking, using drugs since offense
suitable target
something or someone of value to offenders in a criminal offense -Someone who is vulnerable in some way
capable guardian
one who effectively discourages crimes, effective deterrence to criminal activity.
victimologists
one who studies victims and the process of criminal victimization
stigmatized neighborhoods
residential areas with bad reputations that hold little attraction for those that can afford to live elsewhere
Mass Murder
the illegal killing of three or more victims at one location within one event.
homocide
the killing of one human by another
Rape
the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim. Attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses are excluded.
Motivated offender
the population of potential criminal offenders in a given area
first degree murder
the premeditated unlawful killing of a human being
decriminalization
the redefinition of certain previously criminal behaviors into regulated activities that become "ticketable" rather than "arrestable"
organized crime
the unlawful activity of members of a highly organized association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services, including gambling, prostitution, loan sharking, narcotics, and racketeering.
Burglary
the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft -Residential burglaries do not involve direct confrontation but can cause fear with lasting effects -Commercial burglaries can affect the continued viability of businesses. -the most common rationale behind residential burglary is a need for fast cash.
second degree murder
the unlawful intentional killing of a human being without premeditation
negligent homocide
the unlawful killing of a human being that occurs as a result of an unlawful negligent action.
larceny-theft
the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property (other than a motor vehicle) from the possession or constructive possession of another (attempts included) according to the UCR/NIBRS
murder and non-negligent homicide
the willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another. The UCR does not include deaths caused by negligence, suicide, or accident. Justifiable homicides, or attempts to murder or assaults to murder, which are classified as aggravated assaults do not count.
Crime Victims
trouble sleeping, concentrating, be easily startled, might fail to participate in activities they once enjoyed and may develop lowered self esteem
Prostitution a changing business?
used to mainly consist of street prostitution whereas over the last decade a majority of business takes place on the internet -internet as powerful tool for recruitment
Is location where violent victimization occurs after the victim
yes. socio-emotional problems. Those attacked in their homes more than others.
