cj 324 mod 1
What role does having an incarcerated parent play in victimization?
It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence.
How can victimization typically lead to criminality?
It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger.
Which of the following is a methodological issue of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
It does not include cases of federal crimes.
A revision of this 1994 act, which required states to register individuals convicted of sex crimes against children, also established a community notification system.
Jacob wetterling act
Sarah is in high school and usually walks home with her group of friends who all live in the same area. They always have fun, be it by chatting, playing YouTube videos, or listening to music on their phones. Though typically a safe neighborhood, one day when walking home from school, a group of teenagers bombarded Sarah's group and stole the smartphone that was in Sarah's hand. This instance of victimization is best explained by which of the following?
Passive precipitation
In which of the following scenarios can crime mapping benefit police?
Police are uncertain as to where they should deploy more officers to counter crime.
What are the two main types of consequences concerning the field of criminology?
Political and social
What sets criminal negligence apart from recklessness?
Recklessness occurs when a person's careless and inattentive actions cause harm.
What is crime typology?
Studies on specific types of crime or criminals to discover correlations.
A hate crime falls under which of the following types of law?
Substantive criminal law
In what way are technological developments complicating the fight against crime?
Technology is creating new classes of crime that are harder to detect and combat
Why is the NIBRS currently of limited use in gauging crime nationwide
The NIBRS has not been fully adopted in all 50 states.
In what way is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) intended to be more explanatory than the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)?
The NIBRS requires reported crimes to be put into greater context.
What is the legal concept of mens rea?
The accused had the intent to commit a criminal act.
Lauren has neglected her elder parent because it has become increasingly difficult to manage their care. Which of the following views explains this type of neglect?
The caregiver stress view
In which of the following scenarios would a criminologist be held socially responsible?
The creation of new criminal punishments based on the views of criminologists
What is the concept of strict liability?
The crime is defined by the act itself, irrespective of intent.
Why do fraudsters often target the elderly?
The elderly are seen as easy targets.
Which of the following represents the consensus view of crime?
The majority of a society is in agreement as to which behaviors must be outlawed or controlled to protect society.
Which of the following, on its own, can likely serve to reduce the chances for victimization in a public space, as outlined by routine activities theory?
The presence of uniformed law-enforcement officers
In the interests of the well-being of society, why should criminologists refrain from publishing biased or subjective research findings?
The results from such studies could be used by the state to institute unjust policies.
What is data mining?
The use of advanced software by police to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects based on behavior patterns
hy are crime victimization surveys used?
To gather a detailed picture of crime incidents, victims, and trends
Why was the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) created apart from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
To include details on individual crime incidents
If a suspect was arrested at the crime scene, the data on that arrest would ultimately be compiled into which of the following databases used formally by the FBI?
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
How do victim costs differ from intangible costs?
Victim costs can be financially estimated
What rationale does the text provide for why victimless crimes must be controlled?
Victimless crimes are a threat to maintaining the overall balance of a society.
Which of the following is a weakness of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) as a data collection strategy?
not characteristics
why can the figures cited by the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) be misleading?
not he FBI reports federal crimes differently than state ones.
The efforts to control guns involved in criminal activity are made most difficult by which of the following trends
not pawn shops
Which of the following is not an implemented strategy that is used to support the efforts of gun control?
not wait times
The idea that those who offend early in life and commit more serious crimes in adolescence will continue to offend as adults is known as:
persistance
One of the most important findings of the cohort studies discussed in the text is that:
persistent juvenile offenders are more likely to continue their career as adults
Which of the following would moral entrepreneurs seek to control through the creation and enforcement of laws in the United States?
pornography
Which data technique can be used to predict where future shootings might happen?
predictive policing
Which type of law would be consulted in order to determine whether a piece of evidence in a murder case is admissible in court?
procedural
Which of the following characteristics is said to hold the most vulnerability for victimization?
renters
Which of the following victim-assistance elements is the offender responsible for providing?
restitution
Which theory best supports why yearly school-related events can be a target for shooters?
routine activities theory
The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers to:
season and climate
A typical male is most likely to be victimized by __
someone they don't know
systematic review
synthesizes the findings of past studies to make a conclusion.
Which of the following criminal acts would be classified as mala prohibitum?
tax evasion
What are the distinct patterns in the rate of crime?
temporal and ecological
Crime career costs are __
the imputed value of money an individual loses by engaging in crime rather than in legal activities.
The case of Baze and Bowling v. Rees (2008) dealt with:
the use of lethal injection
What is continuity of crime?
the view that criminality starts at an early age and remains throughout life
Which of the following is NOT a right victims have?
to be compensated
The criminological term used to describe changes in crime is referred to as crime ______.
trends
Criminology in action refers to the efforts of criminologists to use their insight, training, and experience to understand human behavior and predict its occurrence.
true
Mandatory sentencing and three-strikes legislation are two ways in which states combat the problem of chronic offenders.
true
Neighborhoods experiencing income inequality and resource deprivation have crime rates significantly higher than neighborhoods with greater wealth.
true
Self-report data appear to be more stable than the UCR and NCVS indicate.
true
U.S.-born adult men are incarcerated in state prisons at rates up to 3.3 times higher than are foreign-born men in the U.S.
true
According to von Hentig and Schafer, ______ is often a key determinant of crime and may even precipitate it
victim behavior
Which of the following concerns the study of victims of crimes?
victimology
Declining deviance as part of the aging out process results from
youth growing more mature
In which of the following situations would violent victimization more likely occur?
A nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city
Which situation would fall under the purview of public law?
A restauranteur is suing a city over a health inspection.
Under lifestyle theory, which of the following persons would be highly susceptible to victimization?
A young male who typically skips school to partake in substance abuse with others
Which of the following would generally be considered a felony
An individual accidently shoots and kills another during a botched robbery.
Why are the ideas of mens rea and actus reus essential in proving that a crime has been committed?
An individual must not only be found to have personally committed a crime, but the person must also have done it with intent.
Which of the following would be classified as a Part II crime?
An individual selling cocaine to another person
Which of the following is true for liberal feminist theories regarding crime?
As women move closer to men in social and economic position, their crime rate will increase
Which of the following can be considered an area of socio-legal studies in criminology?
Assessing the impact of legal change and development
Which of the following can be explained by the cycle of violence?
Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature
How are crime and deviance distinct?
Crimes and deviance violate different standards
he consensus, conflict, and interactionist views of crime all share which common idea?
Criminal law has a social control function.
s a field of study, how does criminology differ from criminal justice?
Criminology seeks to explain crime.
What can primarily serve to limit co-offending in a community?
Developing more opportunities for youth employment in economically depressed communities
What is the correlation between a good economy and higher crime rates?
Greater prosperity for more people in turn provides more tempting targets for youth criminals
What is true concerning homicide rates in the world?
Homicide rates are the highest in Southern Africa.
Which of the following might result in rising crime rates, specifically among the youth in coming decades?
Increasing automation of manufacturing and service jobs at the expense of human workers.
What is the relation of the concept of early onset to crime?
Youth who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems from an early age are the most at risk of repeat offending throughout their life
What does the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) include?
a nationally representative sample
What are deviant behaviors?
actions that are atypical in a society
The idea that the accused actually and voluntarily committed a criminal act is __
actus reus
Under the concept of deviant place theory, victimization primarily occurs as the result of __
an individual being in a high-risk location
What is a career criminal?
an offender who persistently engages in criminal acts
Which of the following is the term used to describe when individuals are frequently victimized?
chronic victims
Which of the following views in criminology asserts that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own needs?
conflict view
Which of the following refers to a view of crime that states that most people hold common ideals, and that criminal acts are outlawed because they go against the morals and rules of the majority?
consensus
According to the _________________ view, crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of society.
consensus view
What must all criminal law in the United States conform to?
constitutional
The study of the linkage between different types of crime and criminals is known as which of the following?
crime typology
Administrative law refers to a set of rules governing relations between private parties, which includes wills, trusts, and property ownership.
f
Heath Miller and Gregory Polanco were the first to suggest that victim behavior is often a key determinant in crime.
f
Most terrorists are psychopaths.
f
Substantive criminal law involves the rules of evidence and the law of arrests and investigations.
f
Which of the following categories does a hate crime fall under?
felony
About two-thirds of murders and 40 percent of robberies involve a(n):
firearm
Which of the following is an example of an instrumental crime?
forging checks for large amounts
In which case in 2005 did the Supreme Court rule that the federal government can prosecute medical marijuana patients, even in states with compassionate use laws?
gonzales v raich
What demographic change could likely result in higher household victimization rates in the United States?
increasing urbanization
According to victim precipitation theory:
it is sometimes the victim that provokes the offender
The belief that lower rates of criminal offending by females can be explained by their second-class standing in society is explained by:
liberal feminist theory
Noncitizen adult men from Mexico, a group disproportionately likely to have entered the U.S. illegally, are ______ than U.S.-born adult men to be in a correctional setting
more than 8x less likely
Which of the following sources uses self-reported data from victims of crimes?
national crime victimization survey
Which of the following is not a characteristic of criminal law
negligent tort