CJ Midterm

Given that most violence is perpetrated by males, some have suggested that male aggression is linked with levels of ______. A. testosterone B. estrogen C. progesterone D. steroids

A. testosterone

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi articulated their general theory of crime based on the notion that individual criminality is the result of ______. A. family genetics B. social learning C. low self-control D. body composition

C. low self-control

Which movement tried to improve the human race through selective breeding practices, forced sterilization programs, and similar kinds of policies? A. biosocial B. positivism C. nature D. eugenics

D. eugenics

What type of killers are distinguished by their effort to obtain sexual pleasure from killing? A. hedonistic lust B. power/control C. mission D. thrill

A. hedonistic lust

Subcultures of violence have also sometimes been characterized as being cultures of ______. A. honor B.strain C.expectations D.warriors

A. honor

The ______ for capital punishment is that executing those who commit murder is the only effective way to keep them from ever killing again. A.incapacitation justification B.death deterrence justification C.general deterrence D.specific deterrence

A. incapacitation justifcation

What theory adds insight into corporate decisions that result in death, such as the current opioid crisis gripping the United States? A.institutional anomie B.frustration-aggression hypothesis C.differential association D.general strain theory

A. institutional anomie

Enjoying violent video and computer games or watching violent sporting events: A.is an example of experiencing victimization vicariously B.leads to psychopathic tendencies C.makes one more vulnerable to direct victimization D.is becoming less common

A. is an example of experiencing victimization vicariously

______ are criminal homicides in which the degree of responsibility is considered much less than murder, not only because premeditation and deliberation are absent but also because the offender did not act with malice. A. Manslaughters B. Justifiable murder C. First-degree murder D. Felony murder

A. manslaughter

The term ______ in the Second Amendment creates some confusion since it isn't clear if it means that only a select group of citizens who serve as soldiers have the right to bear arms or if it is an individual right. A. militia B. parolees C. extremist group D. mentally impaired

A. militia

There are three primary ways in which illicit drugs may be related to violence: violence that results from the ______ of drugs; violence that results from trying to support a drug addiction (e.g., robbery); and violence resulting from the illegal selling of drugs. A. psychoactive effects B. correlational C. experimental use D. causal use

A. psychoactive effects

A ______ murderer is one who kills on at least three occasions, with what can be called an emotional cooling-off period between the incidents. A. serial B. mass C. spree D. triad

A. serial

Archer and Gartner found that most combatant nations experienced ______ postwar increases in their rates of homicide and concluded that wars did appear to legitimate violence. A. substantial B. minimal C. zero D. gradual

A. substantial

Researchers interested in offending behavior will extract the most accurate information from which data collection methodology? A. survey methodology B. official crime reports C. focus groups D. courtroom observations

A. survey methodology

What type of aggression concerns animals that fight to control a piece of land they have marked or defined as their own? A. territorial B. intermale C. fear-based D. instrumentalA

A. territorial

What does Dennis Donovan define as a "progressive behavior pattern having biological, psychological, sociological, and behavioral components [and] what sets this behavior apart from others is the individual's overwhelmingly pathological involvement in or attachment to it, subjective compulsion to continue it, and reduced ability to evert personal control over it"? A. abuse B. addiction C. aggression D. self-control

B. addiction

Some biologists/criminologists suggest that violence can be linked with ______. A.endomorphic B.brain injuries from combat or a violent experience C.metamorphic D.mesomorphic

B. brain injuries from combat or a violent experience

What type of violence concerns those acts in which the motivations are expressive of some emotional state, such as anger or jealousy? A. institutional B. expressive C. instrumental D. structural

B. expressive

The jump in homicide rates witnessed in the late 1980s through to the mid-1990s was primarily attributable to an increase in ______. A.hands and feet B.handgun homicides C.rifles and shotguns D.knives

B. handgun homicides

Some suggest that the more a society legitimates violence in certain situations, the more ______ violence there will be. A.controlled B.illegitimate C.perpetual D.justified

B. illegitimate

What type of murders are those conducted for explicit future goals, such as acquiring money or property? A. expressive B. instrumental C. character D. victim-precipitated

B. instrumental

Similar to the United States' UCR, England and Wales have a similar program for which they measure crimes that have been reported to the police called: A.Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) B.police reported crime (PRC) C.European Incident-Based Reporting System (EIBRS) D.English Crime Reports (ECR)

B. police reported crime (PRC)

A number of scholars assert that it is not absolute deprivation that is associated with violence, but rather inequality that is sometimes referred to as ______. A.shame B.relative deprivation C.strain theory D.anomie

B. relative deprivation

Which justification for capital punishment has nothing to do with public safety—it is a moral justification? A.deliberation B.retribution C.general deterrence D.incapacitation

B. retribution

The ______ suggests that when private citizens have weapons in their homes or are able to carry concealed weapons, they are less likely to be successfully targeted by criminals. A. self-limiting argument B. self-protection argument C. regulations argument D. polite gun owners perspective

B. self-protection argument

There are three broad types of multicide: mass murder, spree murder, and ______. A. felony murder B. serial murder C. terrorism D. heinous murder

B. serial murder

The theory known as ______ also contends that human behavior—including assaults and homicides—occurs in social situations, and that the meanings people attach to their behavior is an important element in understanding what takes place in a given circumstance. A.social learning B.symbolic interactionism C.deterrence D.rational choice

B. symbolic interactionism

Most studies that measure the relationship between alcohol and violence used the ______ to measure aggression. A. mental stability scale B. Taylor paradigm C. violent scale D. aggression scale

B. taylor paradigm

Currently ______ states allow citizens to concealed firearms if state requirements are met. A. 35 B. 13 C. 50 D. 20

C. 50

Deindividuation, a phenomenon that facilitates violence in a group setting, is actually based on the classic work of ______. A. Solomon Asch B. Robert Sampson C. Gustave Le Bon D. Edwin Sutherland

C. Gustave Le Bon

How is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) different from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? A. Information about both the victim and the offender are collected for homicides. B. Reports are based on voluntary participation of law enforcement agencies. C. It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status. D. Only state law enforcement agencies participate in reporting.

C. It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status

Evidence indicates that many perpetrators of violence see themselves as being justified in their actions and typically define their acts as ______. A.an illegitimate response to some behavioral or ethical breach on the part of their victim B.a sanctioned response to some kind of ethical misbehavior on their part C.a legitimate response to some behavioral or ethical breach on the part of their victim D.all of these

C. a legitimate response to some behavioral or ethical breach on the part of their victim

According to statistics, in the vast majority of all ______ assaults, a weapon was used regardless of the victim-offender relationship. A. simple B. lethal C. aggravated D. homicidal

C. aggravated

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call a(n) ______ of crime that links crime to the existing social structure. A.general strain theory B.strain theory C.institutional-anomie theory D.code of the streets

C. instutional-anomie theory

What type of aggression is something that can be easily recognized among young men who sometimes struggle and compete for status by being the toughest and strongest? A. territorial B. fear-based C. intermale D. instrumental

C. intermale

When asked why they own gun, Americans are least likely to cite which of the following reasons? A. personal and family protection B. sportsmenship C. military experience/veteran D. U.S. Constitutional right to bear arms

C. military experience/veteran

If an NCVS researcher was studying violence and the one city they sampled was unusually safe or uncommonly dangerous, how would they avoid their results being thrown off? A.they would use a census, or the entire population of U.S. households to be interviewed B.they would choose another, less swayed, location C.they would use random selection to draw a sample of U.S. households to be interviewed D.none of the above

C.they would use random selection to draw a sample of U.S. households to be interviewed

Which of the following individuals contend that criminality is a function of both structural factors and informal social controls? A.Sutherland and Anderson B.Gottfredson and Hirschi C.Messner and Rosenfeld D.Sampson and Laub

D. Sampson and Laub

The country with the highest number of guns per capita is ______. A. South Africa B. Mexico C. Iraq D. United States

D. United States

A(n) ______ assault is defined as "an attack or attempted attack with a weapon, regardless of whether or not an injury occurred and attack without a weapon when serious injury results." A.Uniform Crime Report B.violent crime C.simple D.aggravated

D. aggravated

A growing body of research suggests that the warrior gene, sometimes referred to as a genetic polymorphism, correlates with which of the following? A.higher levels of delinquency B.antisocial behavior C.hypersensitivity to real or imagined slights D.all of these

D. all of these

Mass murders are likely to take place in ______. A.an airport B.a school setting C.an office building D.all of these

D. all of these

Murder rates and the perpetuation and victimization rates for homicide are influenced by which of the following? A.geographical location B.age C.race D.all of these

D. all of these

Merton believed that a state of ______ would result when individuals lived under conditions where legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals. A.balance B.social control C.self control D.anomie

D. anomie

What equipment allows a shooter to fire a semi-automatic weapon almost as fast as an automatic? A. magazine B. scope C. firing pin D. bump stock

D. bump stock

The first development stage that characterizes the most typical homicide transaction argues that the eventual victim says or does something that is offensive to the eventual murder and marks the opening round of a series of interactions and is identified by Lukenbill as a(n) ______. A. resolution B. response C. interpretation D. character contest

D. character contest

According to Meithe and Regoeczi, what occurs between a wider range of victims and perpetrators and situation than was often believed? A. expressive homicides B. instrumental homicides C. character contests D. confrontational homicides

D. confrontational homicides

Craig Anderson and his colleagues define ______ as the reduction in distress-related physiological reactivity to observations or thoughts of violence. A.intergenerational transmission B.antisocial personality disorder C.mental scripts D.emotional desensitization

D. emotional desensitization

As the name implies, the ______ hypothesis contends that violence is one possible response for individuals who feel frustrated and thwarted in achieving something. A. stress B. social deprivation C. economic deprivation D. frustration-aggression

D. frustration aggression

The NCVS distinguishes the number of victimizations as ______. A.the same as the number of incidents. B.the number of acts committed against respondents and others present during an incident C.the number of crimes reported to the police .D.how many victimization acts were experienced by survey respondents

D. how many victimization acts were experienced by survey respondents

Historically, if violence was perpetrated in the home, it was generally conceded to be much more acceptable than if it was carried out in a public place or work setting, and thus ______ has been an important variable. A.privacy B.people C.motivation D.location

D. location

Which of the following involves the killing of more than one person? A. triplicide B. doublicide C. homicide D. multicide

D. multicide

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, approximately ______ females are victims of a violent crime by an armed offender. A.one in seven B.one in two C.one in three D.one in five

D. one in five

Violent crimes in the United States ______ in the early 1990s and have ______ since that time. A. peaked; continued to climb B. dropped; risen at a slow rate C. dropped; risen sharply D. peaked; generally declined

D. peaked; generally declined

The video of football player Ray Rice knocking his fiancé out with one punch in an elevator is an example of ______. A. how violent all football players are B. an outlet to relieve stress C. provoked and justified violence D. people engaging in violence in multiple spheres of their lives

D. people engaging in violence in multiple spheres of their lives

What theory suggests that criminals communicate through a wide variety of signals and signs that convey to others their credentials, their toughness, and their willingness to engage in violent and criminal activities? A.institutional anomie B.differential association C.strain D.signaling

D. signaling

A ______ assault is an "attack without a weapon resulting either in no injury, minor injury (for example, bruises, black eyes, cuts, scratches, or swelling), or an undetermined injury requiring less than 2 days of hospitalization." A.violent crime B.aggravated C.Uniform Crime Report D.simple

D. simple

An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______. A. pathological liar B. sadism C. violent offenders D. superpredators

D. superpredators

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction? A.the presence of an audience B.the frustration was unintentionally caused C.the hindrance was perceived as being fair D.the presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music

D. the presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music

Our understanding of violence is highly situational and contingent, meaning the context is extremely important in helping shape our understanding of and reaction to violent acts and actors. Which of the following is not one of the factors that helps shape our context of violence? A. the offender B. the location of the violence C. the victim D. the timing of the violence (time of day, season, etc.)

D. the timing of the violence (time of day, season, etc.)

______ are accidental or unintentional killings that did not occur because of negligence or recklessness. A. Excusable homicides B. Murder C. Justifiable homicides D. Criminal homicides

A. excusable homicides

What type of murders are often unplanned acts of anger, rage, or frustration, typically precipitated by a conflict situation, such as an argument or fight? A. expressive B. character C. abuse-precipitated D. instrumental

A. expressive

The National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) requires a background check by the ______ or a state point of contact on all persons applying to receive firearms from a registered firearms dealer. A. IRS B. FBI C. ATF D. DHS

B.FBI

Research shows that ______ develops best when young people are shown how their actions affect others, but individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an impaired ability to empathize. A. abuse B. selfishness C. morality D. violence

C. morality

What first significant federal legislation concerning drugs was passed by Congress in 1914, which made the nonmedical use of morphine and cocaine illegal? A.Volstead Act B.National Prohibition Act C.Controlled Substances Act D.Harrison Act

D. Harrison Act

In which year did Congress pass the Assault Weapons Ban (AWB)? A. 1994 B. 1984 C. 1974 D. 2004

A. 1994

For Bartol and Bartol, violence refers only to ______. A. aggressive physical behavior B. aggressive demeanor C. aggressive perceptive behavior D. psychologically harmful behavior

A. Aggressive physical behavior

Which 1970 act was important because it consolidated all previous drug laws into one law designed to control prescription drugs and illicit drugs by creating five categories or schedules to classify drugs based on several criteria that included their accepted medical use and their potential for abuse and addiction? A.Controlled Substances Act B.Anti-Drug Abuse Act C.Harrison Narcotics Act D.Volstead Act

A. Controlled Substance Act

Which case served as an impetus for increased attention to treatment for drug addiction in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that imprisonment for the misdemeanor crime of using a controlled substance violated the Eight Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment because addiction was an illness? A.Robinson v. California B.Schall v. Martin C.Kennedy v. Louisiana D.none of these

A. Robinson v. California

Lombroso argued that violent criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or ______, and the problem of crime rested upon the shoulders of individuals who were born to be violent and criminal. A. atavisms B. serotonin C. offenders D. eugenics

A. atavisms

Studies using MRIs and PET scans have revealed that violent offenders, especially impulsively aggressive individuals, often have ______ that are believed to have played a role in predisposing some of them to violent behavior. A.brain dysfunctions B.past abuse C.prior criminal histories D.aggressive traits

A. brain dysfunctions

What type of killers may derive sexual pleasure from their murders but require a live victim for sexual satisfaction? A. thrill B. mission C. comfort D. visionary

A. thrill

Which of the following is not one of the objectives of the Gun Control Act of 1968? A. to allow for the importation of so-called Saturday night Specials B. to prohibit interstate firearms sales C. to prohibit the importation of surplus military weapons D. to add other "dangerous devices" to the list of prohibited weapons

A. to allow for the importation of so-called Saturday night specials

The Armed Career Criminal Act of ______ imposed a mandatory minimum 15-year prison term on a convicted felon who had three previous convictions for robbery or burglary and who possessed or received a firearm. A. 1974 B. 1984 C. 1985 D. 1994

B. 1984

One study of newspaper reporting found that around ______ of homicides received the vast majority of all media attention. A. 10% B. 5% C. 20% D. 15%

B. 5%

Marvin Wolfgang, who examined the characteristics of murder in Philadelphia in 1955, conducting one of the first empirical examinations to link alcohol and violence found that ______ of the offenders in his sample had been drinking alcohol prior to the murder. A. 65% B. 55% C. 35% D. 45%

B. 55%

The major gun control law passed by Congress that mandated criminal history background checks on persons applying to purchase firearms from federally licensed firearm dealers is called the ______. A.Firearms Owners' Protection Act of 1968 (FOPA) B.Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Bill) of 1993 C.National Firearms Act of 1934 D.Armed Career Criminal Act

B. Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Bill) of 1993

Genetically, humans are most closely related to ______. A.monkeys B.chimpanzees C.pigs D.buffalo

B. Chimpanzees

How does Newman define violence? A. destructive physical aggression intentionally directed at harming other persons or things B. a series of events, the course of which or the outcomes of which, cause injury or damage to persons or property C. behaviors by individuals that intentionally threaten, attempt, or inflict physical harm on others D. any action or structural arrangement that results in physical or nonphysical harm to one or more persons

B. a series of events, the course of which or the outcomes of which, cause injury or damage to persons or property

Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic, reckless, and emotionally shallow. A.PTSD B.antisocial personality disorder C.eating disorders D.none of these

B. antisocial personality disorder

It is estimated that only about ______ of crimes become known to police. A. 20% to 30% B. 25% C.40% to 50% D. 35%

C. 40% to 50%

Kenneth Polk labels events in which victims start the conflicts that end in their own deaths as ______ because they are characterized by altercations that typically evolve from verbal exchanges of insults into physical contests. A. expressive homicides B. character contests C. confrontational homicides D. victim-precipitated

C. confrontational homicides

Clearly, when cultural values tolerating violence are combined with the ______ effects of alcohol, the likelihood that violence will result—particularly in conflict situations—is higher. A.habit B.addiction C.disinhibiting D.violence

C. disinhibiting

What often separates nonlethal assaults from those that result in death is the availability of a(n) ______. A.capable guardian B.victim C.firearm D.escalation

C. firearm

In 2017 alone, according to the NCVS, more than ______ Americans over the age of 12 were victims of violent crimes. A. three million B. seven million C. five and a half million D. one billion

C. five and a half million

The ______ argument argues that people generally refrain from committing murder because they fear execution. A.federal government deterrence B.specific deterrence C.general deterrence D.capital punishment deterrence

C. general deterrence

The availability of ______ increases the likelihood that a violent interaction will result in death. A. knives B. machetes C. guns D. cannons

C. guns

Which of the following is not one of the core messages of the NRA? A.gun control proposals are a smoke screen for confiscation B.the Second Amendment constitutes an absolute bar on gun controls C.guns should only be kept out of the hands of the mentally ill D.no gun control has ever, or will ever, work

C. guns should only be kept out of the hands of the mentally ill

One important factor that contributed to high rates of murder witnessed in the 1990s was ______. A.cocaine use B.crack use C.handguns D.abuse

C. handguns

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, approximately ______ male violent crime victims face an armed offender. A. one in ten B. one in five C. one in three D. one in two

C. one in three

The sociologist Jack Katz argues that many perpetrators see their violence as a form of ______. A. homicidal rage B. self help C. righteous slaughter D. divine vengeance

C. righteous slaughter

The production of handguns has increasingly moved away from revolvers to ______, which can fire more rounds and that now account for 80% of all handguns produced. A.knives B.rifles C.semiautomatic weapons D.assault tanks

C. semiautomatic weapons

Phrenology is the study of ______. A.extra hormones B.chemical imbalances C.skull shapes D.genetics

C. skull shapes

What theory contends that violence is learned in the same way that anything else is learned? A.frustration-aggression B.social media C.social learning D.strain

C. social learning

The suggestion that legitimate forms of violence influence illegitimate forms of violence is known as the ______. A. legitimation theory B. influence theory C. spillover theory D. multiple spheres theory

C. spillover theory

What is the extent to which we are actually measuring what we think we are? A.self-reporting B.sampling C.validity D.reliability

C. validity

According to the NCVS, what is the number of people 12 and older who experience a particular type of victimization divided by the total number of people 12 and older in the population per 1,000 people? A.census rate B.victimization sample C.victimization rate D.random sample

C. victimization rate

The ______ is perhaps the most powerful lobbying organization in Washington, DC, and claims that any legislation aimed at controlling the possession of guns by citizens infringes upon their rights. A.ATF B.IRS C.Secret Service D.NRA

D. NRA

The most infamous case of spree murder in the United States occurred in the winter of 1958 in Nebraska and has been the basis for several movies, including Oliver Stone's 1994: A. Silence of the Lambs B. Thelma and Louise C. Monster D. Natural Born Killers

D. Natural Born Killers

First articulated by Wolfgang and Ferracuti, which viewpoint suggests that members of some groups are more likely to rely on violence? A. differential association B. institutional anomie C. strain theory D. subcultures of violence

D. subcultures of violence