Class 8

Hypospadias

A condition in which the opening of the penis is on the underside rather than the tip.

Menopause

A natural decline in reproductive hormones when a woman reaches her 40s or 50s.

Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical cancer testing should start at age 21. Women under age 21 should not be tested. Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should have a Pap test done every 3 years. HPV testing should not be used in this age group unless it's needed after an abnormal Pap test result. Women between the ages of 30 and 65 should have a Pap test plus an HPV test (called "co-testing") done every 5 years. This is the preferred approach, but it's OK to have a Pap test alone every 3 years. Women over age 65 who have had regular cervical cancer testing in the past 10 years with normal results should not be tested for cervical cancer. Once testing is stopped, it should not be started again. Women with a history of a serious cervical pre-cancer should continue to be tested for at least 20 years after that diagnosis, even if testing goes past age 65. A woman who has had her uterus and cervix removed (a total hysterectomy) for reasons not related to cervical cancer and who has no history of cervical cancer or serious pre-cancer should not be tested. All women who have been vaccinated against HPV should still follow the screening recommendations for their age groups.

Colon Cancer Screening

Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years*, or Colonoscopy every 10 years, or Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years*, or CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years* Yearly guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)**, or Yearly fecal immunochemical test (FIT)**, or Stool DNA test (sDNA) every 3 years*

nulliparous cervix

Never been pregnant, Transverse shape and closed

normal, nonpregnant uterus

Pear shaped,7.6cm x 4.5cm x 3cm (length, width, thickness).

Tubercles of Montgomery

Round bumps on areola, they're responsible for keeping the breast lubricated during breast-feeding

Prostate Cancer Screening

Starting at age 50, men should talk to a health care provider about the pros and cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the right choice for them. If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer before age 65, you should have this talk with a health care provider starting at age 45.

Gynecomastia

Swollen male breast tissue caused by a hormone imbalance.

pregnant cervix

The lower end of the uterus is a narrow, tubular-shaped structure that is called the cervix. It extends into your vagina and fills with secretions during pregnancy to form a protective barrier called the mucus plug. When you're pregnant, your cervix is in a firm, long and closed position until the third trimester.

Meatus

The urinary meatus, also known as the external urethral orifice, is the opening or meatus of the urethra. It is the point where urine exits the urethra in males and in females, and also where semen exits the urethra in males.

Breast Cancer Screening

Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they wish to do so. Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year. Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue yearly screening. Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer. All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential harms linked to breast cancer screening. They also should know how their breasts normally look and feel and report any breast changes to a health care provider right away.

Epididymis

a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

Scrotum

a pouch of skin containing the testicles.

Leukorrhea

a thick, whitish or yellowish vaginal discharge. There are many causes of leukorrhea, the usual one being estrogen imbalance.

Skene's glands

are glands located on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. that reaches up inside the vagina and swells with blood during sexual arousal.

Fornix

are the superior portions of the vagina, extending into the recesses created by the vaginal portion of cervix.

Cowper's gland

either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation.

Cremasteric Reflex

elicited by lightly stroking or poking the superior and medial (inner) part of the thigh - regardless of the direction of stroke.[1] The normal response is an immediate contraction of the cremaster muscle that pulls up the ipsilateral testis.

multiparous cervix

has given birth more than once and can admit a finger tip through external os

Perineum

he area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

Rectocele

herniation (bulge) of the front wall of the rectum into the back wall of the vagina

PAP test

is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb).

Epispadias

is a rare type of malformation of the penis in which the urethra ends in an opening on the upper aspect (the dorsum) of the penis. It can also develop in females when the urethra develops too far anteriorly.

Supernumerary nipple

is an additional nipple occurring in mammals, including humans.

Cryptorchildism

is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. It is the most common birth defect of the male genitalia.

Cystocele

is the bulging or dropping of the bladder into the vagina. A cystocele can result from childbirth, constipation, violent coughing, heavy lifting, or other pelvic muscle strain.

Glans

is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. The glans is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the human female.

Striae

stretch marks

Circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin from the human penis

Menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation

Phimosis

the inability to retract the skin (foreskin or prepuce) covering the head (glans) of the penis

Introitus

the opening that leads to the vaginal canal.

Mons Pubis

the rounded mass of fatty tissue lying over the joint of the pubic bones, in women typically more prominent and also called the mons veneris.

Bartholin's glands

two pea sized compound racemose glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina. They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males.