Classic Conditioning

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

association; imitation

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____

association; observation and imitation

Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

associative learning

Jeff's psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of his relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on his list?

Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something

_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that helps one cope with new or changing circumstances

Adaptability

operant conditioning

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was

a white rat

Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of

classical conditioning

In their dismissal of mentalistic concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.

cognitive

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the

conditioned response (CR)

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating

discrimination.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR)

fear of a loud noise

Conditioning is the process of

learning associations

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of

habitual behavior

All of the following are major contributions of Pavlov to the field of psychology EXCEPT the idea that:

his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

observable behavior

Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis?

observational learning

Tamika's cat learned to press a lever so more food would be poured into her food bowl. Tamika's roommate's kitten watched the older cat perform this behavior and within a month the kitten was performing it as well. This is an example of

observational learning

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her by name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog by name. This is an example of

operant conditioning

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods

In classical conditioning one learns _____, while in operant conditioning one learns _____

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence