Unit 3
During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
At the end of glycolysis, the original molecule of glucose has become
2 molecules of pyruvate
When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, _____.
CO2 and NADH are produced
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
Cellular respiration
overview of respiration
Chp 6 slides! notes in notebook
The final output of the Calvin cycle is _____.
G3P
Which of the following colors is most strongly reflected by chlorophyll?
Green
What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?
It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle.
What happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain?
It is used to pump H+ through the inner mitochondrial membrane.
electron carriers
NAD(+) - oxidized NADH + H(+) - reduced FAD - oxidized FADH - reduced
In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?
NAD+
At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in
NADH
During photosynthesis, _____ is produced by the light reactions and then consumed by the Calvin cycle.
NADPH
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in _____. The light reactions also produce _____ and _____.
NADPH ... ATP ... oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Plants use sugars as
a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is
an oxygen atom
The Calvin cycle is a series of reactions that _____.
assemble sugar molecules by fixing carbon
a small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis __________
by the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (substrate level phosphorylation)
In the Calvin cycle carbon dioxide provides _____, whereas ATP and NADPH provide _____ and _____, respectively.
carbon ... energy ... high-energy electrons
what is ATP
cellular energy that is just the right amount perfect pocket of energy
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?
chloroplast
overview of glycolysis
chp 6 notes in notebook
anaerobic process
generate ATP in the absence of oxygen
Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of ATP that the cell derives from glucose is _____.
generated during oxidative phosphorylation
During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate, _____, can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats.
glyceraldeyhyde-3-phosphate
When a cell uses fatty acid for aerobic respiration, it first hydrolyzes fats to
glycerol and fatty acids.
lactic acid
lactate produced, muscle cells, bacteria
regeneration of NAD+
lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
The "photo-" part of the word photosynthesis refers to the _____, whereas "-synthesis" refers to _____.
light reactions ... the Calvin cycle
a molecule is oxidized when it
loses an electron
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________
loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons
Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____.
make ATP to power the cell's activities
After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle....
pyruvate is oxidized
in eukaryotes, most of the high energy electrons released from glucose by cellular respiration
reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain.
Muscle tissues make lactic acid from pyruvate so that you can _____.
regenerate (oxidized) NAD+
what is cellular respiration?
the conversion of chemical energy from our food into a form our cells can use (ATP) or "the aerobic harvesting of energy from our food"
Glycolysis can be divided into two phases:
the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase
where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell?
the mitochondrial matrix
When chloroplast pigments absorb light, _____.
their electrons become excited
Chlorophyll molecules are found in which part of the chloroplast?
thylakoids
Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be siphoned off and used _____.
to power the biosynthesis of amino acids, fats, and sugars
oxidation - reduction reactions
transfer of electrons oxidation - loss of electrons (OIL) reduction- gain of electron (RIG)
During photosynthesis, an electron transport chain is used to _____.
transport electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
By the end of the citric acid cycle, the original molecule of glucose has been converted to carbon dioxide and all possible energy in the bonds has been harvested.
true
the connection between breathing and cellular respiration
we inhale 6O2 (oxygen) then we exhale 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, because _____.
with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons
in preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occur?
a compound called coenzyme a binds to a two-carbon fragment
What purpose is directly served by pigment molecules during photosynthesis?
They allow for the conversion of energy.
As photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from _____ via a series of reactions associated with _____.
Water (H2O) .... photosystem II
In a eukaryotic cell, the electron transport chain is precisely located in or on the _____.
cristae of mitochondria
what is the mechanism of action for the ATP synthase complex? ATP is formed _____________
due to the potential energy of a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane.
During redox reactions,
electrons are transferred from one substance to another substance.
which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step
Rubisco is the _____.
enzyme that captures CO2 and fixes it to RuBP to begin the Calvin cycle
The function of cellular respiration is to _____.
extract usable energy from glucose
the function of cellular respiration is to
extract usable energy from glucose
Yeasts can produce ATP by either fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation; thus, they are
facultative anaerobes.
the major (but not only) energy accomplished of the citric acid cycle is the
formation of NADH and FADH2
Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
in the cytoplasmic fluid
what happens to the energy that is given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain?
it pumps H+ through a membrane.
Bacteria that are unable to survive in the presence of oxygen are called
obligate anaerobes.
alcohol fermentation
yeast, bacteria, CO2 ethanol