Classical Conditioning

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring. The process of applying reinforcers to increase behavior

Presentation Punishment

A decrease in behavior that occurs when a stimulus (punisher) is presented

Removal Punishment

A decrease in behavior that occurs when a stimulus is removed, or when an individual cannot recieve positive reinforcement

Conditioning

A form of in which an observable response changes in frequency or duration as a result of a consequence

Conditioned Stimulus

A formerly neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus. in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response

A learned physiological or emotional response that is similar to the unconditioned response

Classical Conditioning

A type of that occurs when individuals learn to produce involuntary emotional or physiological responses similar to instinctive or reflexive responses. method of in which a neutral stimulus can be used to elicit a response that is usually a natural response to a stimulus. a type of in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.

Behaviorism

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.

Unconditioned stimulus

An object or event that causes an instinctive or reflexive (unlearned) physiological or emotional response. stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

Neutral Stimulus

An object or event that doesn't initially impact behavior one way or another. A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior. stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Consequence

Event (stimulus) that occurs following a behavior and that influences the probability of the behaviors recurring.

John Watson

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief"

Extinction

The disappearance of a conditioned response as the result of the conditioned stimulus occurring repeatedly in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. The disappearance of a behavior as a result of nonreinforcement. When a Unconditioned Stimulus does not follow a Conditioned Stimulus. Diminishing of a Conditioned Response. Exposing person to CS without the US until the CS no longer elicits CR

Unconditioned response

The instinctive or reflexive (unlearned) physiological or emotional response caused by an unconditioned stimulus. in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

Little Albert

The little boy who was conditioned by John Watson and Rosalie Raynor to be afraid of a white rat. Watson and Raynor used classical conditioning to pair the rat with a loud noise, until Little Albert began to exhibit fear in response to the rat.

Negative Reinforcement

The process of increasing behavior by avoiding or removing an aversive stimulus

Positive Reinforcement

The process of increasing the frequency or duration of a behavior as the result of presenting a reinforcer.

Punishment

The process of using punishers to decrease behavior

Stimulus Discrimination

The process that occurs when a person gives different responses to similar but not identical stimuli. in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Generalization

The process that occurs when stimuli similar, but not identical, to a conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response by themselves.

Removal punishment

Withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that is reinforcing a behavior designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur. Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior

stimulus

a change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react. environmental change that triggers a response. signal to which an organism responds. anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism or any part of an organism.

John Watson

american psychologist who, in the early 1900s, founded , an approach that emphasizes the scientific study of outwardly observable behavior rather than subjective mental states

Punishers

Consequences that weaken behaviors or decrease the likelihood of the behaviors' recurring

Negative Reinforcement

increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

Negative Reinforcement

increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs.

response

the reaction to a stimulus. observable reaction to a stimulus

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Behaviorism

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior