Clep Bio Chapter 14

What problem would be caused by a lack of cartilage in someone's body?

Their movement would be hindered, and their bones rub together.

Why would damaged epithelium be covered with a bandage?

To simulate the covering and protective aspects of epithelium.

In the lungs, after oxygen leaves the air, where does it travel next?

To the film of water that coats the alveoli

What is the function of red blood cells in the human body?

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues.

During which of the three phases of cell respiration is the most ATP produced?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Arteries always transport:

blood away from the heart

What forms must carbohydrates and proteins be in to be absorbed by the small intestine?

monosaccharides and amino acids

What is another name for a heterotroph?

A consumer or other feeder

Jellyfish have:

A gastrovascular cavity

How do the characteristics of a mature red blood cell compare to an immature one?

A mature red blood cell does not have a nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, unlike an immature one.

Which of these molecules is the currency of energy in cells and is the final product of respiration?

ATP

When does maximum secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach occur?

After food has already entered the stomach.

Which of the following are heterotrophs?

All of the answers are correct.

What is the significance of respiration?

All of these are significant aspects of respiration.

What is a detritivore?

An organism that consumes dead and decaying material.

Why is blood still considered a connective tissue even though it isn't a structural connector like bone or cartilage?

Blood is made up of cells suspended in extracellular fluid

How are electrons released during the process of respiration?

Bonds of complex molecules are broken, releasing electrons.

Which of the following is a true statement about bones?

Bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements.

Which of the following is smallest in size?

Bronchioles

Which of the following explains how the kidney concentrates urea in the renal tubules?

By reabsorbing water from the renal tubules.

What differentiates cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, and smooth muscle is found elsewhere.

A young person comes into a doctor's office with severe arthritis in his joints, floppy-looking ears and a strangely shaped nose. Based only on these three observations, what type of connective tissue is functioning abnormally in this person?

Cartilage

Which extracellular matrix material is found in both Fibrous Connective Tissue and Loose Connective Tissue?

Collagen

Which of the following is a function of the liver?

Converting ammonia into urea.

Which of the following is not a function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

Digest the mucous layer covering the epithelium.

On a hot day in the African savannah, it would be advantageous for an elephant to lose more heat from its blood, so it should:

Dilate the blood vessels in its ears

What evolutionary step completely separated the ventricle into two distinct chambers?

Evolution of the four-chambered heart

High tensile strength is a characteristic of:

Fibrous connective tissue

The glomeruli and renal tubules play an important part in which of the following bodily functions?

Filtering blood

Hemolymph is found:

In the sinuses of an open circulatory system

Which of the following is NOT a feature of hemoglobin?

It can bind to carbon dioxide and oxygen at the same time.

Which of the following is not true of a closed circulatory system?

It cannot serve all the cells in an organism.

How do you know that the process of trapping particles in mucous in the lungs is helpful?

It helps keep bacteria, viruses, and pollution from damaging our lungs.

What effect does high concentrations of carbon dioxide have on hemoglobin?

It induces the hemoglobin to adopt the T-structure.

Which of the following is an example of anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid fermentation

Which of the following is NOT filtered out of the glomerular capillaries?

Large molecules

What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells

What are autotrophs?

Organisms that produce their own food.

How is digesting food moved along the small intestine?

Peristalsis contracts the smooth muscle to push it forward

What is hemoglobin composed of?

Protein and iron

The muscular valve at the bottom of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine is known as the:

Pyloric sphincter

If oxygen-rich blood flows through a capillary that passes through tissue that is already saturated with oxygen, what will happen?

The blood will retain its oxygen and continue on its way.

What happens to red blood cells in the bone marrow?

The bone marrow contains rapidly dividing cells and generates new red blood cells.

In an open circulatory system:

The circulatory fluid surrounds the internal organs

Dialysis closely mimics the function of which organ?

The kidney

Which of the following BEST explains how a muscle cell exerts force?

The muscle cell shortens or contracts and exerts a pulling force on whatever is attached to both ends.

Which of the following explains how a person straightens his arm at the elbow?

The triceps muscle contracts, pulling the ulna away from the upper arm while the biceps muscle is relaxed.

Which of the following explains why humans are unable to absorb enough oxygen through their skin?

There is not enough surface area.

What do amylase and pepsin have in common?

They are both digestive enzymes.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of alveoli?

They are tube shaped.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multicellular organisms?

They can be composed of one type of tissue.

Which of the following is true about heterotrophs?

They may be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.

Which of the following is NOT a function of an epithelial tissue?

To serve as a base to support other tissue types

What signals a blood vessel to undergo angiogenesis?

VEGF and other growth factors

Which of the following does the large intestine most likely absorb in digestion?

Water

An inactive precursor of an enzyme that must go through a change to be activated is known as a(n) _____.

Zymogen

The two main branches of the trachea that lead to the lobes of the lung are known as _____.

bronchi

The lymph nodes

contain lots of immune cells.

Three-chambered hearts allow amphibians to:

have a double circulation scheme

The sinoatrial node

is the pacemaker of the human heart

Sickle Cell Anemia is called an 'anemia' because _____

it is a disorder that results in a lower than normal red blood cell count.

A/an ________ is a group of organs and tissues that work together to perform a major function of the organism.

organ system

Secretions from the _____, called _____, neutralize acid from the stomach in the small intestine.

pancreas, bicarbonate

The main function of a heart valve is to:

prevent backflow

Which of these blood vessels brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

pulmonary vein

Hemoglobin acts primarily as _____.

short-term storage for oxygen

Once generated, immature red blood cells, _____

start making hemoglobin.

The right ventricle pumps blood into:

the pulmonary arteries

Which of the following is not true of capillaries?

they are completely watertight

What is one reason that enzymes are present in the small intestine?

to break down protein to amino acids