CLEP History of the United States II
What group would have advocated the U.S. acquisition of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War
Republican Senators
Three requirements and one recommendation of Andrew Johnson to former Confederate states:
Required: Ratification of 13th Amendment; renouncement of secession and repudiation of the Confederate debt. Recommendation: they should extend the franchise (the vote) to blacks.
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution in direct response to naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. gave President Lyndon B. Johnson use of military force in Southeast Asia.
What was the original purpose for the World Trade Organization?
Resolving trade disputes among nations
Fair Labor Standards Act
Restricted child labor, established a minimum wage, and set a maximum on working hours.
What program did Nixon begin in 1972 where the federal government gave funds to the states to spend as they wished?
Revenue Sharing
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the policy of revenue sharing?
Revenue sharing took the form of block grants.
Many Mexicans migrated to the U.S. during the first world war because what
Revolution in Mexico had caused social upheaval and dislocation
Rhythm and Blues being renamed by a Chicago DJ
Rhythm and Blues is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. It was a new term for an aggressive form of blues music coined by Jerry Wexler (DJ Wexler playing the Wax [aka vinyl record]) for Chicago's electric blues.
During whose administration was the term "detente" first used to describe United States foreign policy
Richard M. Nixon
Which president found support among the silent majority
Richard Nixon
Who became president in 1969?
Richard Nixon
Who won the 1968 election?
Richard Nixon (against Democrat Hubert Humphrey)
The Supreme Court's 1972 "Roe v. Wade" decision was based on the principle of
Right to privacy
rock 'n' roll
Rock 'n' roll was a combination of white country music and black rhythm and blues that appealed to American children in the 1950s. It provided kids a way to rebel against their straight-laced parents.
What significant organization was formed by the US in 1958 in response to Soviet technological advancements?
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
What does 'NAACP' stand for?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
What organization did Friedan help found and become first president of?
National Organization for Women
President Truman and Congress differed sharply over
National health insurance
What action did Mexico take in 1938, not accepted by Roosevelt until 1942?
Nationalizing foreign-owned petroleum companies
American Indian Movement
Native American advocacy group focuses on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty. They gathered members across the US to protest in Washington, DC known as the Trail of Broken Treaties.
What cause did Russell Means fight for?
Native American rights
What did the Treaty of Washington seek to limit?
Naval shipbuilding
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects
What term radicalized the student protests of the 1960s
New Left
Where is the birthplace of American jazz?
New Orleans
Where was the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory?
New York
Stonewall Riot
New York city @ a bar called Stonewall Inn. Activist protests among gays and lesbians. Became a symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement
What three factors led to the 1920's American ethic of consumerism?
New forms of credit; advertising and increases in wages and productivity.
Why did American businesses want Cuba independent from Spain?
New markets would be 'ripe for the picking'
What was the Sunbelt, the area running from the southern Atlantic Coast through the south/southwest to southern California, known for during the late 1900s?
New population growth
Whom did the US financially and politically back in Vietnam in order to oust Bao Dai and prevent Vietnam from becoming Communist?
Ngo Dinh Diem (a Catholic Vietnamese nationalist)
What country did American troops leave in 1925 (and later come back to in 1926-1933)?
Nicaragua
What Russian politician, responsible for the Soviet Union's de-Stalinization, led the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
Nikita Khrushchev
Which president was involved with the Watergate scandal?
Nixon
Why George McGovern lost to Nixon in 1972
Nixon promised an end to the Vietnam War and won by 60.7% of the popular vote.
Richard M. Nixon
Nixon was the president elected after Lyndon B. Johnson. He said that, although he had to formally agree with civil rights, his administration would go easy on the enforcement. This was in order to attract southern voters. He also claimed to appeal to the silent majority, which consisted of people who were not protesters, shouters, or demonstrators.
Richard Nixon owed his 1968 election primarily to what
Nixon's recognition of the presence of a large group of disaffected white middle-class Americans
Richard Nixon owed his 1968 election primarily to who?
Nixon's recognition of the presence of a large group of disaffected white middle-class Americans
Did the Chinese farmers in the Western States join the Farmers Alliances?
No
Did the World War I Food Administration become involved in operating farms?
No
Was Andrew Johnson ever charged with a criminal offense?
No
Was Andrew Johnson removed from office?
No
Was John Dewey particularly concerned with strengthening a child's respect for parental (or any) authority?
No
Was compensation to be paid for freed slaves as part of the Compromise of 1877?
No
Were blanket appropriations or provisions of supplies and materials given as subsidies to transcontinental railroads?
No
Were bribes or promises concerning future elections a part of the Compromise of 1877?
No
Were protective tariffs reduced or removed as part of the Compromise of 1877?
No
Were separate or integrated public schools part of Reconstruction?
No
Were tax breaks a part of the subsidies granted to transcontinental railroads?
No
Significance of the Dred Scott Case:
No black slave could be a citizen.
Did U.S. domination of Latin America end with the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
No. It just became slightly more diplomatic and less visible.
Was the sinking of the battleship 'Maine' a primary cause of the Spanish-American War?
No. It was a precipitating factor, not a cause.
Were former Confederate states required to give blacks the same civil rights afforded to whites?
No. The 14th Amendment provided some civil rights but not all those afforded to white male citizens.
Was the Treaty of Versailles ever ratified by the Senate?
No. The U.S. signed a separate peace treaty with Germany. It went before the Senate twice but was defeated both times.
Did transcontinental railroads generally use convict labor?
No: their construction was usually too far from centers of population.
Was the Social Gospel Movement generally concerned about 'ordinary sin' such as alcohol abuse and sexual permissiveness?
No: these were society's fault
Did owners of giant 'bonanza' farms of the Northern Plains join the Farmers' Alliances?
No: they had no need to.
Was one purpose of the World War I Food Administration to raise farm prices?
No: they were considered to be high enough
Did members of the Social Gospel Movement blame the poor for their plight?
No: they would blame society
Did members of the Social Gospel Movement feel sinners simply lacked willpower?
No: this was society's fault.
Martin Luther King's methods?
Non-violent defiance of segregation
Cesar Chavez
Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.
Where did Allied forces (America and Britain) attack in November 1942?
North Africa
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
What action on June 25, 1950 started the Korean war?
North Korea's invasion of South Korea
How was the Tet Offensive fought differently from previous battles?
North Vietnamese forces scrapped guerilla tactics for an all-out assault on key bases and provincial cities in the South: the kind of battle that American technology was made for.
The New Deal lost its momentum because
Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats worked together to block new programs
Northern Securities Case 1904
Northern Securities Co v. United States (1904) was a case in which the US Supreme Court ruled against the stockholders of Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies, who had formed a monopoly, and forced them to dissolve the Northern Securities Company. The president and largest stockholder in Great Northern Railway, James Hill, was forced to disband his holding company and manage each railroad independently.
What contributed most significantly to the end of Reconstruction?
Northern voters lost interest and became tired of it.
Where did immigrants mostly come from before 1880?
Northwestern European countries (also largely Protestant)
Did Northern Radicals care whether or not Reconstruction was Constitutionl?
Not particularly
Did the World War I Food Administration monitor the QUALITY of foodstuffs sent to soldiers?
Not particularly.
MLK's rejection of nonviolence caused him to . ?
Not support groups like the Black Panthers.
Did Reagonomics work?
Not well. The economy rebounded but the federal deficit soared.
When did WW1 officially end?
November 11, 1918
When did the armistice Germany agree to take effect?
November 11, 1918
When did the Iranian Hostage Crisis begin?
November 4, 1979
In 1985, President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev jointly declared that
Nuclear war could not be won and must never be fought
What did the Limited Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 ban?
Nuclear weapons tests "or any other nuclear explosion" in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water (or all but underground nuclear testing)
The acquittal in 1995 of what former black football star stirred up racial tensions?
OJ Simpson (although he was controversially acquitted of murdering his former wife and a male friend, he was later convicted with numerous other felonies & was sentenced to 33 years imprisonment)
Election of 2008 in common with 1960
Obama first sitting U.S. senator to win election to the presidency since John F. Kennedy in 1960.
The Articles of Impeachment drawn up against President Nixon accused him of what
Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and refusal to supply subpoenaed information
Los Angeles' "zoot suit riots" of 1943 were brought to an end when
Off-duty sailors were prohibited from entering Mexican-American neighborhoods
What did Reverend Russell H. Conwell say?
"A man is not really a true man until he owns his own home."
John F. Kennedy
"And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country."
Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was most directly influenced by the
"Bloody Sunday" attack in Selma, Alabama
Robert LaFollette
"Fighting Bob" He ran for President as the nominee of the Progressive party in 1924 and won 17% of the national popular vote. He was a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and the League of Nations. He's been ranked as one of the top 10 greatest Senators in the nation's history.
Presidential Slogans of Dwight D. Eisenhower
"I like Ike." 1952 election
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail"
"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
What novel was about a socialist utopia
"Looking backward" by Edward Bellamy
What novel is about life on the Great Plains
"O Pioneers!" By Willa Cather
What was the declarative goal of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
"Port Huron Statement" - A call to fight materialism and facelessness of U.S. society
What was the slogan for Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs
"Recovery, relief, and reform."
Presidential Slogans of Warren G. Harding
"Return to normalcy". 1920 election
Andrew Carnegie Gospel of Wealth
"Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community."
How did FDR refer to December 7, 1941?
"a day which will live in infamy"
Social Darwinism
"survival of the fittest" justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
Efforts to balance growth and inflation through monetary policies is termed:
'Controlled Growth'
Economic theory espoused by many liberals in the 1930's:
'Planned Economy'
Define: Jim Crow Laws
'Separate but equal' facilities for blacks and whites.
What 4 major provisions made up the 14th amendment?
(1) Everyone born or naturalized in the US (including blacks) are citizens, (2) denying the right to vote to male citizens over 21, except for participation in rebellion/other crimes, would cause proportionate loss in representation, (3) those who had taken oaths then rebelled couldn't take office, and (4) no Confederate debt
What were the 4 major elements of the Reconstruction Act of 1867?
(1) South divided into 5 military districts until new governments, (2) Confederate leaders couldn't vote until new constitutions were ratified, (3) blacks could vote in constitutional convention and subsequent elections, and (4) southern states must ratify 14th amendment and new constitutions, which would then be approved by Congress
Nicaragua v. USA
(1986) International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in favor of Nicaragua and awarded reparations. The ICJ held that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. USA refused to participate in the proceedings after the Court rejected its argument that the ICJ lacked jurisdiction to hear the case. The U.S. later blocked enforcement of the judgment by the United Nations Security Council and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation.
Glass-Steagall Act
(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.
Who founded the Grange, at first a social organization but later politically influential, in 1867?
Oliver Kelley
What two acts passed in 1981 cut both funding from social programs and taxes, comprising the first budget of the Reagan administration?
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act and the Economic Recovery Tax Act
Events in George H.W. Bush's Presidency
- Thousand points of lIght - Gulf War - United States invasion of Panama - Operation Restore Hope
Why were the Japanese wrong about their ability to win the Battle of Midway?
-American cryptographers broke the Japanese code and discovered the plan. -The Japanese were over-confidant and did not concentrate their forces into a single, overwhelming attack. -After the U.S. sunk four of Japan's largest aircraft carriers, they did not have sufficient air cover and cancelled the invasion. (American analysts actually thought the Japanese would regroup and attack again, but the Japanese were so stunned they turned on the defensive.)
Changes resulting from the rapid industrial development of the U.S. from 1860 - 1900:
-Factories had to be built bigger to accommodate new machinery. -Small factories could not afford industrial machinery and did not produce enough to make it profitable even if they did: small factories went under or were bought up. -Worker production increased and the focus was on speed of production rather than the quality of work.
Existing SECONDARY conditions which CONTRIBUTED to the U.S. decision to enter WWI:
-Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality (1914) -Revelation of Germany's suggestions to Mexico re: possible collusion)
Senator Joseph McCarthy
-Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists -Removed from the Senate when he attacked the the US Army
Social Darwinism
. Social Darwinists generally argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Social Darwinism is the idea that the survival of civilization depends on unregulated economic competition.
Who wrote "How the Other Half Lives"? What did the author criticize?
1) Jacob Riis 2) Riis criticized the poverty, illness, crime, and despair of New York's slums.
What was the Bonus Army, why were they forced to leave Washington, and who commanded the force that removed them?
1) The Bonus Army was a group of about 14,000 unemployed veterans who went to Washington in the summer of 1932 to lobby Congress for immediate payment of the bonus that had been approved in 1924 for payment in 1945. 2) After two veterans were killed in a clash with the police, President Herbert Hoover, calling them insurrectionists and communists, ordered the army to remove them. 3) General Douglas MacArthur
What was the Tennesee Valley Authority (TVA)? What did the TVA represent?
1) The TVA, a public corporation under a three-member board, built twenty dams to stop flooding and soil erosion, improve navigation, and generate hydroelectric power. 2) The TVA represented the first major experiment in regional public planning.
What was the primary reason for the Race Riots of 1919? In what city was rioting the worst?
1) White hostility based on competition for lower-paying jobs and black encroachment into white neighborhoods. 2) The Chicago riot was the worst, lasting thirteen days and leaving 38 dead, 520 wounded, and 1,000 families homeless.
What was yellow journalism and why was it used?
1) Yellow journalism was a policy of sensationalizing the news, particularly exaggerating atrocities in Cuba, followed by some newspapers. 2) It was used to increase circulation.
Who was eligible to join the Civilian Conservation Corps? What kind of work did the Corps do?
1) Young men ages eighteen to twenty-four from families on relief. 2) They worked on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the direction of the War Department.
Two Populist desires:
1. Free coinage of silver. 2. Direct election of U.S. Senators
Four Points of FDR's New Deal
1. Freedom of Speech 2. Freedom of Religion 3. Freedom from Want 4. Freedom from Fear
Four Points of FDR's New Deal
1. Freedom of Speech 2. Freedom of Religion 3. Freedom from Want 4. Freedom from Fear
Two points of Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy philosophy:
1. He favored developing a form of colonial empire. 2. He rejected isolationism.
Two goals SALT I did NOT accomplish:
1. Substantial reductions of both U.S. and Soviet missiles. 2. Did not decrease Soviet missiles to equal the number of the U.S.
Four points of FDR's New Deal:
1.Artificially raise crop prices. 2.Artificially cause prices to rise in general 3.Effective elimination of the Gold Standard (as it previously existed) 4.Establish governmental regulation of banking system to restore confidence
What fraction of investments was the US channeling to Latin America by 1914?
1/3
On average, what % of eligible African American voters reach the polls in the late 1940s
10%
When England and France declared war on Germany in 1939, national polls indicated that what % of Americans were in favor of joining in the war effort
10%
Where is the island of Midway?
1000 northwest of Hawaii.
How many years did the Reconstruction last?
12
At it's highest, U.S. unemployment averaged 25% during the Great Depression. How many people were out of work?
13 Million
What was the average rate of U.S. unemployment in early 1937?
14.3%
How many acres did the Homestead Act in 1862 provide to settlers?
160
What constitutional amendment legalized the income tax in 1913?
16th
J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye
16yr goes to NYC where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads toward a nervous breakdown. The theme is teenage angst and alienation in which the main character Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.
What year was gold discovered in California?
1848
When did the Mexican War end?
1848
When was Dred Scott v. Sanford decided?
1857
When did the Sand Creek Massacre take place? When did the Battle of Wounded Knee take place?
1862. 1890
When did Johnson become president?
1865
When was the KKK founded?
1866
What year did the House of Representatives vote to indict the president?
1868
During what decade did the Sioux and the Cheyenne wage war against whites for survival?
1870's
When was the Amnesty Act passed?
1872
Timber Culture Act
1873. Which gave homesteaders an additional 160 acres for planting trees on the land. Part of Homestead act.
By what year, only 4,000 federal troops were in southern states (excluding TX)?
1874
When did the Reconstruction end?
1877
When did the Supreme Court rule in Munn v. Illinois?
1877
When was the Timber and Stone Act passed?
1878
When did the Knights of Labor reach its height of power?
1880's
During what period were cowboys most active?
1880s
When was James Garfield assassinated?
1881
The Chinese Exclusion Act
1882, no immigration from China. It was not repealed until 1943.
The Haymarket Affair took place when?
1886
When was the Interstate Commerce Act passed?
1887
Dawes Severalty Act
1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. An effort by the federal government to promote agriculture among the Native Americans.
By what year was the frontier closed?
1890
When did the Spanish-American War begin?
1894
When was Plessy v. Ferguson decided?
1896
How long did the Philippines' fight for independence last?
1899 - 1902
After achieving independence, when did Panama sign a treaty giving US rights to a canal zone?
1903
Muckrakers
1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business
When was the 'Sooner State', or Oklahoma, declared a state? By what president?
1907. President Roosevelt
When did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire occur?
1911
When was President Woodrow Wilson elected President?
1912
When was the 16th Amendment ratified?
1913
When was the Panama Canal finished?
1914
When was the War Industries Board created?
1917
When did Prohibition begin and end?
1919, 1933
Laissez-faire capitalism was the earmark of what decade?
1920's
The flapper has become a stereotype of what decade?
1920s
The Quota Act was passed
1921, ending the United States' open immigration policy. Three years later, the National Origins Act was passed, further limiting immigration.
The National Origins Act
1924 2 purposes, to limit immigration in general, and to allow the immigrants from the "more desirable" areas, such as Northern and Western Europe, to arrive in greater numbers.
When did the Ku Klux Klan reach it's zenith?
1925
The Scopes "Monkey Trial": significance:
1925; Dayton, Tennesee: biology teacher John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution. Trial = national news story w/ circus atmosphere. William Jennings Bryant = expert witness. Scopes defended by Clarence Darrow. Fundamentalists won but were painted in such a bad light that they lost ground in society.
When did Hoover become president?
1929
When were the Smoot-Hawley Tariffs enacted?
1930
In what year did the average U.S. employment reach its highest point?
1933
When was the 'Good Neighbor' policy instituted?
1933
Wagner Act
1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
When was the Indian Reorganization Act passed?
1937
During what year did the Battle of Midway take place?
1942
In the U.S, the first clear evidence of the Nazis' campaign to exterminate European Jews emerged in
1942
When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf take place?
1944
When did the Dumbarton Oaks Conference take place?
1944
When did the policies known as the Truman Doctrine begin?
1947
Marshall Plan
1947, $5.3 billion to Europe to help rebuild post-war; mainly raw materials, food and fuel; underlying purpose of preventing communism; Soviets attempt to imitate with their own Molotov Plan- failure
television
1950's replacing radio and magazines
When was Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decided?
1954
"It was TV more than anything else that turned the tide." This quotation was probably said about the election of?
1960
Silent Spring
1962 book by Rachel Carson to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. Led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Medicare & Medicaid Years
1965 & 1966 low-cost medical insurance for almost every Americans age 65 or older. Medicaid Programs extended welfare.
What year was Martin Luther King assassinated?
1968
Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
Conflict between Israel and Egypt settled by treaty in . .?
1978
When were the Camp David Accords signed?
1978
What election was significant because the results showed a marked shift of the electorate to the right
1980
The Soviet Union broke into separate nations beginning . . ?
1990
What year did the Senate ratify the NAFTA agreement?
1994
China takes back Hong Kong when?
1997
What was the highest AVERAGE rate of unemployment in the U.S. during the Great Depression?
25%
% of births attributed to unmarried women in 1994:
33%
Geneva Conventions
4 treaties and 3 protocols that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment of war. It defines the basic, wartime rights of prisoners, protections for the wounded and for civilians in or around a warzone. The treaties were ratified in 1949 in the aftermath of World War II.
By what percentage did U.S. crop prices fall during the Great Depression?
40%
How many peoplel were members of the KKK at its zenith?
5 Million
Some workers managed to keep their jobs during the Great Depression. But by what % did their wages fall?
60%
How many nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
62
In early 1937, average rate of U.S. unemployment had decreased to 14.3%. How many people were still out of work?
8 Million
Scottsboro Nine
9 black men were accused of rape and sentenced to death by an all-white jury despite little evidence to prove their guilt.
What did Warren Harding stress in his presidential campaign?
A 'return to normalcy'
What did President Carter create for cleaning up chemical waste dumps?
A 'superfund'
What was the 'Alliance for Progress', announced by Kennedy?
A 10-year, multibillion-dollar aid program for Latin America (designed to improve US relationships with the country)
Muller vs. Oregon
A 1908 landmark decision by the US Supreme Court which justified both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women to protect women's health.
Feminine Mystique
A 1963 book by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. Significant because it discontent woman.
Tennessee Valley Authority
A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley. It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs.
National Industrial Recovery Act
A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA.
Who was Timothy McVeigh?
A Persian Gulf veteran who bombed the Alfred P Murrah Federal Building (on April 19, 1995, killing 168 people, claiming retribution for the Branch Davidian disaster)
What did Truman appoint in 1946 in response to mounting racial tensions as black soldiers returned home?
A Presidential Committee on Civil Rights
The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 resulted in what
A Supreme Court injunction against Alabama state laws requiring segregation on public buses
What was the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty?
A US-Panama treaty negotiated in 1903 in which the US received perpetual use of a 10 mile wide strip of land
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
What was the "Gospel of Wealth"?
A belief held by rich people that wealth was a gift from God given to a select few.
Who was Rodney King?
A black man whose beating by police men in March 1991 resulted in a violent riot (in South Central Los Angeles in April 1992) lasting 3 days (51 people were killed and more than $750 million in property destroyed)
The Haymarketk Affair of 1886 involved . . .?
A bomb thrown at Chicago police and a subsequent riot involving police and striking workers.
The Fire Next Time
A book by African American author James Baldwin containing two essays discussing the central role of race in American history and the relations between race and religion
Who was Joseph G McCoy?
A cattle broker who built large corrals and shipped cattle to Chicago stockyards
Model T
A cheap and simple car designed by Ford. It allowed for more Americans to own a car. Promoted growth of suburbs
What is the Tea Party?
A conservative political movement calling for a smaller, less powerful federal government
McNavy-Haugen Bill
A controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. The plan was for the government to buy the wheat and then store it or export it at a loss.
What was the role of women in society immediately after World War II?
A cult of female domesticity re-emerged. Countless magazine articles promoted the concept that a woman's place was in the home.
The most profound domestic impact of WW II on America was
A decisive end to the Great Depression
What was the Comstock Lode?
A deposit of precious metal (mix of silver and gold, more than $400 mil worth)
What did the Selective Service Act 1917 establish?
A draft
Medicare
A federal program that provides health coverage if you are 65 or older or have a severe disability, no matter your income. Signed by President Johnson in 1965.
What was the Panic of 1873?
A financial crisis leading to a depression that lasted until 1879
What spurred consumer interest and demand in the 1920s?
A great increase in professional advertising using newspapers, magazines, radio, billboards, and other media.
Scopes Trial
A highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school
Between 1877 and 1897, the presidency was characterized by
A lack of leadership
Miranda v Arizona
A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court. In a 5-4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them.
What did Alfred T Mahan promote?
A large navy (wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History)
What did the North American Free Trade Agreement, signed by the US, Canada, and Mexico in 1992, propose?
A largely tariff-free trading community
What law - proposed by President Kennedy - did 250,000 people in August 1963 march into Washington in support for?
A law that would end segregation in public accommodations
As questions mounted about the possible existence of spies in the American government, what investigation did Truman lead to combat suspicions?
A loyalty investigation of US government employees
The 1920 census noted what population shift?
A majority of Americans lived in communities with populations 2,500+
In the late 1800s/early 1900s, advocates of a New South believed it would be brought about by
A manufacturing industry fueled by northern investors
What did Hoover declare in 1931?
A moratorium of European nations' WW1 debts/reparations
Jazz
A music genre that originated from African American communities of New Orleans in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation
A direct consequence of the Russian launching of Sputnik was
A new emphasis on academic achievement and quality education
Two reasons Wilson ordered the occupation of the port of Vera Cruz:
A perceived insult to the U.S. flag and to hasten the downfall of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta
What was Social Darwinism?
A philosophy of survival of the fittest.
Pragmatism
A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations. Written by William James.
What was the Marshall Plan?
A plan for the reconstruction of Europe that would be financed by the US (announced by Secretary of State George C Marshall in Jun 1947)
Roosevelt through Executive Order 8802 created the Fair Employment Practices Committee in response to what?
A planned march by Philip Randolph on Washington to demand defense industry jobs be equally available to blacks
What policy did Churchill and Roosevelt agree to at the Casablanca Conference (1943)?
A policy of 'unconditional' surrender for all enemies
What vaccine did Jonas Salk introduce in 1955?
A polio vaccine
Bonus Army
A popular name for an assemblage of 43,000 World War I veterans and their families in Washington, DC in 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. It was led by Walter W. Waters.
What event in the 1800s caused an influx in immigration from Ireland?
A potato blight (also known as the Great Irish Famine or the Irish Potato Famine)
"Share the Wealth"
A program by Huey Long for desperate lower middle class during the Great Depression; fortunes would be confiscated and redistributed. Unsuccessful.
Geronimo
A prominent leader from the Bedonkohe band of the Chiricahua Apache tribe. Carried out numerous raids as well as resistance to US and Mexican military campaigns in the northern Mexico states of Chihuahua and Sonora, and in the southwestern American territories of New Mexico and Arizona. Part of the prolonged period of the Apache-American conflict, that started with American settlement in Apache lands following the end of the war with Mexico in 1848.
What was the Dream Act?
A proposed law (backed by the Obama administration) that those who immigrated to the US illegally as children could achieve citizenship upon graduating college or serving in the military
What was 'Whitewater'?
A questionable Arkansas land deal that the Clintons were accused of being involved in
What event led to a decrease in faith in FDR's New Deal?
A recession in 1937 to 1938
Social gospel
A reform movement by Protestant ministers who used religion to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor.
What weakened the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
A ruling by the Supreme Court in 1883 declaring the social provisions of the bill unconstitutional
What were the Pentagon Papers?
A secret government study leaked to and published by the New York Times in June 1971 (revealing that American leaders had often misled Congress and the American people as they escalated the Vietnam War)
Soon after the inauguration of George W. Bush JR, it became clear that the most dangerous threat to U.S. national security was
A secretive global organization of individuals
Bracero Program
A series of laws/agreements starting in 1942 and continuing after WW1. Program brought Mexican workers in to meet shortage. The agreement guaranteed basic human rights (sanitation, adequate shelter and food) and a minimum wage of 30 cents an hour
What were the 'zoot-suit' riots of 1943?
A series of racial attacks during WW2 (stimulated by tensions after an increasing Hispanic population)
Dr. Alfred Kinsey
A sexologist of the 1940s best known for writing Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Female as well as developing the Kinsey Scale.
A direct consequence of the Immigration Act of 1965 was
A sharp rise in the number of immigrants from Asia and Latin America
What was significant of the election of 1928
A shift in the voter base of the two parties was apparent
Which of the following statements best describes the significance of the election of 1928?
A shift in the voter base of the two parties was apparent.
What movement, starting in a North Carolina Woolworth's lunch counter, spread across the nation and resulted in the organization of the Student Nonviolent Coordinate Committee (SNCC)?
A sit-in movement
In effect, Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" meant that
A south Vietnamese army would fight on the ground with the support of American aerial bombardment
The Strategic Defense Initiative proposed by Ronald Reagan established what?
A space-based antimissile defense system
Medicaid
A state and federal program that provides health coverage if you have a very low income. Signed by President Johnson in 1965.
What strike in May 1946 led to a temporary government takeover of coal mines?
A strike by United Mine Workers
What did the Pendleton Civil Service Act create?
A system of competitive exams for around 10% of government jobs (established in 1883, on the idea that political positions should be awarded based on merit, not affiliations)
What was the 'Contract with America'?
A ten-point document released by the Republican party during 1994 Congressional elections led by Congressman Newt Gingrich promising a smaller, more efficient government
What were the 'Peace Corps', a program introduced by Kennedy in 1961?
A volunteer program where the 'best and brightest' Americans agreed to dedicate two years of their lives to help improve conditions in poverty-stricken countries
What did President Bush proclaim after the 9/11 terrorist strike?
A war against terrorism
Franklin Roosevelt signed an Executive Order to end discrimination in wartime industries, because
A. Philip Randolph threatened a huge march on Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices
Why did Franklin Roosevelt sign an Executive Order to end discrimination in wartime industries?
A. Philip Randolph threatened a huge march on Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
AFDC was a federal assistance program in effect from 1935 to 1996 that was created by the Social Security Act as part of FDR's New Deal which provided financial assistance to children whose families had low or no income. AFDC was replaced by the more restrictive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.
The 13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolishes and prohibits slavery
24th Amendment (1964)
Abolishes poll taxes
What horrible atrocity was legalized in the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v Wade?
Abortion (since then, over 55 million unborn babies have been legally killed)
The Wild One
About a biker street gang with similarities to Rebel Without a Cause.
Rebel Without a Cause
About emotionally confused suburban, middle-class teenagers in an attempt to portray the moral decay of American youth, critique parental style, and explore the differences and conflicts between generations.
What was the major consequence of World War I for blacks and other racial minorities?
About half a million rural southern blacks migrated to cities, mainly in the North and Midwest, to obtain employment in war and other industries, especially in steel and meatpacking.
The purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to
Absorb individual Native Americans into the American Citizenry
What was the subject of many of Georgia O'Keefe's paintings?
Abstracts of flowers and animal skulls against the background of the New Mexico desert.
Once they had learned of German extermination of European Jews in Nazi death camps, the policy of Franklin Roosevelt's administration was that the best way to liberate the camps was to
Achieve a total Allied victory
What was the long-term philosophy of the Knights of Labor?
Achieving a society in which employees and managers worked cooperatively for all of society's benefit.
The major foreign policy issue in the 1920s was
Achieving peace
Henry George in "Progress and Poverty" urged Americans to do what
Adopt a single tax on the value of land
What helped the KKK grow to its zenith in 1925?
Advertising
'Planned Economy'
Advocated by many liberals in the 1930's
Bakke v University of California (1978) and following Supreme Court decisions weakened the legal viability of what types of programs?
Affirmative action programs
Where did the US take military action on October 7 after the 9/11 terrorist strike?
Afghanistan (against the Taliban government)
The tem "New Negro" coined by Alan Locke embodied what
African American's interest and pride in their heritage
Double V campaign
African Americans pledged to fight not only for victory over Hitler in Europe, but also against racism at home.
Baby Boom
After the war, and in order to make up for lost time, families became much more intent on having babies. In fact, "more babies were born between 1948 and 1953 than in the previous thirty years."
What two territories did Congress admit to the union in 1959?
Alaska and Hawaii
What Republican candidate ran against Franklin Roosevelt in the 1936 election?
Alfred M Landon
What former State Department officer was convicted for lying to a grand jury in 1950, resulting in a famous case and many fears and suspicions about Communist infiltration of the US government?
Alger Hiss
Roe V. Wade
All state laws prohibiting abortions were made unconstitutional based on a woman's right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment
Americans' fear that Communists and fellow travelers were infiltrating the U.S. government was a direct consequence of what
Allegations of Senator Joseph McCarthy
Americans' fear that Communists and fellow travelers were infiltrating the U.S. government was a direct consequence of what?
Allegations of Senator Joseph McCarthy
'Extend the franchise to blacks'
Allow them to vote
Warring and Coolidge
Allowed business to grow - less taxes, higher tarrifs.
The 16th Amendment
Allowed the federal income tax.
Bolshevik Revolution
Also known as Red October, the Bolshevik Revolution was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. The goal was to overthrow the provisional government and give the power to the local soviets which ended up establishing the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first socialist state. The US refused to recognize the new Russian government until 1933 when trading became an issue.
Freedom Summer of 1964
Also known as the Mississippi Summer Project, the Freedom Summer was a campaign in the US to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population.
What main cause(s) did the Women's Peace Union advocate?
Alternatives to war
Why did small farmers in the Northeast not need the Farmers' Alliances?
Although they could not compete with Western farmers, they had no need to: they focused on perishable goods for nearby metropolitan areas.
How had Johnson justified his prosecution of the Vietnamese War (as opposed to the usual congressional declaration of war)?
On the basis of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
16th Amendment (1913)
Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
21st Amendment
Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment
Lewis's Main Street (1920) and Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) both criticized what?
America's culture, mainly its emphasis on materialism
Baseball
America's favorite sport in late 19th century/early 20th century
Who 'won' the Tet Offensive?
American / South Vietnamese forces.
What group was formed in opposition to the New Deal
American Liberty League
What did the Foraker Act establish in 1900?
American control over Puerto Rico
From what group of Americans did many expatriates come in the 1920's
American intellectuals
Georgia O'Keefe; Thomas Hart Benton and Edward Hopper were:
American painters of the 1920's
Michael Harrington's The Other America (1952) was an influential study of what?
American post-war poverty (the book claimed that up to 1/4 of Americans lived in 'poverty')
The Korean and Vietnam Wars were similar in that
American support for the war shifted as the wars dragged on
The Korean and Vietnam Wars were similar in what way?
American support for the war shifted as the wars dragged on
How did 1880's tariffs on imported goods affect the American economy?
Americans could no longer afford imported goods. American manufacturers raised their prices to the artificial high ones of imported goods: so Americans couldn't afford domestic goods either. Farmers were unprotected by tariffs and so couldn't afford to buy anything.
Ida B. Wells
An African-American journalist who documented lynching in the US and showed how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites, often under the guise of rape charges. She was also active in women's rights and the suffrage movement.
What action by Mexico in 1917 resulted in diplomatic conflict with the US?
An adoption of a new constitution that claimed national ownership of raw materials (such as oil)
What were Democrats promised in the Compromise of 1877?
An end to Reconstruction
What did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People advocate?
An end to racial segregation.
Roaring 20s (1920s)
An era of prosperity, technological and social change. America became isolationist and began to limit immigration. This was a time of Prohibition, jazz music, and little interest in social reform.
The USSR refused to participate in the Baruch Plan, which established what?
An international agency for control of atomic energy
What was the Kellogg-Briand peace pact?
An international agreement attempting to outlaw war
What did Bush organize in the Middle East when Iraq invaded the oil-rich Kuwait in 1990?
An international coalition that began an air assault (in January 1991)
What was the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization?
An international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (or Manila Pact) signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines.
What famous phrase did Winston Churchill use in a speech at Fulton, Missouri in 1946 to describe the growing rift between western and eastern Europe?
An iron curtain
William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, and Jane Addams were all what?
Anti-imperialists
What were South African's segregation policies known as?
Apartheid
Southern Strategy
Appointing a Southern judge to the Supreme Court, opposing school busing, and continuing payments to school boards delaying desegregation. Strategy to attract white southerners to vote for Nixon.
When did Roosevelt die?
April 12, 1945
When did Wilson ask Congress to declare war on Germany & officially enter WW1?
April 2, 1917
Veterans day was originally what holiday celebrating Germany's surrender?
Armistice Day
What trend affected organized labor from 1970 to 2000
As a proportion of the total work force, union membership dropped substantially
How would the Farm Security Administration be characterized?
As a public relations campaign.
How did Theodore Roosevelt come to the presidency?
As a result of McKinley's assassination
Explain the demographic trend called "white flight".
As blacks moved into the northern and Midwestern cities, whites moved to the suburbs.
How did the political machines of the late 19th century portray themselves?
As champions of the poor who fought against upper-class reformers interested only in themselves.
Woman's suffrage
As the Nineteenth Amendment, this was finally achieved as a "war measure" during Wilson's presidency.
Which of the following was a decidedly American school of painting
Ash Can
What was a decidedly American school of painting?
Ash Can.
During the 1990s, most American Immigrants came from
Asia and Latin America
The purpose of the Bonus Army's march to Washington was to
Ask congress to pay out the WWI bonus early
Affirmative action is controversial because it does what
Assumes that preferential treatment of minorities is needed to provide economic relief from past injustices
A violent strike came about where due to a wage cut in 1892?
At Carnegie Steel's Homstead Plant
Andrew Carnegie-"libraries" and a quote
At one point, Andrew Carnegie was the richest man in the world thanks to Carnegie Steel. With this wealth, he donated money to various places to build libraries.
The most significant tactical mistake made by the U.S. in the Korean War was
Attempt to push North Korean communists back to the Chinese Border
When did Germany declare war on Russia, officially starting WW1?
August 1, 1914
When did the Gulf of Tonkin incident take place?
August 2, 1964
On what date was Hiroshima bombed?
August 6, 1945
On what date was Nagasaki bombed?
August 9, 1945
When did Nixon resign?
August 9, 1974
Zora Neale Hurston
Author known for novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. Part of the Harlem Renaissance during the 1920s.
Ralph Ellison
Author of Invisible Man. James Baldwin wrote novels, plays, and essay about black identity. Malcolm X had been a radical Black Muslim and left to follow a more moderate path to improved race relations. Ralph Abernathy a civil rights leader, became head of the Southern Leadership Conference after Martin Luther King's assassination
The 16th Amendment
Authorized the federal income tax.
After WW I, the most influential factor in the American lifestyle quickly became the
Automobile
Ralph Nader
Automobile safety "Unsafe at Any Speed," published in 1965, is a book accusing car manufacturers of resistance to the introduction of safety features such as seat belts, and their general reluctance to spend money on improving safety.
Rapid democratization of Soviet Union caused . . .?
Avalance of change
What radical cleric in 1979 led the overthrow of the Shah in Iran, declaring an Islamic republic that became progressively brutal and tyrannical after a relatively non-violent revolution?
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Record number of births after WWII
Baby Boom
The purpose of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act was to
Balance the budget
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) established by the Hoover administration helped who
Banks and Insurance companies
Who won the election of 2012?
Barack Obama (against Republican Mitt Romney)
What invention is Joseph Glidden credited with in 1873?
Barbed wire
Calvin Coolidge
Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Because of anti-radicalism left over from the Red Scare of 1919, Italian immigrants and anarchists Sacco and Venzetti were convicted of murder and sent to death despite intense protests that the trial had been rigged in 1927.
For what reason did Carter stop American aid to Nicaragua in 1981?
Because of increasing concerns over the radical direction of the Sandinistas
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Began the drive to end segregation in the South. In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give her seat on a city bus to a white man and was arrested. This began a 381-day boycott of Montgomery buses that did not end until the Supreme Court ruled that Alabama's segregated buses were unconstitutional.
Fertility / Mortality rates at the end of the 20th Century
Below long-term average
During what Administration was the Sherman Antitrust Act passed?
Benjamin Harrison
Post-WWII 'bone in the throat of Russia':
Berlin
Hortio Alger
Best known for his many young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty. His writings were characterized by the "rags-to-riches" narrative, which had a formative effect on America during the Gilded Age.
What explains the tremendous growth of the suburbs during the 1920s?
Better transportation through streetcars, commuter railroads, and automobiles, as well as the easy availability of financing for home construction.
Who wrote "Feminine Mystique"
Betty Friedan
When did the concept of laissez-faire leadership flourish?
Between 1876 and 1900
Baby Boomers born when?
Between 1946 and 1964
First televised presidential debate
Between Nixon and JFK in 1960. Those watching on television thought JFK won the debate due to his trustworthy appearance while those listening on the radio felt that Nixon had won due to his knowledge of the issues. JFK won the election.
What film by DW Griffith combined technical achievement with blatant racism?
Birth of a Nation (1913)
Antilynching movement: Ida B. Wells
Black journalist who documented lynching in the US and showed how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites, often under the guise of rape charges. She was also active in women's rights and the suffrage movement.
James Farmer
Black leader who organized the 1961 Freedom Ride which eventually led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the US. He was also a co-founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
Black Power equates to what
Black pride and black leadership
Smoked Yankees
Blacks who fought in the Spanish-American War. They played a major role in the Cuban campaign and probably staved off defeat for the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill.
What groups of voters did the Democratic party begin to attract in 1935?
Blacks, urban immigrants, and workers
With what did the Welfare Reform Act (1996) replace the federal welfare program?
Block grants to the states that were given the responsibility to design their own programs (it also required that the heads of all families receiving assistance must obtain employment within 2 years or lose their benefits)
Who founded the Tuskegee institute?
Booker T Washington
Who authored the Atlanta Compromise?
Booker T. Washington
Who became president of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881?
Booker T. Washington
Two black civil rights proponents of the late 19th / early 20th centuries:
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois
How did Britain and France influence the overall terms of the Treaty of Versaille?
Both countries were very determined to exact vengeance.
Upon taking office in 1913, Woodrow Wilson's foremost goal for foreign policy was to
Bring an end to dollar diplomacy
What set of circumstances led to Truman's speech announcing the policies which would form the Truman Doctrine?
Britain notified the U.S. that it could no longer shoulder the economics of aid to Greece and Turkey: both in struggles against Communism. Greece was in civil war and could not have survived without help.
The March on Washington
Brought 250,000 people to the streets of Washington and the steps of the Lincoln Monument in 1963 to hear Martin Luther King and other civil rights leaders exhort the nation to end segregation. Voter registration teams fanned out across the South in the summer of 1964 to register African Americans to vote,
Significance: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
Brought the U.S. into the war
What Supreme Court case won NAACP a major victory in 1954?
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka
What case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson?
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
By what case did the Supreme Court over-rule Scott v. Sanford?
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education in 1954
What was the Federal Housing Administration established for ?
Building public housing
Black Power
By Stokely
Which of the following statements is true about world trade in the 1920s?
By insisting on immediate repayment of war debts, the United States held down growth in world trade.
How did the War Manpower Commission (1942) assist in converting the economy from civilian to military production?
By recruiting workers for those areas where labor was most needed
By when had open-range ranching ended and why?
By the mid-1890's it had ended: mainly due to competition for public land. (The harsh winter of '86-'87 killed many cattle and accelerated the ending.)
What did Philip Armour see the possible value in?
Byproducts
In the 1980s, most of America's population growth occurred where
California and the Northwest
At the end of Lyndon Johnson's administration, he had done what
Called a halt to most of the bombing, but made no real concessions at the peace table
Name the three Republican presidents of the 1920s
Calvin Coolidge, Warren Harding, and Herbert Hoover
What were 'Hoovervilles'?
Camps of unemployed, homeless people which formed in every American city. Named after President Hoover.
Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton
Carmichael first used the term during the 1966 "Meredith March Against Fear" through Mississippi.
Carnegie libraries
Carnegie contributed $60 million for the construction of public libraries
What did conservative Democrats call northern immigrants to the South?
Carpetbaggers
Which president championed the deregulation of the transportation industries?
Carter
In the late 1800s, the American Protective Association was formed, ostensibly to protect the nation from
Catholics
Who organized the National Union for Social Justice?
Charles Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest
What American pilot was a hero of the 1920s?
Charles Lindbergh
Who became president after Garfield's assassination?
Chester Arthur
"Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."
Chief Joseph
Immigrants from which nation were the first targets of specific immigration legislation
China
Immigrants from which nation were the first targets of specific immigration legislation?
China
What US Supreme Court case in 2010, overturning existing campaign finance laws, had significant effects on the 2012 presidential campaign?
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
14th Amendment (1868)
Citizenship to everyone born in the U.S.
What were the 'Freedom Rides'?
Civil Rights actions in which integrated groups traveled by bus into the South
Lyndon Johnson's 'Great Society' was aimed at what?
Civil Rights and the War on Poverty.
Who won the election of 1996?
Clinton (against Republican Senator Robert Dole)
The 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' policy regarding homosexuals in the military was initiated after controversy following what?
Clinton's January 1993 announcement that he was suspending the ban on homosexuals in the military
The National Labor Relations Act (and Section 7(a) of the NIRA) gave what legality?
Collective bargaining
What was one concession that labor won during WWI
Collective bargaining
Five of Wilson's Fourteen Points:
Collective security; self-determination; open diplomacy; freedom of the seas and the formation of a League of Nations
20th Amendment (1933)
Commencement of Terms; Sessions of Congress; Death or Disqualification of President-Elect
What organization from American History can most accurately be called a "Propaganda Machine"
Committee on Public Information
Why did the Casablanca Agreements NOT include concentrating first on Germany or landing Allied troops in France?
Concentrating on Germany first had already been decided. It was still too risky to consider landing troops in France in the summer of '43.
The primary reason for U.S.' interest in the Russo-Japanese War was
Concern over any interest Japan had in the Philippines
What was a social concern in both the 1920s and 1980s
Concern over lack of traditional values
To whom did the Supreme Court give sole discretion to regulate interstate commerce?
Congress
The basis for the War Powers Act was what
Congress's duty under the Constitution to declare war
What was the political tendency of the "Sunbelt" states during the 1980s?
Conservative
President Ronald Reagan gained unexpected support in Congress for his economic program of spending cuts from
Conservative Southern Democrats
What group led the 3rd phase of Reconstruction, or Bourbon Reconstruction?
Conservative Southerners
The Mulligan Letters
Contained allegations of corruption of presidential candidate James G. Blaine
The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union was foretold by what policy
Containment
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the popular culture of the 1920s?
One of the less important mediums for reaching Americans was the radio.
By what margin did Andrew Johnson avoid being removed from office?
One vote.
What were the main goals of the American Federation of Labor?
Only skilled workers could join; dues were high; women were not allowed, 8 hour work day, and collective bargaining
Range-wars were fought by . ?
Open-range cattle ranchers and farmers and sheep ranchers. Against fencing and for control of public land.
Teddy Roosevelt's stand on Socialists' call for government ownership of basic industries:
Opposed
What was an important part of Nixon's plan to attract white Southern voters into the Republican Party
Opposition to school desegregation through busing
What was an important part of Nixon's plan to attract white Southern voters into the Republican Party?
Opposition to school desegregation through busing
Woodrow Wilson's response to Mexican bandid Panco Villa's raid across the border into the United States:
Ordered Pershing into Mexico.
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 in an effort to
Control the amount of money in circulation
Birth of A Nation
Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
In the 1950s, Dr. Benjamin Spock's work was influential because he did what
Convinced parents to exchange traditional child-rearing practices for more permissive methods
What were developed in Butte in the 1880s?
Copper mines
The term "welfare capitalism," popularized in the 1920s, referred to
Corporations' attempts to improve workers' morale in order to diminish the appeal of trade unions
The prices of what crop declined in the late 19th century, pushing southern agriculture into depression?
Cotton
What group did the US train in order to overthrow the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua, later banning aid to them, then reversing the decision?
Counter-revolutionaries ('Contras')
Roosevelt's attempt to increase the number of justices with his own appointments due to the Supreme Court overturning major elements of his New Deal came to be known as what?
Court-packing
What was Richard Nixon's most crucial mistake?
Covering up the crimes of his underlings.
Social Security Act of 1935
Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.
Woodrow Wilson's response to a perceived insult to the U.S. flag in Vera Cruz?
Ordered the occupation of the port of Vera Cruz, Mexico.
League of nations
Created by Woodrow Wilson as part of his 14 point peace plan. Without Germany, Soviet Union, and US. ineffective.
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894) had devastating effects on what country?
Cuba
What country's independence was affected by the Platt Amendments
Cuba
The indirect cause that led to the Spanish American War was the what
Cuban revolt against Spanish control of their island
John Maynard Keynes would agree with which of the following statements?
Cutting taxes, lowering interest rates, and increasing government spending will stimulate the economy.
The attitude of many American intellectuals of the 1920's
Cynical
Late 20th Century rising nationalism in areas of Soviet oppression caused . . ?
Outbreak of civil wars in the Balkans
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a supreme court decision that did what
Outlawed racially segregated public schools
How many buffalo roamed the plains in 1850?
Over 13 Million
What was the primary function of the World War I Food Administration?
Oversee production and allocation of foodstuffs to assure adequate food for the Army and the Allies.
The loudest critics of the TVA were who
Owners of power plants around the country
With whom did the US begin negotiations after the Palestinian uprising on the West Bank of the Jordan River in 1988?
PLO leader Yasser Arafat
Where did American troops invade in 1989, overturning Manuel Noriega, who had established a dictatorship based largely on drug money?
Panama
Birth of a Nation
D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation (1915) was the longest movie ever produced in its time (ten reels long), and concerned the Civil War and the reconstruction period which followed. Birth of a Nation is often criticized for the racial stereotypes it presented and how it favorably portrayed the KKK.
Why did the Sioux and the Cheyenne fight if they knew it was hopeless?
Death was more honorable than dying in subjugation.
When did US troops withdraw from Iraq?
December 2011
When did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
December 7, 1941
What is Emilio Aguinaldo known for?
Declaring Philippine independence in January 1899
Clarence Darrow
Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.
Credit Mobilier was an elaborate scheme to
Defraud the stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad
Two points agreed upon by Churchill and FDR at Casablanca:
Demand for unconditional surrender of the Axis and to hold Axis leaders responsible for their crimes.
What was the Manhattan Project responsible for?
Developing an atomic bomb
Which of the following was NOT a direct consequence of the advent of the automobile age in the 1920s?
Development of the assembly line
The ultimate intent of of Kennedy's Alliance for Progress programs was to
Diminish anti-Americanism in the Western Hemisphere
Woodrow Wilson's first response to German U-boat activities against U.S. ships:
Diplomatic protests
The major theme of serious literature in the 1920s was
Disillusionment with U.S. society
Reagan
Doctrine promoted elimination of Communist governments
Eisenhower
Doctrine to help middle east from communist threat
Jimmy Carter
Doctrine to protect US national interest in Persian Gulf from USSR
Truman
Doctrine to save Greece from being communist
Teddy Roosevelt's 'New Nationalism' pertained to?
Domestic reform
Civilian Control of the Military during Korean War
Douglas MacArthur challenged President Harry S. Truman's authority as foreign policy leader and commander in chief of the armed forces. This resulted in the first major test of civilian control of the military in American history.
What scientist helped establish the reputation of the Tuskegee institute?
Dr George Washington Carver
"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"
What Supreme Court ruling said that no black slave could be a citizen?
Dred Scott v. Sanford in 1857
The purpose of the Persian Gulf War was to
Drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait
What did the Niagara Movement want the federal government to do?
Pass laws to protect racial equality and full rights of citizenship for African Americans.
interstate highways
During the 50s, development of interstate highways increased as the government began laying tens of thousands of miles of road. Supposedly, the purpose of building these highways was to make sure Americans had a way to evacuate in the event on a nuclear attack. The legislation was called the Defense Highway Act.
television
During the 50s, more and more Americans began to purchase televisions as owning one became a sign of citizenship, and no longer simply a indulgence. By 1950, Americans owned about 7.3 million television sets.
Civilian Control of the Military during Korean War
During the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur challenged President Harry S. Truman's authority as foreign policy leader and commander in chief of the armed forces. This resulted in the first major test of civilian control of the military in American history.
On what occasion did Martin Luther King give his 'I have a Dream' speech?
During the March on Washington (a show of support in August 1963 for Kennedy's proposal to end segregation in public accommodations)
"I like Ike" 1952 election
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Sherman Antitrust Act
Passed in 1890, this act prohibits anti-competitive businesses and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts. It was meant to oppose monopolies or cartels that theoretically harm competition but due to its vague language, courts often prevented most government efforts to break up said monopolies.
The Quota Act
Passed in 1921, ending the United States' open immigration policy. Three years later, the National Origins Act was passed, further limiting immigration
How did FDR propose to raise prices of crops and merchandise?
Pay farmers NOT to plant and get businesses to cooperatively control production.
The worst defeat ever suffered by the U.S. Navy:
Pearl Harbor
What were Sooners?
People who illegally moved into Oklahoma before April 22, 1889
On what charges was Clinton impeached in 1998?
Perjury and obstruction of justice
Where did the "New Immigration" originate?
Eastern and Southern Europe
What idea was proposed by the Marshall Plan
Economic aid to western Europe
After attempting to convince the South African government to abandon apartheid voluntarily (constructive engagement), what method did the Reagan administration adopt in 1986 to force compliance?
Economic sanctions
'Pump-priming theory'
Economic theory advanced by John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes
Economic theory involving 'pump priming'
Booker T Ideals VS. WEB DuBois ideals
Education VS. fought for equal rights
What describes John Dewey's educational Theory
Education should be based on learning by doing
John J. Pershing
Pershing was an American General and the head of the American Expeditionary Force.
Which president advocated 'Dynamic Conservatism?
Eisenhower
What country did Reagan provide aid to, helping in its battle against leftist insurgents, soon after taking office?
El Salvador
Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman was an anarchist known for her political activism in the late 1800s and early 1900s. She and her lover Alexander Berkman tried to assassinate industrialist and financer Henry Clay Frick as an act of propaganda of the deed (specific political action meant to be exemplary to others). She was sentenced to 22 years in prison. They were eventually deported to Russia where they supported the Bolshevik revolution until changing their minds.
What was one area of domestic policy that Nixon and Carter had in common
Encouraging energy conservation policies
The Atlantic Charter: significance:
End product of August 1941 meeting between FDR and Churchill. Made Britain and U.S. defacto allies despite America's state of neutrality at the time.
The 13th Amendment
Ended slavery
The Dawes Act marked a change in policy toward Native Americans by
Ending the practice of negotiating treaties with Native American Nations
Fundamentalis
Pertaining to Christianity, this is the belief that the Bible should be taken literally. This view was held by revivalist Protestants during the 1920s. The other major view that was held was the modernist, or liberal Protestant, view, which attempted to reconcile the religious beliefs of Protestantism with modern science and evolution.
One 19th Century method of protesting slavery:
Petitions to Congress
The most important result of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire was
Enduring support for the formation of labor unions
What was a major goal of the Niagara Movement
Enforcement of voting rights for African American men
The Beatles
English rock band in the 1960s that started the British Invasion of the US. The British Invasion was a phenomenon that occurred in the mid-1960s when rock and pop music. Became part of the "counterculture".
What two acts were passed in WW1 that had a significant impact on civil liberties?
Espionage Act in 1917 & Sedition 1918 Acts
"Schenck v. U.S." tested which act
Espionage Act of 1917
What did the Jones Act (1916) promise?
Philippine independence
17th Amendment
Established that senators were to be elected directly. This law was intended to create a more democratic, fair society.
17th Amendment (1913)
Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
In his "Gospel of Wealth," Andrew Carnegie expressed support for
Estate taxes
Eugenics in America in early 1900s
Eugenics was used to improve the genetic features of the human populations through selective breeding and sterilization. Mental asylums in the early 1900s would sterilize some patients and some states sterilized "imbeciles" and others who the state found "unfit". Men were sterilized to treat their aggression and to eliminate their criminal behavior, while women were sterilized to control the results of their sexuality.
What influenced the creation of American Jazz in New Orleans?
European musical influences of wealthy Creoles intermingled with African musical influences of poor blacks.
What deleterious unexpected effects did the Smoot-Hawley Tariffs cause?
Europeans could not sell their goods in America so they could not buy American goods: and jobs were lost. Europeans enacted their own protective tariffs so American goods could not be sold there: and jobs were lost.
Who was the most visible and vocal opponent of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) for women
Phyllis Schlafly
What was one of the first great strikes of gold and silver in Colorado?
Pikes Peak Strike
What describes the policies of the national government between 1865 and 1900
Policies favored the rich over the poor
What kind of corruption prompted exposure by 'muckrakers'?
Political and industrial leaders were using their positions to further their own interests at the expense of the public.
What dominated the workings of city governments in the late 19th Century?
Political machines and the politics of political bosses.
What two strategies were used in the South before the 1960's to prevent blacks from voting?
Poll taxes and literacy requirements.
How did sharecropping work?
Poor tenant and independent farmers borrowed seed, equipment and supplies for planting and harvesting a crop: which they pledged against the value of what they borrowed.
Populism
Populism began due in part of the Grange movement. It later became a political party which proposed the "cooperative commonwealth" that included government ownership of the railroads, coinage of silver, and a graduated income tax.
The Lost Generation
Post war writers that felt the real America had been lost or distorted and questioned American pop culture in the 1920's. Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Prairie School of Architecture
Significance: Battle of Leyte Gulf:
Preceded the U.S. invasion of the Phillipines.
What is John Collier associated with?
Preservation of Native American cultures
The "Roaring Twenties" were preceded by a year-long recession that was marked by
Extreme inflation
What Administration instituted old-age pensions?
FDR
What President instituted the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
FDR
Which President gave more money to Welfare?
FDR
Who were the two leaders present at the Casablanca meetings?
FDR and Churchill
What was the scope of the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
FDR's consolication of many changes already underway meant to reduce / revise the level of U.S. intervention in Latin America following our blatant interference which had continued into the 1930's.
Hoover
Failed to get US out of Great Depression
To whom did the Farmers Alliances of the 1880's appeal?
Farmers of the Great Plains and the South
Frank Gehry, Louis Sullivan
Father of Skyscrapers and Modernism
Louis Sullivan
Father of Skyscrapers and Modernism
When was the Treaty of Paris approved by the Senate?
February 1899
When did Germany announce unrestricted submarine warfare?
February 1917
What is the term for the group of twelve banks and their board that regulate the nation's money system?
Federal Reserve System
What statement best describes why President Herbert Hoover rejected any federal intervention to help individuals during the Depression?
Federal assistance would sap people's initiative and self-respect
Who drove out the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959?
Fidel Castro
Bay of Pigs/Castro
Fidel Castro drove out the dictator Batista. Cuban exiles backed by the CIA invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs but this ended in disaster after the people of Cuba did not rise to support the invasion. Cuban forces captured all of the exiles and the US continued to harass and attempt to assassinate Castro. The Bay of Pigs invasion was approved by President Kennedy, however, his refusal to authorize air support for the invasion played a big part in its failure.
Bay of Pigs/Castro
Fidel Castro drove out the dictator Fulgencio Batista in order to establish a communist government in Cuba. In April 1961, Cuban exiles sponsored by the CIA invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs but this ended in disaster after the people of Cuba did not rise to support the invasion. Cuban forces captured all of the exiles and the US continued to harass and attempt to assassinate Castro. The Bay of Pigs invasion was approved by President Kennedy, however, his refusal to authorize air support for the invasion played a big part in its failure.
Robert LaFollette
Fighting Bob" was an American Republican and later Progressive from Wisconsin. He ran for President as the nominee of the Progressive party in 1924 and won 17% of the national popular vote. He was a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and the League of Nations. He's been ranked as one of the top 10 greatest Senators in the nation's history.
What were the 'shockingly fashionable' young women of the 1920s called?
Flappers
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was established to provide what
Flood control and generate electric power for Appalachia
What was consistently an element of American literary realism
Focus on social issues
The tariff controversy over the Tariff Act of 1883 was significant because
For the first time the two political parties differed sharply on tariff rates
President Nixon's "China Card" was played to what
Force diplomatic progress with the Soviet Union
The most successful elements of Richard Nixon's presidency were those in the area of
Foreign Policy
What were the main goals of the Knights of Labor?
Formation of one union for all workers, equal pay for men and women, an eight-hour work day, safety measures, and compensation for job injuries
Booker T Washington
Formed Tuskegee Institute Alabama. Trained young black students in agriculture and the trades
Booker T Washington
Founded Tuskegee University
What happened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 concerning race relations?
President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent 10,000 National Guardsmen and 1,000 paratroopers to control mobs and enable blacks to enroll in Central High School.
Who advocated Dynamic Conservatism?
President Eisenhower
What happened at Kent State University in May 1970?
Four antiwar student protesters were killed by the National Guard.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts following the Civil War. They created five military districts in the seceded states; each district was headed by a military official empowered to appoint state officials; voters (whites and freed blacks) were to be registered; states were to draft new constitutions providing for black male suffrage; states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment.
In 1943, U.S. military members wanted to strike at the Axis forces in
France
In 1866, what country did President Johnson move against?
France (in Mexico)
What three countries established occupation Zones in the Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany?
France, Britain, and the United States
Who developed the prairie style of architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright
"Happy Days Are Here Again" was a good campaign song for who
Franklin Roosevelt
The major force behind the establishment of the United Nations was
Franklin Roosevelt
Which president took the US off the gold standard?
Franklin Roosevelt
Who won the election of 1932?
Franklin Roosevelt
A coalition of urban working class and unhappy farmers helped who gain presidency
Franklin Roosevelt in 1932
Free Silver Movement
Free, unlimited coinage of free silver, which would cause inflation. Supported by farmers, Democrats, the Populist Party, Westerners and Southerners
What Cuban dictator did Fidel Castro drive out in 1959, establishing a revolutionary government and developing ties with the Soviet Union?
Fulgencio Batista
What was the major cause for the Eisenhower administration withdrawing financing from Egypt's Aswan Dam project in 1956?
Gamal Abdul Nasser's (Egypt's president) refusal to side with the US in the Cold war
The election of 1964 was significant, because voters
Gave Johnson a mandate for the Great Society
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Gave more money to welfare
The 19th Amendment
Gave the vote to women
"The Feminine Mystique" was significant because it
Gave voice to middle-class women's discontent with their lives
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
Stonewall Riots
Gay Riots - A spontaneous and violent gay and lesbian protest against police in 1969 leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for gay and lesbian rights in the US.
Under what general did the US army operate independently as an 'associated' power?
General John J Pershing
Who was commander of the American Expeditionary Force?
General John Pershing
Who won the election of 2000?
George Bush (against Democrat Albert Gore and Green party Ralph Nader)
Who won the election of 1988?
George Bush (against Democrat Michael Dukakis)
The isolationism that prevailed for a time at the beginnings of WWI and WWII could trace its arguments back to
George Washington
Who became president after Nixon's resignation in 1974?
Gerald Ford (who had been appointed VP after Spiro Agnew's 1973 resignation)
Who made the Sussex Pledge?
Germany
What were the Central Powers?
Germany & Austria-Hungary
What did the Sussex Pledge promise?
Germany would not attack unarmed ships without warning.
Most significant cause of U.S. entry into WWI:
Germany's declaration of its intent to wage unrestricted submarine warfare.
What poet coined the term "lost generation" in the 1920s
Gertrude Stein
23rd Amendment (1961)
Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)
Who co-founded "Ms." Magazine and was an activist of the feminist movement
Gloria Steinem
What controversial event led to problems with Indians and miners in 1876?
Gold found in the Black Hills of South Dakota (Homestake Mine)
James Finney and Henry Comstock are associated with what?
Gold mining
Second Sioux War
Gold was discovered in the Dakotas' Black Hills, and so thousands of miners went into the plains searching for gold. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were the leaders of the tribes in the Black Hills. Before the Sioux went down to defeat, they ambushed and destroyed Col. George Custer's command at Little Big Horn in 1876. Chief Joseph courageously tried to lead a band of the Nez Perce into Canada but led to a defeat and surrender in 1877
What were some of the things Populists wanted?
Government ownership of railroads, silver coinage, a graduated income tax, and subtreasuries
Keynesian economic theory was validated by what
Government spending to fight WWII
The best explanation for why Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Agency was declared unconstitutional was because it
Granted legislative authority to the executive branch
Which of the following novels is a compassionate and empathetic portrayal of people caught in the Depression?
Grapes of Wrath
What novel is a compassionate and empathetic portrayal of people caught in the Depression
Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
What were some of the characteristics of the "Jazz Age" of the 1920s?
Greater sexual promiscuity, drinking, and new forms of dancing considered erotic by the older generation.
To what Caribbean island did Reagan send troops in 1983 to overthrow a leftist government?
Grenada
The 15th Amendment
Guaranteed the vote to all male citizens of majority age.
Philippine Insurrection and Vietnam fighting style
Guerilla style
What third-party candidate running in the presidential campaign of 1992 took 19% of the votes, claiming to be able to bring his business expertise to government?
H Ross Perot
The National Origins Act of 1924
Had two purposes--to limit immigration in general, and to allow the immigrants from the "more desirable" areas, such as Northern and Western Europe, to arrive in greater numbers. This had to do with the common belief that southern and eastern Europe were sources of radicals and dissidents.
What country was Jean-Bertrand Aristide the elected president of, until a military coup overthrew him?
Haiti
What country was occupied by the US from 1913 to 1934?
Haiti
What country was the junta group associated with?
Haiti
What Republican administrations effectively ended Progressivism in the 1920's?
Harding; Coolidge and Hoover.
Jessie Fauset, Langston Hughes, and James Weldon Johnson were all members of the
Harlem Renaissance
What President is responsible for the Truman Doctrine?
Harry Truman
Who became president after Roosevelt?
Harry Truman
What did McKinley agree to purchase in 1898, the first in a series of imperial gains for the US?
Hawaii
Queen Liluokalani was deposed by
Hawaiian sugar planters
What event damaged the reputation of the Knights of Labor
Haymarket Riot
Alfred T. Mahan
He advocated expansionism through power over the seas. He proposed a battleship fleet that would be capable of defending strategic points of American expansion.
What did President Carter do that enraged Iran?
He allowed the deposed Shah to enter the U.S. for cancer treatment.
How did Woodrow Wilson respond to the Senate's refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
He attempted to circumvent them by launching a direct campaign to Americans. His tactics were poor: name calling and direct attacks on the intelligence of the Senate. He had a stroke returning to Washington and refused to negotiate any further with treaty critics.
What civil rights measures did President Harry S. Truman enact in 1948?
He banned racial discrimination in federal government hiring practices and ordered the desegregation of the armed forces.
After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, President Herbert Hoover declined to fully mobilize the resources of the federal government to save the collapsing economy. The main reason was that
He believed that too much government intervention would destroy the integrity and initiative of individual citizens
What action did Carter take in April 1980 in response to Iranian demands after their takeover of the American embassy?
He broke off diplomatic relations
What did James J Hill accomplish?
He built the Great Northern Railroad
What did Franklin Roosevelt do immediately after taking office?
He called an emergency session for Congress called the 'Hundred Days'
Dan Quayle
He complained that the single mother title character in the TV show Murphy Brown contributes to the "poverty of values" in regards to how it favorably portrays professional women while mocking the importance of fathers by calling it a "lifestyle choice".
Common misunderstanding of Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a 'trust-buster':
He did not favor breaking up ALL trusts and large business combinations.
How did Woodrow Wilson effectively sabatoge his own desires concerning the Treaty of Versailles?
He did not invite any Republicans or any Senators to accompany him to the Treaty of Paris. Hence, the Senate found much to disagree with when the treaty was presented for ratification. Wilson was also unable to prevent the treaty terms from being vengeful: as he had promised pre-negotiation.
Andrew Johnson's stand on reparations by Confederate states:
He did not require them to pay reparations.
Why did President Herbert Hoover reject any federal intervention to help individuals during the Depression
He felt federal assistance would sap people's initiative and self-respect
How did Joseph Pulitzer revolutionize journalism?
He felt newspapers should target the masses; the news read like a soap opera instead of being neutral and unbiased. He used lurid stories; exaggerated headlines and made-up details to arouse readers. His tactics were copied: most successfully by William Randolph Hearst.
During the 1968 campaign for president, Richard Nixon told there American Electorate that
He had a secret plan for ending the Vietnam War
Daniel C. McCallum
He incited the railroad industries change in managerial structure. He saw that a superintendent could manage details of a 50-mile track, but not on a 500-mile track. McCallum suggested that the upper management delegate to lower managerial staff.
Presidential Slogans of Woodrow Wilson
He kept us out of war." And "He proved the pen mightier than the sword." 1916 election
When the Iran-Contra scandal broke, Ronald Reagan contended that
He knew nothing about it
Theodore Roosevelt
He lead the volunteer cavalry regiment called the Rough Riders. Later, he became president after McKinley was assassinated. He was eager to involve America in world affairs.
What action towards a country by Nixon in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic recognition of the country in 1979?
He made a surprise visit to China
What was Nasser's response to the US's refusal to provide funding for the Aswan Dam project?
He nationalized the Suez Canal
Woodrow Wilson's stance on the Huerta Regime:
He never recognized it diplomatically.
What important accomplishment had Eisenhower achieved before becoming President?
He oversaw the Allied invasion of Europe
What was the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich's response to the acquittal of Clinton after his impeachment in 1998?
He resigned
What controversial decision did Nixon make in April 1970 regarding the war, leading to protests escalating with the Kent State shootings?
He sent troops into Cambodia
Harry S Truman
He was FDR's vice-president for the 1944 term that became president after FDR died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Calvin Coolidge
He was Harding's Vice President who became president after Harding died of a heart attack. He called for "isolation in foreign policy, economy in government, tax cuts for business, and limited aid to farmers."
Robert McNamara
He was Kennedy's secretary of defense who was a "renowned systems analyst and former head of Ford Motor Company." Kennedy's success was due, in large part, to the people with which he surrounded himself, such as McNamara and C. Douglas Dillon, Kennedy's secretary of treasury.
James Farmer
He was a American Civil Rights activist and leader who organized the 1961 Freedom Ride (Farmer's Freedom Ride) which eventually led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the US. He was also a co-founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
Russell H. Conwell
He was a Baptist minister who supported the idea that the accumulation of wealth was a good thing in the sight of both God and religion saying, "To secure wealth is an honorable ambition." This idea ran parallel to those of other Christian denominations. The belief of American Protestantism was that "success in one's earthly calling revealed the promise of eternal salvation." The Episcopal belief was that "godliness is in league with riches."
Malcolm X
He was a Black Muslim who preached a militant separatism of blacks from the white community. As time passed, he broke with the Nation of Islam and became more open to the ideas of racial integration. He was assassinated on February 21, 1965.
Joseph McCarthy
He was a Republican US Senator who was made famous after he made claims of large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the US federal government. Originally, republicans were okay with this as he largely targeted Democrats. Eventually, his tactics and inability to substantiate his claims led him to be censured by the senate.
Robert M. La Follette
He was a Republican congressman who worked to rid American politics of corruption, especially that of city machines. He helped to enact the direct primary, which ensured that citizens, not bosses, were the ones to elect party candidates.
Stokely Carmichael
He was a black civil rights activist who became leader of the Student non-violent Coordinating Committee and later as the Honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party. He was later held relatively responsible by the media for the 1968 DC riots after MLK's assassination (Stokely stoking the fire (riots)).
Booker T. Washington
He was a black leader who advocated compromise with whites in the fight for equality. He felt that whites would only grant blacks political equality when they became dependent on black enterprise. However, many other blacks felt that this approach was too slow.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
He was a black reverend from Montgomery Alabama who called for demonstrations in "the most segregated city in the United States: Birmingham, Alabama." These demonstrations were met by police with dogs, electric cattle prods, and fire-hoses. This outraged President Kennedy, who, soon after, promised a new civil rights bill, which was hailed as the "Second Emancipation Proclamation."
George A. Custer
He was a brash, Civil War veteran who was defeated at Little Big Horn by Sitting Bull and his warriors. At first he attempted to surround Sitting Bull's men, but his numbers were spread too thin and he and his men were killed.
Henry J. Kaiser
He was a contractor who helped to build the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams. He also built "Liberty Ships" by dividing the tasks involved in shipbuilding between many workers. His shipyards became known for their corporate welfare programs, which gave his employees benefits such as "care for their children, financial counseling, subsidized housing, and low-cost health care." His Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program is still used today.
Horace Greeley
He was a famous writer and publishers during the late 19th Century. He traveled to the Far West, writing about the Oregon Trail and California.
John T. Scopes
He was a high school biology teacher who was put on trial for teaching evolution. The press called the trial the "monkey trial" due to its content (evolution) and the circus-like quality of the trial. The jury found Scopes guilty in eight minutes. However, the Supreme Court's overturned the decision.
Chief Hoseph
He was a leader of the Wallowa Indian tribe in Oregon renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker for his principled resistance to the removal of his people from Oregon into Idaho. "The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it."
Huey Long
He was a man who spoke against the New Deal, believing that FDR had not done enough to fix the Great Depression. He believed that the government should assume a greater role than it already was, and that America should be a "Share Our Wealth Society."
Roy Wilkins
He was a prominent Civil Rights activist from the 1930s to the 1970s and was a notable leader in the NAACP and was later referred to as the "Senior Statesman".
Dr. Alfred Kinsey
He was a sexologist of the 1940s best known for writing Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Female as well as developing the Kinsey Scale.
Whitney M. Young, Jr
He was an American civil rights leader who spent the majority of his career working to end employment discrimination in the US and turning the National Urban League into an organization that aggressively fought for employment equality.
Fredrick J. Turner
He was an American historian best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History". He argued that the western frontier shaped American democracy and the American character from the colonial era to 1890.
Jonas Salk
He was an American medical researcher and virologist who discovered and developed the first Polio Vaccine in 1957. Salk not going to get Sick with Polio.
Dr. Benjamin Spock
He was an American pediatrician who wrote Baby and Child Care in 1946. For the next 52 years, it was the second-best-selling book behind the Bible. "You know more than you think you do."
Timothy Leary
He was an American psychologist known for advocating psychedelic drugs to assist psychotherapy. He is known for his "Turn on, tune in, drop out" quote which exemplified the counterculture-era of the 1960s.
Joseph Pulitzer
He was an ambitious man who owned the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and after 1883, the New York World. Pulitzer added to the list of newspapers that provided Americans with stories from all walks of life, anything that would catch people's attention.
The Camp David Accords were brokered between Egypt and Israel by which of the following presidents?
President Jimmy Carter
The speaker of these words was which president?
President Jimmy Carter
During whose administration was the term détente first used to describe United States foreign policy?
President Richard M. Nixon
"It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment. . . . All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government. It is no coincidence that our present troubles parallel and are proportionate to the intervention and intrusion in our lives that result from unnecessary and excessive growth of government." This quotation is representative of the policies of which president?
President Ronald Reagan
26.
President Ronald Reagan gained unexpected support in Congress for his economic program of spending cuts from? conservative Southern Democrats.
Who advocated the 'New Deal'?
President Truman
President Truman
President Truman was the 33rd president from 1945 to 1953. He succeeded FDR after his death in his fourth term. Truman approved the use of atomic weapons against Japan to end World War II in order to save US lives and prevent an invasion of Japan. Truman assisted in founding the UN, issued the Truman Doctrin, and passed the $13 billion Marshal Plan to rebuild Europe. He also oversaw the Berlin Airlift in 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949.
"[Our] decision about energy will test the character of the American people and the ability of the
President and the Congress to govern this nation. This difficult decision will be the 'moral equivalent of war'—except that we will be uniting our efforts to build and not to destroy."
Andrew Carnegie
He was immigrant from Scotland that built a steel mill outside Pittsburg. His large-scale mill provided the example that others in the industry would follow. He marked the move from iron to steel.
Warren G. Harding
He was one of the Republican nominees (Calvin Coolidge was the other) for the 1920 election. He won the election by being a "genial, loyal, and mediocre" candidate. He died of a heart attack in San Francisco in August 1923.
John D. Rockefeller
He was one of the first men to invest in the oil industry. He started Standard Oil. After the oil bust of 1870, he took part in the South Improvement Company, which brought together leaders in the railroad and oil industries in an attempt to completely control the market.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He was one of the two generals (the other was George S. Patton) who defeated Germany's Afrika Korps.
Elvis Presley
He was the "King of Rock 'n' Roll" who became a huge celebrity during the 50s by shaking his hips and singing songs like "Hound Dog" and "Heartbreak Hotel."
John F. Kennedy
He was the Democratic president in 1960 that promoted the "politics of expectation." He was a popular president due to his youth and personality. He was assassinated on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald.
Douglas MacArthur
He was the General who led the offensive in the Pacific that regained the Philippines by winning the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Lyndon B. Johnson
He was the Kennedy's vice president who became president after Kennedy's assassination.
Cesar Chavez
He was the Martin Luther King for Mexican Americans. He received national attention when his United Farm Workers union called for a nationwide boycott of table grapes. He staged a hunger strike in 1968, which eventually convinced grape growers to recognize the UFW.
Pancho Villa
He was the Mexican general who challenged Venustiano Cerranza, the leader of the Constitutionalist movement in Mexico. While crossing the boarder between Mexico and the United States, he killed sixteen American civilians. Soon after, Woodrow Wilson sent eleven thousand troops after Pancho, which almost incited a war between Mexico and the U.S.
William McKinley
He was the Republican candidate who ran against William Jennings Brian. He expressed idea of tolerance, which appealed to ethnicities arriving in American. He also stood for high tariffs, sound money, and prosperity. He won the election in 1896.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He was the Republican president that followed Truman. He believed in a strong military and supported many of the New Deal-esque programs.
Theodore Roosevelt
He was the Spanish-American war hero who became president after William McKinley was assassinated. He became known as the "trust-buster."
Oliver Wendell Holmes
He was the Supreme Court Justice who disagreed with the Court majority in Lochner v. New York, arguing that striking down a state law that limited the hours of bakers was not protecting the liberty of bakers. His thinking was another example of pragmatism in the progressive era.
Adolph Hitler
He was the chancellor of Germany who implemented fascism in Germany. He promoted anti-Semite sentiment throughout the country and rallied citizens against so-called "inferior races."
What is James Meredith known for?
He was the first black American to enroll at the University of Mississippi
Ngo Dinh Diem
He was the first president of South Vietnam who led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam after the French withdrew from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords. He was anti-communist and was supported by the US to oust Bao Dai because the US was worried the South would become communist. He eventually became increasingly authoritarian and corrupt which lost him US backing and caused a US military coup resulting in his death in 1963.
Frank J. Sprague
He was the inventor of the electric trolley car. He designed his first trolley system in Richmond, Virginia. It was a "trolley" carriage that was powered by an overhead line. His invention displaced the horse car.
Mao Zedong
He was the leader of the People's Republic of China who overthrew the Nationalist Party in China, which was under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. He then aligned himself with the Soviet Union due the fear that the United States would provide military aid to the Nationalist Party and overthrow his People's Republic.
Sitting Bull
He was the leader of the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors in their battle with General Custer at Little Big Horn. He also toured with Buffalo Bill and Anne Oakley for one season. He spent a long time evading the American Army with his band of followers. He fled into Canada for a period of five years, and then upon his return, he surrendered to the authorities.
Henry Ford
He was the man who coined the term "mass production."
Joseph McCarthy
He was the man who engaged in smear tactics during the second Red Scare, which resulted in the term McCarthyism referring to a period of political repression.
Woodrow Wilson
He was the man who won the presidency in 1912, campaigning on his New Freedom platform, which was a response to Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism. He helped to pass the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which formed the Federal Reserve and provider greater stability within the banking system.
William Randolph Hearst
He was the owner of the New York Journal who stirred up humanitarian concern for the Cuban's "reconcentration" under Spanish rule.
Woodrow Wilson
He was the president after Taft and Roosevelt who sought to end the dollar diplomacy and expansionism of his predecessors.
Herbert Hoover
He was the president during the Great Depression. Although he created many government programs to fix economic downturn, he did not do enough, prompting many Americans to hate him as a president and call shanty towns "Hoovervilles" and newspapers "Hoover Blankets.."
Eugene V. Debs
He was the president of the more radical American Railway Union as well as a 5 time Socialist presidential candidate. He was a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World (the Wobblies).
Benito Mussolini
He was the ruler of Italy who turned Italy into a fascist country. He also ignored the Versailles treaty made by the League of Nations by invading Ethopia.
Joseph Stalin
He was the ruler of Russia under the Soviet Union who waged the Cold War against the United States. He used tactics that ignored agreements that had been made between the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union during the meeting at Yalta.
George F. Kennan
He was the writer of the "Long Telegram," an 8,000 word cable explaining the most appropriate strategy for dealing with the threat of communism under the Soviet Union. His strategy was that the United States should match the actions of the Soviet Union, and thus became the framework the Cold War.
President George H.W. Bush lost support among conservatives because what
He went back on his promise of no new taxes
How did the Tet Offensive affect Johnson's election campaign?
He withdrew.
Name the three phases of the Reconstruction
Presidential Reconstruction (1865-67), Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction (1867-76), and Bourbon (Redeemers') Reconstruction (1877-1900)
What was the essence of the Monroe Doctrine?
Prevent European meddling in the affairs of South American countries.
The Dumbarton Oaks Conference
Held in 1944. Led to the formation of the League of Nations.
Lyndon Johnson's primary purpose in establishing the Great Society was to
Help the poor to help themselves
Life expectancy of aging population: close of 20th Century
Helped by improving health care
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed
Who was instrumental in ending the Yom Kippur War between Syria and Egypt and Israel in October 1973 by calling a cease-fire?
Henry Kissinger
Who established the RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)?
Herbert Hoover
Who was a noted social Darwinist
Herbert Spencer
What was the relationship between the Depression of 1893 and the formation of the Anti-Saloon League?
High unemployment caused by the depression led to increased drunkenness by male workers, which in turn led women to support an anti-saloon movement.
U2
High-flying American spy plane, whose downing in 1960 destroyed a summit and heightened Cold War tensions
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.
What two cities were destroyed by atomic bombing, resulting in Japan's surrender?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Chester A. Authur
His administration moved to upgrade the American navy, and founded the Naval War College.
Stanford White
His design principles embodied the "American Reniassance"
Cause of Herbert Hoover's break w/ many Republican leaders:
His establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation: an intervention to help end the depression.
What factor led to Woodrow Wilson's reelection in 1916
His insistence on neutrality in WW I
The most significant problem that Ulysses S. Grant faced in office was
His lack of understanding of the nation's problems and his lack of political experience
What doomed Gerald Ford's political career?
His pardoning of Richard Nixon.
The single most important factor in the election of Jimmy Carter in 1976 was
His personal integrity
Bruce Springsteen
His songs are typically about the Americana working class as well as political sentiments centered on his native New Jersey. His lyrics often explore individual commitment, dissatisfaction and dismay with life in a context of everyday situations.
Bruce Springsteen's music about?
His songs are typically about the Americana working class as well as political sentiments centered on his native New Jersey. His lyrics often explore individual commitment, dissatisfaction and dismay with life in a context of everyday situations.
President Woodrow Wilson's major mistake in the handling of the Treaty of Versailles was
His unwillingness to include any high-ranking Republicans on the negotiating team
The fastest growing segment of the U.S. population is
Hispanics
Who led the Vietminh rebellion against the French in 1946?
Ho Chi Minh (a Communist)
What two powers temporarily gained control over a divided Vietnam after the French signed the Geneva accords?
Ho Chi Minh (in the North) and Bao Dai (in the South)
What new form of business consolidation came into being after the vague but still threatening Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890?
Holding company
What country did the US enter in 1924?
Honduras
Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon: what administration?
Hoover
Who was the author of popular dime novels about young men who rose from rags to riches?
Horatio Alger
Who wrote popular dime novels about young men who rose from rags to riches
Horatio Alger
De facto segregation in the 1950s in the North resulted from what
Housing patterns
Huey Long
Huey Long was a Louisiana senator who proposed a "Share Our Wealth Society" which involved taxation/confiscation of large incomes (>$5 mil) and inheritances and then distribute the money to American families. He was assassinated in 1935.
In what country did the Soviets crush a revolt in 1955?
Hungary
What severe natural disaster devastated the Louisiana and Mississippi coastlines in the fall of 2005?
Hurricane Katrina
Who campaigned against lynching in the South
Ida B. Wells, a journalist
Who wrote an expose of the Standard Oil Company's business practices
Ida. M. Tarbell
What factors contributed to the population growth in the Great Plains from 1860 to 1910?
Immigrants drawn to rich farmlands; the Homestead Act (160 acres / 1862); railroads gave settlers land in return for developing the land next to railroad right-of-ways; states and territories hungry for population set up land grants and programs to encourage settlers.
Rising non-aging population at the end of the 20th Century caused by?
Immigration rates (legal and illegal)
Attempts to remove Andrew Johnson from the presidency:
Impeached but not removed from office. (The vote to remove him fell short by one vote.)
Imperialism
Imperialism is an unequal human and territorial relationship usually in the form of an empire involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another. The Spanish-American war produced imperialism when the US won control over Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Anti-imperialists (like William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, and Jane Addams, argued that possession of colonies conflicted with US traditions of freedom. Imperialists argued that America must maintain being a civilized nation and that oversees possessions served the national interest.
What three kinds of political reforms took place at the state level during the early 1900s?
Primary elections, initiative and referendum, and the rooting out of political machines.
Early Causes of the Vietnam War
In 1946, the Vietminh, under the communist power Ho Chi Minh, rebelled against French colonization of Vietnam. Truman and later Eisenhower financially supported the French cause due to their cooperation in NATO. However, the French signed the Geneva Accords which split Vietnam at the 17th parallel. A US destroyer was then allegedly attacked and Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 which gave President Johnson justification for retaliation militarily.
Alger Hiss
In 1950, Alger Hiss, a former State Department officer, was convicted for lying to a grand jury about passing along classified documents to a Communist spy in the 1930s. This spurred Joseph McCarthy to announce he had a list of Communists working in the State Department.
What happened in the Rosenberg Case?
In 1950, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged with giving atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. They were convicted and executed in 1953.
Mid - late 1990's condition of Afghanistan?
In civil war. Harboring of terrorists not yet a concern.
In WWI, African Americans served primarily where
In labor battalions
In his "Forgotten Man" speech, Franklin Roosevelt presented the idea that
Productivity had outpaced farmers' and laborers' capacity for consumption
What is not a true statements about progressives?
Progressives tended to be engaged in political reform rather than in efforts to reform social and economic abuses.
What movement followed Populism?
Progressivism
What movement is diametrically opposed to laissez-faire capitalism?
Progressivism
Progressivism
Progressivism is a broad political philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advances in science, technology, economic development, and social organization can improve the human condition. In the US, the Progressive Party was founded by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.
Progressivism
Progressivism was the move to build a better American society during the turn of the 19th Century. This was accomplished through trust busting, settlement houses, women's lobbyist groups, and the fight against city machine politics.
18th Amendment (1919)
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
What explains the growth of organized crime during the 1920s?
Prohibition, because organized crime helped meet the demand for illegal alcohol.
Bioengineering and gene therapy
Promising technologies: close of 20th Century
The primary reason for U.S. expansionist policy in the late 1800s was to do what
Promote the nation's economic interests
Booker T. Washington
Proponent of Black civil rights; end of 19th Century; advocated 'patience'.
How did World War I affect the Prohibition movement?
Proponents of Prohibition stressed the need for military personnel to be sober and the need to conserve grain for food.
Pullman Strike
In the Pullman Strike of 1894, the American Railway Union called for a strike which resulted in rail traffic in the West coming to a standstill. The Pullman Strike of 1894 was significant because of the way the government and President Cleveland handled it. The federal government stated that the union was in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act by restraining trade, and jailed the leader of the American Railway Union. From that point on, the government used the Sherman Antitrust Act against organized labor. Eugene V. Debs founded the American Railway Union that started the strike.
What was the reason for the US boycott of the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow?
Protesting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
What was the primary purpose of the Marshall Plan?
Provide economic aid to war-torn Europe.
The McNary-Haugen Acts, which Coolidge vetoed, wanted to what?
Provide price supports for farmers
United States Housing Authority (USHA)
Provided federal loans for low-cost public housing
National Youth Administration (NYA)
Provided job training for unemployed young people and part-time jobs for needy students
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Provided work in federal jobs
Which was not achieved during the New Deal?
Providing for medical insurance for the poor
Warren G. Harding's decision to pardon Eugene V. Debs in 1920 can best be described as a
Public rejection of wartime super-patriotism
Definition of "family" at end of 20th Century:
Includes unmarried women with children
What doomed the Treaty of Versailles to rejection by the Senate
Inclusion of the League of Nations
Under the Reagan Administration, the federal deficit did what
Increased dramatically
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Indicated that mis-branding and adulteration of drug is illegal. It also required manufacturers to provide package inserts and to follow FDA guidelines to present evidence of safety for new drugs before marketing. This law also gives the FDA authority to issue food standards and inspect factories.
Where did the political machines of the late 19th century draw some limited support?
Indirectly, from organized religion and some industrial leaders.
Given the end result, it seems clear that the most important factor that led to the Sands Creek Massacre was
Indiscriminate hatred of Indians on the part of J.M. Chivington and his troops
Stagflation in the mid-1970s was characterized by what
Inflation accompanied by a rise in unemployment and flat economic growth
A major problem that occurred with reconversion that Truman turned to his benefit in the election of 1948 was
Inflation and price controls
The currency shortage of the late 1800s was ultimately alleviated by the
Inflation of the currency by the discovery of new deposits of gold
The Beat Generation
Influenced by a number of things. Some they embraced such as African American music, especially jazz, and culture, and others they rejected such as their families, the military-industrial complex, conformity—in other words, middle-class American life as they perceived it. 1950s
What disease ravaged Europe and America during WW1, estimated to be the cause of half the deaths during the war?
Influenza
Woodrow Wilson
Initially neutral to the WW1.
What country called for the violent overturn of US rule, engaging in armed conflict with police in 1937?
Puerto Rico (the Nationalist party)
Eugene V. Debs
Pullmen Strikes labor leader. was put down by armed forces. 5 time Socialist presidential candidate.
Federal Housing Administration
Insured loans for building and repairing homes
What country did the US invade in 2003?
Iraq (in retaliation for WMD construction, though later reports indicated there were none)
The Mesabi and Cayuna ranges were both what in Minnesota?
Iron ore deposits
Henry Kissinger used shuttle diplomacy during Gerald Ford's administration to try to ease tensions between what
Israel and Egypt
What three countries attacked Egypt in response to the decision of Nasser (Egypt's president) to nationalize the Suez canal?
Israel, Britain, and France
The Immigration Reform Act of 1965 was significant because
It abolished the national origins system
What did the treaty signed by the US with Panama in 1977 entail?
It agreed to return the Canal Zone in 2000 but retained the right to defend the canal
What did the Lehman Act (1940) accomplish?
It aided communities experiencing large influxes of population (by helping with childcare, recreation centers, sewers, hospitals, etc)
What did the Federal Highway Act in 1921 accomplish?
It aided states in building roads
What purpose did the General Allotment Act of 1887 serve?
It allowed Indian reservations to be divided up and parceled out in allotments that allowed white exploitation.
What describes the Roosevelt Corollary
It asserted the right of the U.S. to police the Americas
What did the War Labor Disputes Act (June 1943) accomplish?
It authorized the president to seize plants closed by strikes and the NWLB to settle labor disputes
When was the Tet Offensive?
It began on January 31, 1968
What is a general criticism of Lyndon Johnson's war on poverty?
It created a 'welfare state'
What was the purpose of the Atlantic Charter?
It defined Allied goals for the war and the post-war world
What effect did laissez-faire government have upon the legislative process?
It discouraged significant reform measures and led to the election of 'caretaker' presidents.
What did the Dawes Act of 1887 accomplish?
It dissolved tribal unions and pushed individual Indians to receive lands and become self-supporting
What happened to the nation's urban population between 1870 and 1900?
It doubled from 40 million to 80 million.
How did prohibition impact law enforcement?
It encouraged bootlegging and organized crime.
What main purpose did the Export-Import Bank accomplish?
It encouraged trade (by making loans available for international purchase of American goods)
What happened to Progressivism in the 1920's?
It essentially disappeared - and even rolled back - as pro-business and economic growth philosophies took hold in Republican administrations.
What did the 17th constitutional amendment accomplish in 1913?
It established direct election of senators
What did the Employment Act of 1946 accomplish?
It established the Council of Economic Advisors and committed the government to achieving 'maximum employment'
What was important about the Wagner Act
It established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to ensure a fair union organizing campaign
What did the USA PATRIOT Act passed by Congress in 2001 accomplish?
It expanded the powers of the federal government in regards to monitoring suspected terrorist activities
What main purpose did the Dawes Plan (1924) serve?
It extended the payment period of Germany's reparations
What did the 1954 Housing Act under the Eisenhower administration accomplish?
It funded the construction of homes for low-income families
What did the Sheppard-Towner Act accomplish?
It gave money to states to establish maternity and pediatric clinics
What did the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 accomplish?
It gave states thirty thousand acres of federal land for every representative and senator they had (which most states then sold to speculators)
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 accomplish?
It guaranteed blacks equal accomodations in public places and said blacks could serve on Juries (but provided no means of enforcement)
The scopes trial was significant because
It highlighted the tensions between older established value systems and new theories of science
What was the purpose of the Office of Price Administration established by Roosevelt?
It imposed price controls and rationed key commodities
Death of a Salesman
It is a 1949 play by Arthur Miller whose major theme is the American Dream where Willy Loman is disillusioned by his own importance by being the best salesman.
American Indian Movement
It is a Native American advocacy group founded in 1968 with an agenda that focuses on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty. In 1972, AIM gathered members across the US to protest in Washington, DC known as the Trail of Broken Treaties.
Gone with the Wind
It is a book written by Margaret Mitchell in 1936 depicting the experiences of Scarlett O'Hara during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. It is written from the perspective of the slaveholder and Mitchell herself identified the primary theme as survival.
Title IX
It is a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972 that prevents people from being discriminated against in any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance BASED ON SEX.
Title IX
It is a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972 that prevents people from being discriminated against in any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance based on Sex
Why is the Gulf of Tonkin incident seen as exceptional?
It is believed by some to have been staged for the purpose of gaining support for the war's escalation.
How did the Sussex Pledge achieve a common goal for both the U.S. and Germany
It kept the U.S. out of WWI in 1916
What did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932) accomplish?
It loaned money to banks, insurance companies, and railroads which then loaned to smaller companies
What did the Tax Reform Act of 1986 accomplish?
It lowered tax rates, abandoning the policy of progressive taxation in favor of two tax rates
What did the Tenure of Office Act accomplish?
It made it illegal to remove any presidential appointments approved by the Senate unless the Senate also approved their dismissal
What is the significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee
It marked the end of the Plains wars
What is the significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee?
It marked the end of the Plains wars.
What was significant about Executive Order 9981 issued by President Truman
It ordered the desegregation of the armed forces
How did the Supreme Court express its disapproval of the New Deal?
It overruled the NIRA in 1935 and the AAA in 1936
What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) accomplish?
It paid farmers not to plant (seeking to reverse overproduction)
What did the Amnesty Act do?
It pardoned all but 500 former candidates (and greatly strengthened the Democratic party)
What did the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Treaty signed by the US and the Soviet Union in 1972 accomplish?
It placed limits on each nation's number of antiballistic limits
What four basic things did the Neutrality Acts, passed between 1935 and 1937, accomplish?
It prohibited arms shipments to nations at war, prohibited loans to belligerents, forced belligerent nations to transport non-military items bought from the US (purchased only with cash) in their own vessels, and prohibited American passengers on ships of belligerent countries
What did the Readjustment Act, passed in 1994, accomplish?
It provided aid for veterans to attend college
Besides land reforms, what were other provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act?
It provided funding for Indian hospitals; schools and welfare agencies and ended restrictions on Indian religions, rituals and language.
What did the Highway Act of 1956 accomplish?
It provided funds for construction of the Interstate Highway System
What did the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act accomplish in 1922?
It raised tariff rates (passed during Harding administration)
What was significant of the Underwood Tariff of 1913
It recognized that some U.S. industries no longer needed protection from foreign competition
What was the purpose of GATT
It reduced tariffs among member nations worldwide
The Pendelton Act did what
It reformed the federal government's civil service system
What purpose did the Underwood Tariff serve?
It represented a REDUCTION of tariff rates.
What did the Internal Security Act passed by Congress in 1950 accomplish?
It required members of 'Communist-front' organizations to register with the government
What did the Family and Medical Leave Act (1993) accomplish?
It required most employers who had fifty or more workers to provide up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave for family emergencies (such as the birth or adoption of a child, or the illness of an immediate family member)
What did the Johnson-Reid Act 1924 accomplish?
It restricted immigration to 2% based on 1890 census, total annual immigration = 165,000.
What did the Johnson Act (1921) accomplish?
It restricted immigration to a 3% quota based on 1910 census
What approach did the Eisenhower administration take to Native American reservations?
It reversed New Deal support, enacting 'termination' (1953) and putting an end to federal services
What was the purpose of the Bland-Allison Act?
It set the price of silver at a 16:1 ratio and required the secretary of the treasury to buy $2 - $4 mil per month in silver at market price
What did the Taft-Hartley Act accomplish?
It severely limited the power of unions by prohibiting the 'closed shop' (a workplace open only to union members)
What significant action did the Carter administration take within the transportation industries?
It sought to deregulate them
What split the antiwar movement during the 1960s?
It split between those favoring violence and those opposed to it.
What did the War Powers Resolution accomplish, passed by Congress in 1973?
It stated that the president had to obtain congressional approval for committing American troops longer than sixty days
What did the Hepburn Act accomplish in 1906?
It strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's authority to set railroad rates
First significant American naval victory.
Put Japan permanently on the defensive.
W.E.B. DuBois encourages his fellow Blacks to:
Question racial inequality; be more militant in demanding their rights; not accept separate-but-equal facilities and form an organization to advance their rights.
Factors which encouraged the belief that Pearl Harbor was a conspiracy:
Racism against Japanese: 'They couldn't have done it without inside help'; a warning telegram was sent before the attack and it was discovered that an enormous amount of intelligence had been gathered prior to the attack.
What group(s) would Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner be associated with?
Radical Republicans during the Reconstruction (Stevens = House, Sumner = Senate)
Who came into power in Congress directly after Johnson's Reconstruction plan was discarded by Congress?
Radicals
What three dictators did the US back in the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Cuba, respectively?
Rafael Trujillo (Dominican Republic), Anastasio Somoza (Nicaragua), and Fulgencio Batista (Cuba)
Philosophy of many Republican leaders during the Hoover administration (re: the depression)
It was a 'business cycle' and should be allowed to run its course without interventional measures.
Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon's felt what about the Depression?
It was a business cycle that should be allowed to run its course without interventional measures.
Double V(ictory) campaign
It was a campaign used as a motivational tool by the African Americans during World War II to have Victory over fascism abroad (win the war) and to have victory over discrimination at home (equality).
By what sole method were goods transported during the 1880's and 1890's?
Railroad
Omaha, Kansas City, and Seattle were all encouraged in their growth by what industry?
Railroad
The increasingly urban nature of the U.S. was caused primarily by
Rapid industrialization of the U.S.
The "Granger Laws" of the late 1800s dealt with
Rates for railroad transport of crops
In 1920, women finally gained the right to vote primarily because
It was difficult to deny women the vote after their service in World War I
What purpose was the Indian Reorganization Act supposed to serve?
It was meant to give Indians back control of their lands and the right to preserve their traditions. Indian lands could no longer be divided up and parceled out.
Why did the Freedman's Bureau establish a notable precedent?
It was the first federal relief agency ever established
The Selective Training and Service Act approved by the Congress in 1940 is significant for what main reason?
It was the first peacetime draft in American history
The election of 1888 was significant because
It was the first time Republicans campaigned for a high protective tariff
Jingoism
It was the sympathy for suffering Cubans that swept across the nation, as well as the anger over Spain's rule over and treatment of the native Cubans.
Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti?
Italian immigrants convicted for murder in 1921, partially due to anti-radicalism left over from the Red Scare
Between 1800 and 1914, what was the largest single group of immigrants?
Italians
What was a "new" immigrant country in the late 1800s
Italy
What notable nomination did the Republican party submit in the presidential election of 2008?
Its first female vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin
"The Other America" by Michael Harrington was significant because
Its focus on the poverty in which many Americans lived helped to build awareness for the "war on poverty"
The significance of the Federal Election Campaign Act was that
Its goal was to eliminate the influence of large campaign donors on federal elected officials
"ask not what your country can do for you...,"
JFK
The leading proponent of abstract expressionism was
Jackson Pollock
Who was the leading proponent of abstract expressionism?
Jackson Pollock
Who was Jacob Coxey?
Jacob Coxey was a Populist businessman who led a march of unemployed workers to Washington to petition for a government work relief program.
Who wrote How the Other Half Lives?
Jacob Riis
Who was the Populist's first presidential nominee?
James B Weaver
Rebel Without a Cause
James Dean film inspired many rebellious people of the 1950's
What President is responsible for the Monroe Doctrine?
James Monroe
The settlement house movement in the U.S. was begun by who
Jane Addams
When were the Fourteen Points proposed?
January 1918
When did Roosevelt create the War Production Board?
January 1942
When did the US and the North Vietnamese sign a cease-fire?
January 27, 1973
Why were the Japanese so sure they could win the Battle of Midway?
Japan had ten aircraft carriers and believed the U.S. had only two. (They believed they had sunk the Yorktown at the Battle of the Coral Sea, but it had actually been repaired in time for Midway.) The Japanese had many battleships and heavy cruisers: the U.S. had only two battleships - which they actually chose not to use - and only eight heavy cruisers. The U.S. was out-gunned.
What did the 'gentleman's agreement' in 1907 between US and Japan consist of?
Japan limited emigration to the US in exchange for San Francisco stopping Asian segregation in public schools
The Tripartite pact consisted of what three countries?
Japan, Italy, and Germany
The Beat poets took some of their inspiration from what
Jazz
The Beat poets took some of their inspiration from which type of music?
Jazz
What music and style of buildings characterized the 1920's?
Jazz and skyscrapers
The Chinese civil war (latter half) was fought between what two forces?
Jiang Jieshi's (or Chiang Kai-shek) Nationalist government and Mao Zedong's Communist party
Who won the 1976 election?
Jimmy Carter (against Republican Gerald Ford)
The Camp David Accords were brokered between Egypt and Israel by which president
Jimmy Carter in 1978
Who formed the first trust? When?
John D Rockefeller and his associates. 1882
Who has been called 'The Father of Progressive Education'?
John Dewey
Who won the 1960 election?
John F Kennedy (against Republican candidate VP Richard Nixon)
Who proposed to President Roosevelt that cutting taxes, lowering interest rates, and increasing government spending would result in increased spending/investment by the general public and businesses
John Maynard Keynes
Scopes Trial
John Scopes violated a law by teaching evolution in high school. Prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; scopes was conviced and lost his job.
What did Johnson's Reconstruction consist of?
Johnson appointing provisional governors that held constitutional conventions to outlaw slavery and stop secession. (Once constitutions were ratified, states could elect new officials & be represented in Congress)
What was the catalyst in the impeachment of President Johnson?
Johnson tried to remove Secretary of War Edward Stanton
Who was William Seward?
Johnson's secretary of state who directed foreign policy and bought Alaska (from Russia, 1867)
What was the Johnson doctrine?
Johnson's statement that the US would keep Latin America free from future Communist governments
What was the catalyst for Republicans taking charge of Reconstruction policy?
Johnson's vetoes of the Freedman's Bureau (extension of its life) and a Civil Rights bill (both passed over his veto)
Who introduced the Polio vaccine in 1955?
Jonas Salk
Under what act did Puerto Rico become a territory in 1917, with a president-appointed governor and a 2 house legislative assembly?
Jones Act
What Senator, later discredited, announced in February 1950 that he had a list of Communists in the State Department?
Joseph McCarthy
Who used investigative reporting and scandals to create the first successful mass-circulation newspaper
Joseph Pulitzer
Yellow Journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
When did Germany invade the Soviet Union?
June 1941
On what date did the Invasion of Normandy in France occur?
June 6, 1944
When did the Berlin Airlift become necessary and how long did it last?
June, 1948. It lasted for 11 months.
Which President announced an Alliance for Progress?
Kennedy
Which president advocated the New Frontier program?
Kennedy
First Televised presidential debate
Kennedy and Nixon.
In which countries did Muslim terrorists attack American embassies in 1998?
Kenya and Tanzania
The federal government's first official document that said racism existed and was a problem was the
Kerner Commission Report of 1967
Which Soviet dictator ordered the construction of the Berlin wall?
Khruhschev
The first labor union to accept African Americans, women, and immigrants was
Knights of Labor
The first labor union to accept African Americans, women, and immigrants was?
Knights of Labor
Huey Long (The Kingfish)
LA politician, Roosevelt's biggest threat. Increased taxes paid by corporations, and public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals; seized almost dictatorial control of the state government.
What was the National Labor Relation Board established to resolve?
Labor disputes
What did the National War Labor Board seek to prevent?
Labor-management conflicts
What was a serious drawback for families that took advantage of the Homestead Act
Lack of sufficient annual rainfall in certain areas of the plains to grow crops
What philosophy is directly opposed to Progressivism?
Laissez-faire capitalism
What form did subsidies to TRANSCONTINENTAL railroads generally take?
Land grants along the railroad's right-of-way.
Where did immigrants of the "New Immigration" settle?
Large Northeast and Midwest cities
By the 1990s, the majority of Americans lived in
Large cities of a million or more people
What did the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act authorize?
Large public work programs
When did the "New Immigration" take place?
Late 19th Century
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were black civil rights proponents when?
Late 19th Century / early 20th Century
Calls for reparations for slavery began . . ?
Late 20th Century
Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy was meant to improve relations with who
Latin America
Where was the US heavily involved, both financially and politically, in 1914 - 1929?
Latin America
Stokely Carmichael
Leader of non-violent SNCC and later the Honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party. He was held relatively responsible by the media for the 1968 DC riots after MLK's assassination (Stokely stoking the fire (riots)).
WEB Dubois
Leader of the Niagara movement & NAACP; Wrote 'Souls of Black Folks'.
What country did Israel invade in order to destroy Palestine Liberation Organization camps?
Lebanon
Where did Reagan send Marines?
Lebanon
What area did American forces invade in 1958?
Lebanon (to settle a governmental crisis)
Birmingham Marches
Led by Martin Luther King in an effort to desegregate Birmingham.
What was a direct consequence of Franklin Roosevelt's having to work around the isolationists in order to help the Allies
Lend-Lease
How many buffalo roamed the plains in 1890?
Less than 1000
U.S. fertility rate since 1972
Less than replacement level of 2.1 children per female
First policy of the U.S. Government regarind the Plains Indians:
Let them have it all: its a desert anyway.
Evolution of governmental policy toward Plains Indians beginning with 'Let them have it all':
Let them have it all; divide them between two large reservations; confine them to a number of smaller reservations; give them their land in individual parcels. In the end the government returned to their plans for reservations.
The emergence of what political group weakened support for Reconstruction?
Liberal Republicans
What was the difference between the counterculture and the New Left?
Like the New Left, the founders of the counterculture were alienated by bureaucracy, materialism, and the Vietnam War, but they turned away from politics in favor of an alternative society.
What did US Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes propose during the Washington Conference (Nov 1921 - Feb 1922)?
Limiting the size of navies
22nd Amendment (1951)
Limits the president to two terms or 10 years.
What happened to the Wade-Davis bill?
Lincoln killed it with a 'pocket veto'
What was rule unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in "Clinton v. New York"
Line-item veto of the budget
Which was occasionally provided to TRANSCONTNENTAL railroads?
Loans (on a per-mile basis)
What did the Farm Credit Act and Creation of Commodity Credit Corporation (1933) provide?
Loans to farmers.
The settlement house movement moved beyond its initial work by
Lobbying local government to improve the conditions in which urban immigrants lived and worked
Why did Japanese high command choose Midway and not some other island to attack?
Location: vital to U.S. because it allowed us to protect Hawaii AND provided base at which to observe all Japanese actions throughout the central Pacific. Facilities: Airstrip and seaplane base.
Muller v. Oregon
Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies
How did 'yellow journalism' contribute to the Spanish-American War?
Lurid stories of Spanish atrocities whipped up American support for Cuban revolutionaries operating from American soil: they were likened to the American revolutionaries of the 18th century.
What British passenger ship did German U-boats sink on May 7th, 1913, sparking outrage in the US?
Lusitania
Which president put forward the 'Great Society' program?
Lyndon Johnson
Who became president in 1963 after the assassination of President Kennedy?
Lyndon Johnson
Who won the election of 1964?
Lyndon Johnson (against conservative Republican Barry Goldwater)
War on Poverty
Lyndon Johnson oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.
Difference between methods of MLK and Booker T. Washington:
MLK: civil disobedience BTW: patience
The 14th Amendment
Made all people born in the U.S. - and all those who had been naturalized - citizens with certain civil rights (NOT ALL civil rights)
Wade-Davis Bill
Made re-admittance to the Union of former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. It was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect.
Catcher in the Rye
Main theme is teenage angst and alienation in which the main character Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.
What ship did the US think Spain had sabotaged, largely contributing to war?
Maine
What were "Hoovervilles"?
Makeshift shacks that housed hundreds of thousands of homeless people in empty spaces around cities during the Depression.
What is known as 'McCarthyism', based off of Senator Joseph McCarthy's false announcement that he had a list of Communists in the State Department?
Making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence
Just after the Civil War, the most important economic activity in the U.S. was the
Manufacture of producer goods
The primary reason that Prohibition did not succeed was because
Many Americans did not believe in prohibition
What was the result of Johnson's Reconstruction plan?
Many of the old Southern leadership class controlled the new Southern governments (due to the President pardoning many)
Why didn't Reagonomics work?
Many wealthy business owners pocketed the money instead of re-investing it. The new jobs created often didn't pay well.
What ideas are associated with Marcus Garvey?
Marcus Garvey advocated black racial pride, separatism, and a return of blacks to Africa rather than integration.
The first large-scale black nationalist movement was
Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association
The first large-scale black nationalist movement was?
Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association.
Wrote "The Wild One"
Marlon Brando. was about confused suburban teenagers. Portrays the moral decay of American youth.
Industrial development in Western Europe after WWII grew dramatically primarily as a result of
Marshall Plan
Industrial development in Western Europe after World War II grew dramatically primarily as a result of what plan?
Marshall Plan
Who became president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957?
Martin Luther King Jr
What Baptist minister emerged as the leader of the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott?
Martin Luther King, Jr
When did the Union Pacific and Central Pacific link? Where?
May 10, 1869. Promontory Point near Ogden, Utah
When did Germany surrender (WW2)?
May 8, 1944
Which president declared war against Spain in 1895?
McKinley
What industry was Philip Armour and Gustavus Swift associated with?
Meatpacking
The largest number of immigrants to come to the U.S. between 1980 and 1989 came from
Mexico
The largest number of immigrants to come to the United States between 1980 and 1989 came from which nation?
Mexico
What power emerged as the victor in the Suez canal crisis?
Middle Eastern nationalism
The strongest support for the Prohibition movement came from
Middle-class Protestants
The person most likely to join the counterculture was a
Middle-class white person of college age
Reagan Revolution
Reagan promulgated a program to restore U.S. prominence and honor globally, and fight economic problems. He advocated a more laissez faire policy through a lessening of government activism, taxes, spending, and restrictions on business.
Evidence that there was no conspiracy surrounding Pearl Harbor:
Military analysts chose to assume the Japanese fleet was going somewhere other than Pearl Harbor; the warning telegram was sent over commercial, not military, wires and did not arrive in time and no one intelligence agency had ALL the info necessary to predict the attack: and they didn't share info due to competition.
What kinds of Latin American leaders often emerged during the time of the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
Military dictators who rose to power after being trained as soldiers by the U.S.
In what kind of community did southern factory workers sometimes live?
Mill towns
What three groups of Americans largely settled the frontier?
Miners, cattlemen, and farmers
Mark Twain
Mississippi river captain, wrote Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Born Samuel Clemens.
Rock n' Roll
Mix of blues and country. It was a major part of youth subcultures giving youths a sense of belonging. Parents worried that such music would increase delinquency and social rebellion because it was shared by different racial and social groups.
Reparations: definition
Monetary compensation for wrongdoing. (to Blacks for slavery; to the North from the South after the Civil War)
The Roosevelt Corollary was an expansion of the ideas put forth in the
Monroe Doctrine
What mail-order catalog house began in Chicago in 1872?
Montgomery Ward and Company
What became known as the 'Reagan Doctrine'?
Reagan's announcement in 1985 that the US would support 'freedom fighters' against Communist regimes
Populist stand on racial discrimination:
More likely to favor discrimination than to oppose it.
Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, and Upton Sinclair are all associated with what group?
Muckrackers
Early Supreme Court court decision impacing states' rights to regulate the railroad industry:
Munn v. Illinois
The Supreme Court ruled that the state had the right to regulate publicly owned services that affected the public interest in which of the following cases?
Munn v. Illinois
The Supreme Court ruled that the state had the right to regulate publicly owned services that affected the public interest in what case
Munn v. Illnois
What group bombed the World Trade Center in 1993?
Muslim terrorists
W.E.B. Du Bois
NAACP, Black progress. Fought for equal rights
Reagan Revolution
Reagan's two term presidency was termed the Reagan Revolution in recognition of the political realignment in the US in favor of conservative Domestic and Foreign policies. This meant that the Reagan administration took a directly anti-communist stance towards the Soviet Union and actively sought its collapse. Reaganomics or supply-side economics or trickle-down economics sought to reduce the growth of governmental spending, reduce federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply.
Early in 1937, there were 8 million unemployed in the U.S. What developed in 1937 which increased that number to 10 million by the end of 1937?
Recession of 1937
What bill did Congress pass in January of 1932 that allowed loans to businesses, industries, and banks up to $2 billion?
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
What was an attempt by Herbert Hoover to aid the banking system
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
What was the RFC?
Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Established as remedy for depression by Herbert Hoover.
President Carter's greatest economic challenge was what
Reducing inflation
'Controlled Growth'
Refers to efforts to balance growth and inflation through monetary policy.
Two elements of Progressivism:
Reformation of Child Labor Laws and the use of modern science to solve social problems.
Which case approved the consideration of race as one factor in an affirmative action policy
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Which of the following cases approved the consideration of race as one factor in an affirmative action policy?
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
The National Grange lobbied state governments to pass laws to do what
Regulate railroad rates
A primary belief of the Social Gospel Movement:
Religion was not an individual matter, but a social one.
What political party was most powerful in the 1920's?
Republican
Who won the 1952 presidential election?
Republican Dwight D Eisenhower (against Democrat Adlai Stevenson)
Deflation
This occurred when the banknotes, which were provided by the state, were in short supply.
World Bank
This one of the institutions created by the meeting of the United Nations conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. It provided loans to aid Europe in its post-war reconstruction and money for Third World countries.
National War Labor Board
This organization greatly increased to workers' rights. It established an "eight-hour work day for war workers, with time and a half for overtime, and endorsed equal pay for women workers."
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self-regulation under federal supervision
"American Gothic" by Grant Wood
This painting represented a steadfast American pioneer spirit with traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor and the flowers over the woman's right shoulder suggesting domesticity.
Gerrymander
This referred to the practice of placing blacks in political offices, but keeping the power in white hands.
Welfare State
This refers to a government that assumes an active role in the welfare of its citizens, beyond just protection and specific projects like the construction of highways and bridges.
Jim Crow
This refers to a set of laws, called Jim Crow laws, which legally enforced segregation between whites and blacks.
Laissez-faire
This refers to a system where the economy would be free from government intervention.
Private City
This refers to cities, or parts of cities, built by private corporations, who were spurred on by the prospects of profit. These cities were either completely private, composed of a labor force that suited the needs of the cities industry and all the basic amenities of a normal town or city might have, or they were cities whose services consisted of those provided by private enterprise such as: subways, trolley lines, elevators, telephone lines, lighting systems, and skyscrapers
credibility gap
This refers to gap between what Johnson was telling the American people about the war and what was actually happening in the war.
Public City
This refers to parts of a city that were built by the local, state, or federal government, as opposed to private enterprise. These things included aqueducts, sewage systems, bridges, and spacious park. Even when a service was due to a private enterprise, the government still had the power to regulate it. However, there was a gap between the services and innovations provided by private enterprise and the amenities provided by the government. The cities were poorly maintained; the streets and the air were often very dirty.
Deficit Spending
This refers to spending that puts an entity in debt. Specifically, this is when the US government spends more than they actually have. During his time in office, FDR ran a very large deficit, especially during WWII.
Mass Culture
This refers to the broad sweep of social trends in a large-scale society. In America, mass culture began to really establish itself during the 1920s with the "movies," "talkies," radio, magazines, and jazz music.
Urban Crisis
This refers to the contraction of the manufacturing sector and implementation of "automation" that made it more difficult for working class Americans and immigrants to find work and earn money. It also refers to the racism that was prevalent against non-whites.
Urbanization
This refers to the crowding of cities that occurred during the Industrial Revolution of the late nineteenth century. As industry grew in the cities, so did the cities population in order to provide the necessary labor. American cities became tightly packed and, at times, overcrowded.
Suburbanization
This refers to the development that occurred on the outskirts of cities, which continued expanding outward. Often, the social elite did not wish to live in the inner cities alongside the poor; and as a result, they built mansions and houses beyond the city. Soon, the members of the middle class looked to buy and own their own homes, too. As middle class family began filling these areas, the rich continued to move even further away from the city. These suburban communities usually offered private clubs and other leisure activities.
Ghetto
This refers to the living quarters in the poor areas of cities. Immigrants who chose not to settle in factory districts usually filled these sections of cities. Ghettos were also very congested as more and more people were forced to pack into tenements.
Holocaust
This refers to the mass murder of Jews, Polish, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other "undesirables." During this time, the Germans killed about six million Jews, and six million
military-industrial complex
This refers to the powerful force caused by the development of military strength, which requires the support of industry. Eisenhower warned that America "must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. Meaning that America should careful with the power and influence that military strength bestows upon a nation.
Civil Rights
This refers to the rights that blacks fought for desegregation. During the 50s, blacks made headway as two landmark cases, Brown v. Board of Education and Plessy v. Ferguson, brought segregation to the forefront of American politics. In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" was inherently unequal. The fight for civil rights also took the form of civil disobedience such as Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat on a bus and sit-ins.
Escalation
This refers to the sending of more troops into Vietnam. At first, Johnson did not believe that the American people would accept escalation in Vietnam and told them that there would be no escalation. Later, Johnson sent hundreds of thousands of troops; by 1968, there were 536,000 American troops in Vietnam.
Mass Production
This refers to the system of manufacturing that dedicates specific tasks to single machines or individuals. This meant that there was no longer the need, or at least as much of a need, for skill laborers. The tasks become monotonous, yet at the same time, highly efficient.
CEO
This stands for Chief Executive Officers. It refers to a head of large-scale corporate bureaucracy. Although they do not own the corporations, they do control them.
Zimmerman telegraph
This telegraph was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to join the Central Powers in World War I. Mexico was promised military funding from Germany as well as recovery of lost territories in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Collective Bargaining
This term refers to the bargaining in which groups of laborers would engage with employers. Using the power of numbers and the threat of strikes, collective bargaining was much more promising than independent bargaining. This meant that groups of workers to negotiate hours and wages more effectively.
Middle Class
This term refers to the class that emerged between the rich, upper class and the poor, lower class. This class consisted largely of white-collar workers who were not wealthy, but still had extra money to spend on luxuries.
White Collar
This term refers to the work that took place in retail stores or offices, as opposed to manual labor.
The Second New Deal
This was FDR's response to the success, or in some areas, the lack of success, of his New Deal. FDR moved against corporate America and established programs that started a era of welfare liberalism, in which the government took a move active role in the wellbeing of its citizens.
Unrestricted submarine warfare
This was Germany's decision to attack any ship that was not one of its own or its allies. This caused Woodrow Wilson to completely break America's ties with Germany, and was a major factor in America's involvement in The Great War.
Federal Trade Commission
This was Republican-dominated, government-business cooperation that ignored antitrust laws on the rational that "as long as there was some competition in the steel industry the company's dominant price-setting position was with the law."
Nikita S. Khrushchev
This was Stalin's successor who denounced the evil acts of Stalin and called for "peaceful coexistence" between Communism and capitalism.
The Fair Deal
This was Truman's version of the New Deal that incorporated the goals he had initially when he became president. The Fair Deal called for "national health insurance, aid to education, a housing program, expansion of Social Security, a higher minimum wage, and a new agricultural program."
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
This was a 1978 landmark decision by the US Supreme Court which upheld affirmative action allowing race to be one of the several factors in college admission policy. HOWEVER, the court ruled that specific quotas were impermissible.
Social Darwinism
This was a belief that derived from Darwinian Evolution, although Darwin himself did not like to use the term "evolution" because he believed the word implied an upward progression. The idea in biology was that genetic mutation help species adapt to their environment. This idea was applied to sociology as Social Darwinism as the idea of "survival of the fittest." The fittest were believed to be the rich, by the rich, and, possibly, the intelligentsia. Under Social Darwinism, it was believed that interference in the social processes amounted to nothing. As a result, Social Darwinists believed that the government should only protect property and fight crime.
Sierra Club
This was a club that was started by John Muir. It brought people together rally against the destruction of California's wilderness.
The Philippines
This was a collection of islands off the eastern coast of Asia that America took control over after defeating the Spanish fleet based in Manila. This was a great victory for American, who were eager to take advantage of the strategic location in future economic ventures.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
This was a controversial "entity" created in order to save money and energy by intending to produce cheap hydroelectric power. It also called for "development in the flood-prone river valley."
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
This was a corporation that employed thousand of men through reforestation and conservation work. This helped to lower the unemployment rate a little.
Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
This was a deal proposed by President Lincoln. It stipulated that "when ten percent of a rebellious state's voters had taken an oath of loyalty," that State would reenter into the Union, provided that the states also admit the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.
Civil Rights Act
This was a groundbreaking piece of legislation passed in June of 1964. It outlawed discrimination in employment "on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex." It also guaranteed the right to public accommodation. However, it did not touch upon black voting rights.
Knights of Labor
This was a group of labor reformers that was widespread at the turn of the century. However, their impression on labor was more theoretical. They planned to increase the consciousness and education of the labor force.
Social Security Act of 1935
This was a landmark piece of legislation that "provided old-age pensions for most privately employed workers and established a joint-federal state system of compensation for unemployed workers." It did not receive its funding from taxes; but rather from workers in a percentage of their paychecks. The act also provided aid to the "blind, deaf, and disabled as well as dependent children."
Lusitania
This was a luxury liner that was sunk by German U-boats, killing 1,198 people, 128 of which were Americans. At first, the ship was believed to be unarmed, but was it was later revealed to have been carrying munitions. Still, the media portrayed the incident as a "mass murder," calling Germans "savages drenched in blood."
Vaudeville
This was a major attraction for those with extra income and leisure time. It was a show that consisted of standard program, featuring nine "musical, dancing, and comedy acts." This is where films or "movies" began to make their first appearances.
John Muir
This was a man who campaigned for the protection of wildlife in California. He sought to protect the forests and eventually established national parks in Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant.
Bataan death march
This was a marched that the American prisoners of war were required to do after their surrender to the Japanese. The march killed 10,000 POWs.
Open Door Policy
This was a policy that claimed America's equal right to trade in China. The responses from the other world powers based in China were noncommittal, but America still interpreted them as a clear agreement and continued trading.
Dollar Diplomacy
This was a political and economic idea put forth under president William Howard Taft. According to dollar diplomacy, America's political power over China would increase as its economic interests increased there.
Populists
This was a political party that emerged in the 1880's. It was opposed the Democratic elite and sought to fight for the rights of farmers and laborers in the South. The party fought for racial equality and, as a result, attracted whites and blacks.
Pragmatism
This was a prevalent philosophy during the progressive era. It moved for a much more practical approach to problems. An example of this shift in thinking can be seen in the success of the AFL, as opposed to the Knights of Labor.
Point Four Program
This was a program for economic aid to poor countries announced by United States President Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 1949. It took its name from the fact that it was mentioned as the fourth among the foreign policy objectives mentioned in the speech.
Iwo Jima
This was a small island where 21,000 Japanese died fighting, killing 6,000 marines. Taken in consideration with the battle on Okinawa, it showed the United States that the invasion of Japan would cost thousands of American lives.
Sharecropping
This was a system that was implemented after the plantation system. The freedmen, who had no land of their own after it was given back to the pre-Civil War owners, were forced to rent land from these whites. They worked the land, paid their landlord, and kept the difference.
Spoils System
This was a system where those who helped a candidate win office would be given positions of power as that candidate filled his cabinet or other offices.
Court Packing
This was a tactic that FDR was accused of during his time in office. It refers to adding Justices to the Supreme Court in an attempt to render the votes of the incumbent Justices less effective.
Zimmerman telegram
This was a telegram that was intercepted by America. The telegram was from "the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to his minister in Mexico City." The telegram urged Mexico to provoke America to war in return for Germany's help in regaining "the lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona."
Carpetbaggers
This was a term for Northern whites given by Southerners. It referred to people who carried their belonging around in cheap suitcases called "carpetbags." This term served to marginalize the Northern whites.
Gilded Age
This was a term that referred to the late-nineteenth century. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner's novel The Gilded Age coined the term. The book portrayed Americans as money-grubbers and speculators, and the term went on to characterize the materialism and cultural shallowness of the time.
Lokota Sioux
This was a tribe of Indians that lived in northern Minnesota and then migrated across the Missouri River in order to find more plentiful food. Their society was rather egalitarian. The men hunted and the women prepared the buffalo skins; each had their respective role in their society. They also believed that all the aspects of the natural world contained spirits that could be persuaded to offered assistance in matters of food and survival.
Korean War
This was a war between the Soviet Union in North Korea and the United States in South Korea. It represented the struggle to contain the Communist threat.
Vietnam
This was a war that was fought to contain Communism. Kennedy inherited the war from President Eisenhower. Kennedy was eager to put the military to action, especially the Green Berets. However, Diem, the leader installed by Eisenhower, was assassinated on November 1, 1963. This put Kennedy in a difficult position as he deliberated over whether or not to send more troops to help South Vietnam fight the North and the National Liberation Front.
United Fruit Company
This was an American fruit company that set up plantations outside of the US in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala. This was a result of the move to supply international markets.
Sherman Anti-trust Act
This was an act passed in 1890 that made it illegal for a corporations to form trust that "unreasonably" restrained trade. Under this act, the legality of a trust was up to the Supreme Court to determine on a case-by-case basis. This case-by-case method, however, was abandoned after the Trans-Missouri decision.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
This was an administration that set up self-governing associations within industries that agreed on set standard within their respective industries, such as bans on child labor, minimum wage limits, and maximum hours per day.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
This was an administration that was created during the Second New Deal. It succeeded where FERA had not because it employed people directly.
War Industries Board
This was an agency established to control the production of materials for the war. It was headed by a Wall Street financier named Bernard Branch. The WIP "gathered economic data and statistics, allocated scare resources among industries, ordered factories to convert to war production, set prices, and standardized procedures."
Volunteerism
This was an idea concerning labor affairs that was put forth by Samuel Gompers of the AFL. He believed that the state should not be involved in the fight for labor rights, which was the domain of volunteers within the labor force.
Individualism
This was an ideology that gained popularity during the age of enterprise. It was the idea that "any man, however humble, could rise as far as his talents would carry him; every person received his just reward, great or small."
Brown v. Board of Education
This was an important case in the fight for desegregation that rule that institutions could be "separate but equal," as long as they provided the same opportunities and accommodations for both races.
Bay of Pigs
This was an incident that occurred Cuba as Kennedy tried to send Cuban exiles to back into Cuba in order to start an uprising. The plan failed miserably and the force of 1,400 was "apprehended and crushed by Fidel Castro's troops."
Congress of Racial Equality
This was an interracial group that organized "freedom rides" on interstate bus lines in the South. Klansmen attacked the buses, and one bus was even firebombed, although everyone escaped before the bus exploded.
J.P. Morgan
This was an investment bank that helped bring the railroad industry out of the economic downturn that had bankrupted a third of it.
Tet offensive
This was an offensive led by the Vietcong, which coincided with Tet, the Vietnamese New Year holiday. The offensive attacked thirty-six provincial capitals, including Saigon, where the US Embassy was almost overrun. The Tet offensive significantly lowered the approval for the war.
Freedman's Bureau
This was an organization designed to provide aid to ex-slaves by helping them to make the transition into post-Civil War society. Congress extended the organization's life in 1866 and it became a driving force, at least at first, in the fight for black equality.
Food Administration
This was an organization led by Herbert Hoover. The administration convinced farmers to increase production and persuaded citizens to conserve food.
National War Labor Board
This was an organization that "established wages, hours, and working conditions and had the authority to seize businesses that did not comply. The board was composed of representatives of labor, management, and the public.
Ku Klux Klan
This was an organization that began in Tennessee and spread throughout the South. It met secretly and used terror to scare blacks from voting. It helped push the Democratic agenda, as the majority of the Democratic Party consisted of members of the Klan.
National American Women Suffrage Association
This was an organization that reunited in 1890. It fought for women's right to vote, although the majority of women's suffragists abandoned the fight for a constitutional amendment and instead fought for the right to vote for school boards and taxes.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
This was another institution created by the meeting of the United Nations conference at Bretton Wood, New Hampshire. It was created to stabilize currencies by making the US dollar the benchmark for other currencies. These two institutions, along with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, were called the Bretton Woods system and "encouraged stable prices, the reduction of tariffs, flexible domestic markets, and international trade base on fixed exchange rates."
GI Bill
This was another name for The Servicemen Readjustment Act (1944), which gave benefits, such as education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans, to men and women who had served in the armed forces.
collective bargaining
This was exercised by labor unions, and, during the 1950s, it made good headway as the unionized workforce had increased in during the Great Depression. It bargained for wages and various benefits for workers.
The Lonely Crowd
This was name given to men working in corporate businesses by sociologist David Reisman. He believed that the independent worker of years before had given way to a dependent, "other-directed" worker who left the home to devote themselves to their work.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
This was part of the "Hundred Days." It insured bank deposits up to 2,500 dollars, restoring confidence in the banking system.
D-Day
This was the Allied invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944. The largest armada ever assembled had crossed the English Channel under the command of Eisenhower. The Allies sustained heavy casualties, but ended up taking the beach. Within the next few days, 1.5 million troops entered France.
NAACP
This was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It fought for desegregation against the Wilson administration, and gave a voice to the black population through W.E. B. Du Bois, the editor of the NAACP's journal called The Crisis.
NATO
This was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was brought together to make sure that its members did not attack each other by declaring that any attack on any nation of NATO was an attack on all the countries of NATO.
Pump Priming
This was the act of pumping government funds into large corporations in order to spur on economic improvement. The major organization to utilize this tactic was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation under Herbert Hoover. However, the program was too cautious in lending out money.
Blacklisting
This was the action by the House Un-American Activities Committee that determined which citizens were supporters of Communism, therefore making them unable to get work.
suburbia
This was the area on the outside of cities that was not far enough away to be considered rural. During the 1950s, many Americans began to live in suburbia, especially after William J. Levitt began mass-producing standard houses. However, these housing developments only allowed white owners.
Soviet Union
This was the area under the control of Stalin during and after WWII. It was ruled by Communism.
Prohibition
This was the ban on the sale or consumption of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment. This prompted those who still wanted to drink to make their own beer or "bathtub gin." Speakeasies, which provided alcohol illegally, were also very popular. There was a lot of money in the illegal trafficking of alcohol; liquor smugglers and the Mob took full advantage of this. Altogether, prohibition was thoroughly unsuccessful, and the Eighteenth Amendment was eventually repealed with the Twenty-first Amendment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
This was the climax of the Cold War. Soviet-built bases were identified in Cuba, supplied with intermediate-range ballistic missiles, and more missiles were on their way in boats. Kennedy announced that the United States would impose "a quarantine on all offensive military equipment" sent to Cuba. Luckily, the boats turned back.
Berlin Airlift
This was the dropping of food and fuel, approximately 2.5 million tons, to West Berlin. This made Berlin a symbol of the resistance to Communism.
Industrial Capitalism
This was the economic system in the United States during the late 19th Century. During this time, fierce competition within industries lowered prices, but at the same time, boosted the economy. The beginning of Industrial Capitalism marked the beginning of: the Age of Steel, the Railroad Boom, and large-scale enterprise.
Red Scare
This was the fear of radicalism in the United States after The Great War. It was characterized as hostility toward the Bolshevik "Reds." It led to the deportation of many immigrants suspected of promoting radical ideologies in opposition to America's government.
Nativism
This was the feeling held by many Americans that immigrants would never assimilate fully or properly into American culture.
The Great War
This was the first "world" war. It was fought in Europe between the Allies, France, Britain, Italy, Japan, and eventually America, and the Central Powers, which were German and Austria-Hungary.
Isolationism
This was the idea held by many Republicans. It opposed America's involvement in The League of Nations, opting for an isolated America, uninvolved in international affairs.
The Feminine Mystique
This was the idea that "the highest value and the only commitment for women is the fulfillment of their own femininity." Their "femininity" referred working around the house and raising children.
Pan-Americanism
This was the idea that the Americas, North and South, were all a part of one big community. However, this idea was contradicted by the United States' treatment of Central and South America later during the turn of the century and the years following.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
This was the idea that the United States and the Soviet Union would not use nuclear weapons on each other because such action would result in the complete destruction of both.
Containment
This was the idea that the United States would contain communism within the Soviet Union and not let it spread to other countries.
Battle of the Bulge
This was the last major offensive by the Germans that took place in Belgium. The Allied forces won and began to push the Germans back across the Rhine River in Germany.
New Left
This was the left created by the Students for a Democratic Society, which was different from the "Old Left" that supported Communism and Socialism. This "New Left" aimed at bridging the gap between the rich and the poor, fighting consumerism, and protesting the Cold War foreign policy.
Tammany Hall
This was the most notorious of the city machines. Based in New York, Tammany Hall acted as a civil service agency. But unfortunately, there was a lot of corruption tied up in its work, which prompted the emergence of reformers.
Expansionism
This was the move to increase America's involvement in affairs or business outside of its boarders. It involved increases in foreign trade, outsourcing, and naval power.
Crazy Horse
This was the nickname, I believe, given to Sitting Bull. It just mentions that Crazy Horse's warriors defeated Custer.
NAACP
This was the organization that fought for civil rights alongside the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. It stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopled.
"Hundred Days"
This was the period following FDR's inauguration when Congress passed a lot of bills very quickly in attempt to fix the Great Depression. The first bill passed during this time was the Emergency Banking Act, which allowed banks to open, after being closed the day after FDR's inauguration for a "bank holiday, if the Treasury Department gave the okay.
Radical Reconstruction
This was the plan for readmitting the Southern states back into the Union after they continued to operate under the Black Codes and reject the Fourteenth Amendment. The plan divided the South into five military areas and declared that an area would only be admitted if these areas guaranteed black suffrage and disavowed the officials that took part in the secession. They were also required to approve of the Fourteenth Amendment, which would give it the necessary amount of state votes to pass.
The New Deal
This was the plan proposed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt to get America out of the Great Depression. It moved America away from the small-scale government of the Roaring Twenties.
Baruch Plan
This was the plan to place "all weapons-related development and production" under the control of a special United Nations atomic agency. The Soviet Union, however, rejected the Baruch Plan.
Marshall Plan
This was the plan to pump US money into the faltering European economy. Congress accepted the plan and the European economy was restored. This was a great move for the United States in the Cold War, as it garnered support for the American cause.
Franklin Roosevelt
This was the president elected after Herbert Hoover. He had been the governor of New York and had worked to stimulate the economy by running a deficit while in office.
The Great Society
This was the program that Lyndon B. Johnson hoped to implement during his time as president. Among the legislation were the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the Higher Education Act, which provide funding for education. Johnson also implemented Medicare and Medicaid, which gave aid to the elderly and the poor respectively.
Prohibition
This was the prohibition of alcohol consumption or the sale of alcohol under the Eighteenth Amendment.
NSC-68
This was the report released by the National Security Council that urged America to maintain its "nuclear edge, including the development of a hydrogen bomb."
Sputnik
This was the satellite launched by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It spurred Eisenhower to create the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and to persuade Congress to "appropriate additional money for college scholarships and university research."
Summer of Love
This was the summer of 1969 when groups of "young dropouts, drifters, and teenage runaways," called "flower children," gathered in many of the nations major cities. They were united by the ideas of free love and peace. Unfortunately, many of them faced the grim reality of "bad trips, sexually transmitted diseases, loneliness, and violence."
Pearl Harbor
This was the target of the Japanese attack on the United States. This provoke the United States to declare war against Japan.
Muckraker
This was the term given to journalists during the progressive era who exposed the dirty side of America. The name was given by Theodore Roosevelt, who "compared [the journalists] to the man with a muckrake in Pilgrim's Progress.
Great American Desert
This was the term given to the Great Plains before settlement occurred, and even during the first years of settlement. People believed the area was inhospitable and "unfit for cultivation," since the soil and air were both very dry, until the railroad offered a new means of transportation and a source of financial stability, at least ideally.
domino theory
This was the theory that if a Communist nation was allowed to emerge, all other anti-Communist nations would be lost thereafter.
Manhattan Project
This was the top-secret project to design the atomic bomb.
Treaty of Versailles
This was the treaty agreed upon by the Allies after WWI. In this treaty, Wilson laid out his plan for The League of Nations.
The Spanish-American War
This was the war between Spain and America. It was fought in Cuba and the Philippines. However, since Spain fought to maintain their honor, America easily asserted its dominance. This identified America as a world power.
Balance of Terror
This was the work on both sides, the United States and the Soviet Union, to match the other's military strength and capabilities.
U-2 incident
This was when the Soviet Union shot down a United States U-2 spy plane over its territory. The United States denied that the plane was engaged in espionage until the pilot was given up. This ended Eisenhower's chance for an arms agreement with Khrushchev.
Yalta
This was where Winston Churchill, Stalin, and FDR met to discuss their plans for the attack on Germany. It severed ties between the countries as they disagreed according to the postwar world. However, they did agree to form the United Nations.
What artist used the camera to study human movement in order to paint realistic pictures
Thomas Eakins
The theory of conspicuous consumption was developed and applied to the rich in American society by which of the following?
Thorstein Veblen
The theory of conspicuous consumption was developed and applied to the rich in American society by who
Thorstein Veblen
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was met with hostility because
Those oppose to government intervention thought it would lead to a larger bureaucracy
How did the National Credit Corporation assist banks?
Through private funds
How did Hoover encourage private contributions for poor relief?
Through the President's Organization on Unemployment Relief
What report was produced by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights, calling for federal laws against lynching and segregation?
To Secure These Rights (October 1947)
What was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine?
To aid countries that were the target of Communist expansionism.
Two goals of John Dewey were:
To alter the content and purpose of schooling and to socialize the child through his peer group.
President Gerald Ford gave what reason for pardoning former President Richard Nixon
To avoid the divisiveness that a trial would cause in the nation
President Gerald Ford gave which of the following as his reason for pardoning former President Richard Nixon?
To avoid the divisiveness that a trial would cause in the nation
What agreement did the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan reach in 1987?
To ban all land-based intermediate-range missiles in Europe
What was the intended purpose of the Smoot-Hawley Tariffs?
To create / save American jobs by limiting European imports.
What purpose did the Interstate Commerce Act serve?
To curb pricing and other abuses by railroads.
The primary purpose of the Open Door Policy was
To ensure equal access to the China trade for the U.S.
Why did President John F. Kennedy send the National Guard into Mississippi in the fall of 1962?
To ensure that a black student, James Meredith, could enroll at the University of Mississippi.
The U.S. intervened in the various clashes in the Middle East from the 1950s-1970s primarily for what
To ensure that the oil supply continued to flow
Germany's purpose in sending the Zimmerman Telegram was
To inform its minister in Mexico to seek an alliance with Mexico
What was the purpose of the Troubled Asset Relief Program?
To prevent the collapse of the US banking system (it succeeded partially - in protecting several banks from collapse - but failed to revive the US credit market)
What was the purpose of the Farm Security Administration?
To restore faith in America by showing those who survived the Great Depression. Photojournalists were sent around the country to capture America.
The goal of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was
To restrict business competition and hold down production
What was the purpose of the War Refugee Board established by the US in January 1944?
To save refugees scattered across German-occupied Europe from the Nazis
Potsdam Conference
Took place at the end of World War II to determine how to deal with Germany after the war.
The establishment of the War Refugee Board was formed after who brought evidence of State Department inaction to President Roosevelt?
Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr
What did the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934 reestablish?
Tribal ownership of lands
Which president advocated the 'New Deal'?
Truman
Who won the election of 1948?
Truman (second term; against Repub Thomas Dewey and 'Dixiecrat' Strom Thurmond)
How did civil war in Greece influence American foreign policy?
Truman was determined that Greece not fall to Communism. When Britain could no longer afford the aid, the U.S. took over - and began massive aid to any country facing Communist insurgents or intervention: the Truman Doctrine
What became known as the 'Truman Doctrine'?
Truman's position that America must support free peoples anywhere who were resisting Communist takeover
Significance of the Battle of Midway:
Turning point in the war between Japan and the U.S.
Booker T. Washington
Tuskegee, Black progress. Education
Teddy Roosevelt
U.S. President known as the "Trustbuster."
Harry Daugherty
U.S. attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt "Ohio Gang" who was forced to resign in administration scandals
". . . the Pacific is the ocean of the commerce of the future. Most future wars will be conflicts for commerce. The power that rules the Pacific, therefore, is the power that rules the world. And, with the Philippines, that power is and will forever be the American Republic. . . ." This quotation could be considered the rationale for?
U.S. imperialism
Existing issues NOT included in agreement to end Cuban Missile Crisis:
U.S. missiles in Turkey Soviet troops in Cuba U.S. missiles in Europe
What were the Allied Powers?
UK, France, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the US
What major success for US forces during the Afghanistan war came in May 2011?
US Special Forces successfully attacked Osama bin Laden's secret compound in Pakistan (Abbottabad), killing the terrorist leader
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.
What did Secretary of State John Hay push for in 1899?
US trading rights in China (Open Door)
What was the name of the ship allegedly attacked by by a North Vietnamese gunboat in August 1964?
USS Maddox
Who was elected president in 1868?
Ulysses S Grant
Post-Civil War administration remembered primarily for its scandals:
Ulysses S. Grant
The Supreme Court, in its opinion of the "Lochner v. New York" case, rule that a law limiting New York Bakers to a 10 hour work day was
Unconstitutional, since it deprived workers of the decision to work as long as they pleased
Know when Medicare & Medicaid were introduced
Under President Lyndon Johnson, Medicare and Medicaid were passed in 1965 as part of his Great Society agenda. Medicare and Medicaid were finally passed by Congress after almost 20 years of inaction under President Lyndon Johnson. President Lyndon Johnson finally secured passage of these programs--similar programs had been initially proposed unsuccessfully by Harry Truman nearly twenty years before.
The Civilian Conservation Corps, the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the National Recovery Administration were all acts meant to combat what?
Unemployment during the Great Depression
What organization, first formed as the National Farm Worker's Organization, was Cesar Chavez involved with?
United Farm Workers
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)
United States federal law considered to be a major welfare reform. The bill was a cornerstone of the Republican Contract with America and was introduced by Rep. E. Clay Shaw, Jr. (R-FL-22). Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 22, 1996, fulfilling his 1992 campaign promise to "end welfare as we have come to know it".
Elvis Presley
United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)
What group led by Marcus Garvey promoted black capitalism, separations, and racial pride?
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Superfund
Used by Carter to clean up toxic waste at Canal
What country did the US and UK dispute over before coming to an agreement in 1896?
Venezuela
What two groups tried to gain help from the government during the postwar depression?
Veterans and farmers
Dan Qualye about the Murphy Brown Show
Vice President to President George Bush. He complained that the single mother title character in the TV show Murphy Brown contributes to the "poverty of values" in regards to how it favorably portrays professional women while mocking the importance of fathers by calling it a "lifestyle choice".
The "domino theory" was the basis of U.S. involvement in what country
Vietnam - Fear that if South Vietnam fell to communists, the rest of southeast Asia would follow
What policy did Richard Nixon pursue in Vietnam?
Vietnamization (basically, as the war went on, the South Vietnamese bore increasing responsibility for the war with US financial backing)
A contemporary and a critis of Booker T. Washington:
W.E.B. DuBois
Who formed the NAACP?
W.E.B. DuBois
Who led the Niagara Movement?
W.E.B. DuBois
Who was W.E.B. DuBois?
W.E.B. DuBois was an African American intellectual militant who founded the Niagara Movement.
"Every diplomat a salesman" best describes foreign policy under what president
WIlliam Howard Taft
Women's Trade Union League
WTUL was a US organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions.
Women's Trade Union League
WTUL was a US organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played important roles in the formation of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and in campaigning for women's suffrage.
After which war was the Marshall Plan instituted?
WWII
During what war did the Battle of Midway take place?
WWII
During what war were the meetings at Casablanca held?
WWII
What did Nixon initiate in 1971-74 in an effort to curb inflation?
Wage and price controls
What prompted the easy new credit available in the 1920's?
Wages were not high enough for consumers to purchase all the new goods being manufactures. Farmers faced falling crop prices. When everyone reached their credit limit, banks called loans that people could not pay.
WIB: define:
War Industries Board created 1917 by Woodrow Wilson after disbanding corrupt committees overseeing war production and mobilization.
"Return to normalcy"
Warren G. Harding
A "return to normalcy" was the promise of which presidential candidate
Warren G. Harding
A "return to normalcy" was the promise of which presidential candidate?
Warren G. Harding
What two presidents of the 20th century favored business and little economical interference, notable after previous more liberal, progressive presidents?
Warren Harding (1921 - 1923) and Calvin Coolidge (1923 - 1929)
Bracero Program
Wartime agreement between America & Mexico to import farm workers for a perceived manpower shortage.
The Supreme Court's rulings in "Schenck v. U.S.", "Debs v. U.S.", and "Abrams v. U.S." demonstrated that the court upheld what
Wartime restrictions of free speech
Truman Doctrine
Was issued in response to Communist activities in Europe after World War II. It stated that the United States would come to the assistance of any nation whose freedom was endangered and applied specifically to Greece and Turkey.
1960s Counterculture
Was made up of middle-class white people of college age. African American activists tended to focus on civil rights and local academic issues.
March from Selma to Montgomery
Was staged in 1965 in an effort to force the issue on voting rights.
What group overthrew Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii in 1893?
Wealthy american planters
Where did the radical union "The Industrial Workers of the World" come from in the late 19th century?
Western Federation of Miners
The experience of women who joined the labor force in WWI and in WWII was that
When the war was over, women lost their jobs to returning servicemen
The experience of women who joined the labor force in World War I and in World II was the same in which of the following ways?
When the war was over, women lost their jobs to returning servicemen.
Who was a corrupt political boss of New York City
William "Boss" Tweed
What 'pragmatist' philosopher influenced John Dewey?
William James
Who pioneered the assembly-line construction of homes after WWII
William Levitt
Who was largely responsible for Alaska's purchase?
William Seward
Who succeeded Theodore Roosevelt?
William Taft
Who advocated New Freedom, in order to break up monopolies and restore business competition?
Wilson
Who won the presidential election of 1912?
Wilson (against Progressive ['Bull Moose'] Roosevelt, Republican Taft, and Socialist Debs)
Reaction to British disregard of U.S. Neutrality at the beginning of the war was muted primarily because
Wilson did not want the Germans to win
Reaction to British disregard of U.S. neutrality at the beginning of the war was muted primarily because?
Wilson did not want the Germans to win.
Freedom of seas; open treaty making; national self-determination; and most importantly creation of an association of nations to keep peace were all parts of what?
Wilson's 14 points
What invention is David Hallady credited with?
Windmills (that helped farmers get water they needed for their family and stock)
How did President Taft control Latin American countries?
With 'dollar diplomacy' (he removed American investments if he thought US wishes weren't being followed)
How did Woodrow Wilson approach international affairs?
With 'moral diplomacy'
How did the Chinese civil war end?
With Jiang's retreat to Taiwan (Formosa) and Mao's announcement of the People's Republic of China
Where did the development of the Internet originate?
With the Department of Defense in the 1960s
Dumbbell Tenements
With the rapid growth of the cities, there was a shortage of housing for the poor immigrants. In response to this, dumbbell tenements were introduced in New York in 1879. Dumbbell tenements were first designed and built in 1879 in New York. They consisted of a front and rear tenements connected by a long hall, looking like a dumbbell from the top. Dumbbell tenements added to overcrowding and were banned in 1901.
How did the sexual revolution affect women's clothing in the 1920s?
Women adopted less bulky clothing, wearing short skirts and sleeveless and low-cut dresses.
Election of 1920
Women allowed to vote. Harding won by a landslide using the campaign slogan "return to normalcy" which played on the weariness of the American public after the upheaval of the Progressive Era and World War I.
What controversies surrounded the Catholic Church during the 1990s in the United States?
Women in the priesthood, celibacy of priests, birth control, and abortion.
The Equal Rights Amendment was defeated by what argument
Women would lose legal protections that they already had under family and workplace laws
Mary Lyon, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Ellen Richards all were forerunners in what movement?
Women's education
What cause did Betty Friedan champion?
Women's rights
"He kept us out of war." And "He proved the pen mightier than the sword."
Woodrow Wilson
During what Administration did the income tax become law?
Woodrow Wilson
During what Administration was the 16th Amendment passed?
Woodrow Wilson
During what Administration was the Underwood Tariff passed?
Woodrow Wilson
Fairness and openness in international relations was characteristic of what President's innovative foreign policy?
Woodrow Wilson
What president was elected in 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
Who instituted the War Industries Board?
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson was the president during The Great War. At first, he hoped that America would be able to remain neutral, but events like the sinking of the Lusitania, unrestricted submarine warfare, and the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram made this impossible. He also campaigned for his "League of Nations" as part of his fourteen points during The Treaty of Versailles, but Senate did not approve of it.
What was the 'New Freedom'?
Woodrow Wilson's domestic agenda at the time of his election in 1912
Booker T. Washington encouraged his fellow Blacks to:
Work hard; acquire property and prove they were worthy of their rights.
Causes of lower-than-replacement level of U.S. fertility since 1972 despite the number of Baby Boomer parents
Work opportunities and improved contraception ("The Pill")
Reagan Democrats were most likely to come from which group of voters
Working-class white men
Reagan Democrats were most likely to come from which of the following group of voters?
Working-class white men
"I hope that we will continue to be able to look upon art and artists as one of the factors which can be used to draw nations together. . . . We need emotional outlets in this country and the more artistic people we can develop the better it will be for us as a nation." Eleanor Roosevelt spoke these words in behalf of the cultural programs of which New Deal agency?
Works Progress Administration
During what conference was the redivision of Eastern Europe discussed?
Yalta
What are William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer known for?
Yellow journalism
Was SALT I ratified by the U.S. Senate?
Yes
Was Andrew Johnson impeached?
Yes.
Would members of the Social Gospel Movement believe that Christians should work to reorganize the industrial system and bring about international peace?
Yes.
What crisis was precipitated by President Carter's decision to allow the Shah into the U.S. for cancer treatment
Young Iranian males (claimed to be students and backed by their government) took over the U.S. Embassy and took 76 hostages. 62 were held for over a year.
Flappers
Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion-
The organization of Students for a Democratic Society (1962) and the Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley (1964) marked the beginning of what movement?
Youth activism
Northern Securities Case
a case in which the US Supreme Court ruled against the stockholders of Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies, who had formed a monopoly, and forced them to dissolve the Northern Securities Company. The president and largest stockholder in Great Northern Railway, James Hill, was forced to disband his holding company and manage each railroad independently.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
a federal assistance program that was created by the Social Security Act as part of FDR's New Deal which provided financial assistance to children whose families had low or no income. AFDC was replaced by the more restrictive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.
Between 1877 and 1897, the presidency was characterized as?
a lack of leadership.
Federal Securities Act
a law, enacted in 1933, that required corporations to provide complete, accurate information on all stock offerings
The person most likely to join the counterculture was?
a middle-class white person of college age.
What was a direct consequence of the Russian launching of Sputnik?
a new emphasis on academic achievement and quality education.
Bolshevik Revolution aka. Red October
a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. The goal was to overthrow the provisional government and give the power to the local soviets which ended up establishing the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the world's first socialist state. The US refused to recognize the new Russian government until 1933 when trading became an issue.
What Was a direct consequence of the Immigration Act of 1965?
a sharp rise in the number of immigrants from Asia and Latin America.
Industrial development in the second half of the 1800s occurred for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?
a stable economy
The War Powers Act contains all of the following provisions EXCEPT?
a/an exemption from the act if troops are sent at the request of the UN.
The major foreign policy issue in the 1920s was?
achieving peace.
William Graham Sumner
advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society.
"You come to tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country." This speech was most likely in response to what argument?
against the free and unlimited coinage of silver.
Morrill Land Grant Act
allowed for land grant colleges. resulted in the creation of 12 new state colleges, 8 agricultural and mechanical colleges, and 6 black colleges.
New Left
associated with liberal, radical, marxist political movements that took place during the 1960s
Dawes Severalty Act
authorized survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Its purpose was to assimilate Indians into mainstream American society and sell "excess" Indian reservation land in the open market.
Progressivism
based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advances in science, technology, economic development, and social organization can improve the human condition. In the US, the Progressive Party was founded by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.
Taft/Hartley Act
became law despite President Harry Truman's veto. Also known as the Labor-Management Relations Act, it passed Congress in 1947 and established guidelines to correct unions' unfair labor practices.
What was the primary reason that Prohibition did not succeed?
because many Americans did not believe in prohibition.
Populism
began due in part of the Grange movement. It later became a political party which proposed the "cooperative commonwealth" that included government ownership of the railroads, coinage of silver, and a graduated income tax.
Settlement Houses
built in some of the poorest neighborhoods, serving as community centers trying to help newly arrived immigrants. The most famous settlement house is Chicago's Hull House founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889.
How was Queen Liluokalani deposed?
by Hawaiian sugar planters
Gone with the Wind
by Margaret Mitchell in 1936 depicting the experiences of Scarlett O'Hara during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. Written from the perspective of the slaveholder and Mitchell herself identified the primary theme as survival.
How did The Dawes Act mark a change in policy toward Native Americans?
by ending the practice of negotiating treaties with Native American nations.
How did the settlement house movement moved beyond its initial work?
by lobbying local government to improve the conditions in which urban immigrants lived and worked.
The New Deal changed U.S. society in all of the following ways EXCEPT?
by offering loans to students for college.
Those most likely to be living in poverty as defined by the federal government are?
children under the age of 18.
Whitney M. Young, Jr
civil rights leader who spent the majority of his career working to end employment discrimination in the US and turning the National Urban League into an organization that aggressively fought for employment equality.
Carter used "Superfund" to
clean up toxic waste at Love Canal
The primary reason for United States' interest in the Russo-Japanese War was?
concern over any interest Japan had in the Philippines
The Federal Reserve System was established in 1913 in an effort to?
control the amount of money in circulation.
Securities and Exchange Commission
created to regulate the stock market and stop fraud
Slash and burn agriculture
cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields. The technique is not sustainable in large populations due to the necessity of trees for soil quality.
Crédit Mobilier was an elaborate scheme to?
defraud the stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad.
Emma Goldman
deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.
The major theme of serious literature in the 1920s was?
disillusionment with U.S. society.
dumbbell tenements
early 1900's it was designed as a dumbbell and had more apartments for more families and shared restrooms. these tenements were fire hazards, waste and disease.
Homestead Act
effort to promote agricultural development of the land west of the Mississippi River. It awarded 160 acres of land to each family which resided on the land for five years.
Immigration and Nationality Act
eliminated quota system but annual limit remained on first come first serve basis; professional/skilled workers and people with US relatives given preference
National organization for women (NOW
fight for women's issues, such as sexism in the workplace, guaranteeing the right to an abortion, etc.
The Ocala Demands
for economic and political reform adopted by the People's (Populist) Party. It wished to abolish national banks, establish sub-treasuries in every state, increase the money in circulation, introduce free silver, and other demands.
The tariff controversy over the Tariff Act of 1883 was significant because:
for the first time the two political parties differed sharply on tariff rates.
Hatch Act
forbid federal employees from running for office, making political contributions and working for a campaign.
Alger Hiss
former State Department officer, was convicted for lying to a grand jury about passing along classified documents to a Communist spy in the 1930s. This spurred Joseph McCarthy to announce he had a list of Communists working in the State Department.
Spanish American War
fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
National Woman's Party
founded by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns,fought for women's suffrage. Once suffrage was granted by the 19th amendment, NWP turned its attention to an Equal Rights Amendment.
Frank Lloyd Wright
from the Prairie School of Architecture. America's greatest architect. Belived buildings should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings.
Elvis Presley
fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles; created rock and roll.
Emergency Banking Relief Act
gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened
Eugenics Movement
grading races/ethnic groups based on genetic qualities. They sterilized them.
The Southern states that had formed new governments by December 1865 had done all of the following EXCEPT?
granted the vote to African American men.
President Woodrow Wilson's major mistake in the handling of the Treaty of Versailles was?
his unwillingness to include any high-ranking Republicans on the negotiating team.
Turner & Frontier Thesis
historian said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.
Coolidge Administration (Business Policies)
in the roaring 20s in which prosperity was high. Coolidge distained regulation and appointed FTC and ICC commissioners who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction.
Stagflation in the mid-1970s was characterized by?
inflation accompanied by a rise in unemployment and flat economic growth.
A major problem that occurred with reconversion that Truman turned to his benefit in the election of 1948 was?
inflation and price controls
Germany's purpose in sending the Zimmerman Telegram was to?
inform its minister in Mexico to seek an alliance with Mexico.
Zimmermann Telegram
intercepted by British intelligence sent by Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, that proposed Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
invalidated the use of tests to deny the black vote
James Baldwin, "The Fire Next Time"
is a book by Black author discussing the relations between race and religion (Baldwin's experiences with the Christian church in his youth and the Islamic ideas of others in Harlem).
The Feminine Mystique was significant because?
it gave voice to middle-class women's discontent with their lives.
Why was the Indian Reorganization Act controversial?
it granted citizenship to Native Americans.
The Scopes trial was significant because?
it highlighted the tensions between older established value systems and new theories of science.
In 1920, women finally gained the right to vote primarily because
it was difficult to deny women the vote after their service in World War I.
Ida Tarbell "Mother of Trusts."
journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company
Alice Paul
leader of the National Woman's Party and the Congressional Union, campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution and led protests
Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890
limits monopolies. This wanted to create a fairer competition in the workforce and to limit any takeover's of departments of merchandise.
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments
Wade/Davis Bill
made re-admittance to the Union of former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath that they had never supported the Confederacy. It was pocket vetoed by Lincoln.
Imperialism
nation extending its power by the acquisition of lands by purchase, diplomacy or military force. The Spanish-American war produced imperialism when the US won control over Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
All of the following planks of the Populist platform of 1890 became law over time EXCEPT?
national sales tax.
What did the Revenue Act establish?
new taxes for expansion
Boy Scouts
outdoor youth organization formed partly as a response to growing desire for conservationism (environmental)
Soil Conversation and Domestic Allotment Act
paid farmers to plant soil-conserving crops
The Chinese Exclusion Act
passed in 1882 did not allow immigration from China. It was not repealed until 1943. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in a time more and more Americans were calling for restrictions on immigration.
Death of a Salesman
play by Arthur Miller whose major theme is the American Dream where Willy Loman is disillusioned by his own importance by being the best salesman.
Sarah Miriam Peale
portrait painter active in the mid-1800s.
Taft/Hartley Act limited
power of unions by prohibiting the "closed shops" which are workplaces that refuse to higher non-union workers.
All of the following were considered women's work in the latter half of the 1800s EXCEPT?
practicing law.
New Right
preferred traditional values, including segregation
Ngo Dinh Diem
president of South Vietnam who led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam after the French withdrew from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords. He was anti-communist and was supported by the US to oust Bao Dai. He eventually became corrupt which caused a US military coup resulting in his death in 1963.
Roy Wilkins
prominent Civil Rights activist from the 1930s to the 1970s and was a notable leader in the NAACP and was later referred to as the "Senior Statesman".
Homestead Act of 1862
promote agricultural development of the land west of the Mississippi River. It awarded 160 acres of land to each family
The Silverites
promoted bimetallism, the use of both silver and gold as currency at the ratio of 16 to 1 (16 ounces of silver would be worth 1 ounce of gold. Most economists warned that the cheaper silver would drive the more expensive gold out of circulation.
The Equal Rights Amendment
proposed amendment to guarantee equal rights for all regardless of sex. Was 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification.
Timothy Leary
psychologist advocating psychedelic drugs to assist psychotherapy. "Turn on, tune in, drop out" quote which exemplified the counterculture-era of the 1960s.
The increasingly urban nature of the United States was caused primarily by?
rapid industrialization of the United States.
To what rate did unemployment soar in cities during the Great Depression?
rates which approached 90%
Census of 1920
reported that, for the first time, more than half of the American population lived in urban areas. The culture of the cities were at odds with the strict religious codes of rural America.
Grant Wood created American Gothic
represents a steadfast American pioneer spirit with traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor and the flowers over the woman's right shoulder suggesting domesticity.
Carrie Chapman Catt
school principal/reporter, became head of the National American Woman Suffrage.
Nicaragua
sent Marines when a civil war broke out over Nicaragua's financial affairs. US intervened to protect its investments.
Plessy v. Ferguson established the principle of?
separate but equal.
President William Howard Taft's administration compares favorably with the programs of Theodore Roosevelt in all the following areas EXCEPT?
tariff reduction.
The major flaw in the Kellogg-Briand Pact was?
that no provision was made for punishing nations that violated the pact.
When the Iran-Contra scandal broke, Ronald Reagan contended?
that the project was self-financing so that it did not affect U.S. taxpayers.
What 'policy' preceded the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
the 'Big Stick'
Jessie Fauset, Langston Hughes, and James Weldon Johnson were all members of?
the Harlem Renaissance
Election of 1892
the Populist James Weaver won 1 million votes (won electoral votes); lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North. Harrison vs. Cleveland again and Cleveland won because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two unconsecutive terms)
Texas v. Johnson 1989
the Supreme Court struck down banning burning the American flag because of free speech protected by the First Amendment.
Black Power
the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. Largely dominated by the Black Panther Party founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. They justified the use of violence in order to acquire black justice during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Pragmatism
the concept that the truth of any idea was to be tested, above all, by its practical consequences; coined in William James's writing called Pragmatism
Popular culture of the 1980s was characterized by?
the decline in the influence of marketing.
The major issue that dogged President George H.W. Bush throughout his administration was ?
the economy.
In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the right of?
the government to detain, relocate, and inter Japanese American citizens as a national security measure.
The least likely to benefit from Social Security when it was established were African Americans because
the law did not cover domestics and tenant farmers.
What was the major area of disagreement between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois centered on?
the means to attain civil rights for African Americans.
The Nye Commission determined that?
the munitions industry and banking interests had propelled the United States into World War I.
The most significant problem that Ulysses S. Grant faced in office was: his lack of understanding of?
the nation's problems and his lack of political experience
All of the following were true of the women's movement EXCEPT?
the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.
What was the major goal of Huey Long?
the redistribution of wealth among Americans.
A woman's place is in the home was the major cultural message for women throughout?
the twentieth century.
The major goal of the deregulation of industry was
to decrease prices
The major goal of the deregulation of industry was?
to decrease prices.
What was the purpose of the Persian Gulf War?
to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait.
The primary purpose of the Open Door Policy was?
to ensure equal access to the China trade for the United States.
Why was the election of 1964 significant?
voters gave Johnson a mandate for the Great Society.
Reasons for Stalin's blockade:
wanted to drive the U.S. and Britain out and prevent the formation of a free West German state.
The Grange
was established to represent the farmers. AKA the Patrons of Husbandry. The main source for the farmers' problems was the worldwide surplus of crops due to overproduction, but they typically blamed the railroads, the federal government, and other people
Freedom Summer
when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
White Man's Burden
white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism. An idea popularized by a poem of the same name by Englishman Rudyard Kipling.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
worst workplace disaster in NYC until 9/11. 146 garment workers who died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. Led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.
Dr. Benjamin Spock
wrote Baby and Child Care. This book advised women to stay at home with their children.
Rachel Carson
wrote Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented share of the American people. it spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, which led to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides
After 1880, what religious group was predominant among immigrants?
Roman Catholicism
In what three countries did the Soviet Union support Communists control in 1947-1948, raising tensions during the Cold War?
Romania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
The first President to appoint a woman to the Supreme Court was
Ronald Reagan
Who won the 1980 election?
Ronald Reagan (against Jimmy Carter)
Who became president in 1944?
Roosevelt (with Harry Truman as his VP)
The New Deal did little to help African Americans because
Roosevelt found it difficult to get around conservative Southern Democrats in Congress
The New Deal did little to help African Americans because?
Roosevelt found it difficult to get around conservative Southern Democrats in Congress.
Who won the election of 1940? Against whom?
Roosevelt, Wendell Willkie
The refusal of whom in 1955 to give up her seat to a white man sparked a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama?
Rosa Park
What is Rosa Parks famous for?
Rosa Park's arrest on December 11, 1955, was a catalyst for the civil rights movement. She was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.
Bakke v. California
Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.
Who won the election of 1876, against what candidate?
Rutherford Hayes over Samuel Tilden
What is a presentative statement about what Social Darwinists believed
Ruthless competition will winnow out weaker businesses to the benefit of society
Which of the following is a representative statement about what Social Darwinists believed?
Ruthless competition will winnow out weaker businesses to the benefit of society.
What treaty indicated U.S. acceptance of the concept of Mutual Assured Destruction?
SALT I
SALT I or SALT II: which was NOT ratified by the U.S. Senate?
SALT II
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and admitted anarchists convicted of murder in 1920 and sentenced to death. Many believe their convictions were based on the political radicalism of the defendants, not evidence.
Dr. Jonas Salk
Salk-biologist known for the research and development of a killed-virus polio vaccine.
What Marxist president of Chile presented a threat to the stability of Latin America and was overtaken in a coup in 1973?
Salvador Allende (replaced by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet)
Who was the first female justice of the Supreme Court?
Sandra Day O'Connor
What did conservative Democrats call white southerners who cooperated with blacks and northern immigrants?
Scalawags
Clarence Darrow
Scopes trial quote, "We have done our best to turn back the tide that has sought to force itself upon the modern world of testing every fact in science by a religious dictum. That is all I care to say."
Who tried to reverse tariff policy after Franklin D Roosevelt became president, believing that revival of international trade was vital to combating the depression?
Secretary of State Cordell Hull
What decision became known as the 'Stimson Doctrine'?
Secretary of State Henry L Stimson's decision to not recognize Japan's seizures from China
Plessy v. Ferguson established the principle of
Separate but equal
When did the Allies invade Italy? When did Italy surrender?
September 1943. That same month
When did Britain and France declare war on Germany?
September 3, 1939 (two days after the invasion of Poland)
What did the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 require railroads to do?
Set 'reasonable and just rates', not charge more for short runs that involved little competition than long runs involving stiff competition
Settlement Houses
Settlement houses were built in some of the poorest neighborhoods, serving as community centers trying to help newly arrived immigrants. The most famous settlement house is Chicago's Hull House founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889.
What were Boomers?
Settlers who made their way into Oklahoma during the land boom
What caused the disintegration of the Knights of Labor?
Several failed strikes; including that which resulted in the Haymarket Square riot in 1886.
What four factors broke the KKK power base and discredited it as a political force?
Sex scandals; corruption; poor leadership and public revulsion.
Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
She helped strikes and co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World. She also fought against child labor with the "Children's Crusade", a march demanding school education instead of mining for children.
Eleanor Roosevelt
She was FDR's wife who contributed his work as president by becoming "the conscience of the New Deal."
Rosa Parks
She was a seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama who refuse to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. She was arrested and the black community rallied together, boycotting the Montgomery bus system. This eventually led to the desegregation in the city of Montgomery.
Zora Neale Hurston
She was an American folklorist and author best known for her 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. She was a major writer part of the Harlem Renaissance during the 1920s.
Sarah Miriam Peale
She was an American portrait painter active in the mid-1800s.
Carrie Chapman Catt
She was an American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the 19th amendment. She was also the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women.
Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
She was an Irish-American school teacher and dressmaker who became a prominent labor and community organizer. She helped coordinate major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the World. She also fought against child labor with the "Children's Crusade", a march demanding school education instead of mining for children.
Jane Adams
She was the creator of the Hull House, which was the model for the settlement houses that became a staple of the progressive era.
What is Sandra Day O'Connor known for?
She was the first woman justice of the Supreme Court
What Act was used against labor unions
Sherman Antitrust Act
Which of the following was used against labor unions?
Sherman Antitrust Act
What kind of diplomacy was Henry Kissinger famous for, through which he arranged for a UN peacekeeping force to be placed in the Sinai in 1975?
Shuttle diplomacy
Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
Signed in Washington, D.C., United States on 26 March 1979, following the 1978 Camp David Accords by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter. The main features of the treaty were mutual recognition, cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, normalization of relations and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula. The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab state to officially recognize Israel.
Election of 1964
Significant, because voters gave Johnson mandate of Great Society.
What country did Japan gain control of in February 1942? In May 1942?
Singapore. Philippines
The most popular shows on television in the 1950s were
Situation comedies
The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized what
Skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains
Slash and Burn Land Clearing (not covered by IC cards)
Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields. It uses little technology but the technique is not sustainable in large populations due to the necessity of trees for soil quality.
What three countries declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991?
Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina
A budgetary problem that defied presidents' efforts at reform in the latter part of the 1900s was what
Social Security
"If the church members were all doing as Jesus would do, could it remain true that armies of men would walk the streets for jobs, and hundreds of them curse the church, and thousands of them find in the saloon their best friend?" The speaker of this quotation was most likely a supporter of which of the following
Social gospel
What was the "Social Gospel"?
Social gospel was a belief that settlement houses and better health and education services should be offered to immigrants.
Desert Land Act
Sold land at $1.25 an acre if the land was irrigated. Part of Homestead Act
Where did Bush send troops in 1992 in order to oversee distribution of humanitarian aid in the midst of public disorder?
Somalia
What was irrational about the Truman Doctrine?
Some of the non-Communist governments supported were headed by brutal military dictators.
Define: expatriate?
Someone who moves to a foreign country to live long-term. (May renounce citizenship)
In what regions did the KKK have the most effect on local and regional politics until the mid 1920's?
South; Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions.
Between 1890 and 1914, most immigrants to the U.S came from
Southern and Eastern Europe
Agreement ending the Cuban Missile Crisis called for . .?
Soviet Union (Kruschev) would withdraw missiles from Cuba. U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba.
The Eisenhower Doctrine was a direct consequence of
Soviet activity in the middle east
Cuban Missile Crisis
Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. Increased tensions between the Soviets and US. As a result, a hotline formed between the two nations to avoid any accidents.
Relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union suffered a setback during Reagan's Administration because
Soviets viewed the "Star Wars Progam" or the Strategic Defense Initiative to be offensive weaponry
What was the primary cause of the Spanish-American war?
Spanish occupation of Cuba
The primary cause of the stock market crash of 1929 was
Speculation
The primary cause of the stock market crash of 1929 was?
Speculation
What was the first man-made satellite launched into space?
Sputnik (1957, USSR)
What canal linking Montreal and Lake Erie did the US government approve in 1954?
St. Lawrence Seaway
The Eisenhower administration was most noted for its what
Stability and prosperity
In eastern Asia, Theodore Roosevelt's main policy was to
Stabilize the political structures with a balance of power in civilized states
The Truman Doctrine is significant because it did what
Staked out a role for the U.S. in fighting communism around the world
What is Jose Marti known for?
Starting a Cuban revolution against Spain in 1895
The issue at stake in "Munn v. Illinois" was
State regulation of a private enterprise serving the public interest
The Boy Scouts
Stated purpose was "to teach [boys] patriotism, courage, self-reliance, and kindred values." It was founded by the W.D. Boyce in 1910.
15th Amendment (1870)
States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.
In 1934, Securities and Exchange Commission established what?
Stock market regulation
"Black Power recognizes—it must recognize—the ethnic basis of American politics as well as the power-oriented nature of American politics. Black Power therefore calls for black people to consolidate behind their own, so that they can bargain from a position of strength." The writer of this quotation is most likely?
Stokely Carmichael.
Describe the origins of the Free Speech Movement on American college campuses.
Students at the University of California, Berkeley, staged sit-ins in 1964 to protest the prohibition of political canvassing on campus. Led by Mario Savio, the movement changed from emphasizing student rights to criticizing the bureaucracy of American society.
What was the leading New Left student group during the 1960s?
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Middletown Book
Studies of consumer culture, politics and religion. Bestseller, Americans were curious about themselves and the changes associated with it, how did the automobile change the American family
Reagonomics: define:
Supply-side economics. ('Trickle-down theory')Money made available to the rich would eventually reach the middle-class the poor.
What was the only issue that united most Protestants in the 1920s?
Support for Prohibition.
Significance of Munn v. Illinois:
Supreme Court ruling impacting states' rights to regulate the railroad industry.
Significance: Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court upheld separate but equal facilities.
Domestic opposition to U.S. participation in the Gulf War was based primarily on what
Suspicions of U.S. motivations for an armed assault
The 1960 election between Kennedy and Nixon was most affected by what
TV
During what Administration was the Pure Food and Drug Act passed?
Taft
What act was enacted as a direct result of the labor strikes in 1947?
Taft-Hartley Act
What was enacted as a direct result of the labor strikes in 1947
Taft-Hartley Act
How does Reagonomics work?
Tax cuts to businesses and the wealthy loosen money for future investments which creates jobs and 'trickle' the money down to the middle-class and the poor.
What involved a scandal about government-owned oil fields
Teapot Dome Scandal
The formation of the Associated Press in 1900 was made possible by what invention
Telegraph
What was the fastest-growing consumer product in the 1950s?
Television
Define: Muckrakers:
Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the sensationalist exposes of high-level corruption.
What disease caused much conflict between cattleherders?
Texas fever (from ticks)
What was the primary cause of American anger over the Iran-Contra Affair?
That arms were sold to Iran in exchange for their help in releasing American hostages in Lebanon.
What did the 15th amendment state?
That citizens could not be denied the right to vote 'on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude'
What concern did many express in regard to the USA PATRIOT Act passed in 2001?
That it infringed on Fourth Amendment rights (against unreasonable search and seizure) (and that it granted too much unsupervised power to federal law enforcement agencies)
The major flaw in the Kellogg-Briand Pact was
That no provision was made for punishing nations that violated the pact
What was determined in the Supreme Court Case Brown v Board of Education of Topeka?
That racially segregated school facilities are inherently unequal
Under what misconception did the German's labor once they recognized their inevitable defeat in WWI?
That since the Americans had 'saved' Britain and France, the U .S. would be the primary player in negotiating the terms for peace.
What did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 establish?
That the US had the right to intervene whenever there was 'chronic wrongdoing'
What did the Teller Amendment state?
That the US wouldn't annex Cuba
The most notable element in the election of 1988 was
That the outcome owed as much to media management as it did to policy differences between Bush and Dukakis
What did Latin America declare in the Declaration of Panama (1939)?
That their region was off-limits to military aggressors
The "Lost Generation"
The "Lost Generation" refers to the generation that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway and represented a sense of moral loss or aimlessness apparent in literary figures during the 1920s. World War I seemed to have destroyed the idea that if you acted virtuously, good things would happen. Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway are popular lost generation authors.
What phrase was used to describe the 1970s generation?
The "Me Generation"
What was Woodrow Wilson's domestic agenda at the time of his election?
The 'New Freedom' policy
What was Roosevelt's foreign policy called?
The 'big stick' policy
What Constitutional Amendment made all naturalized persons and all persons born in the U.S. citizens - and gave them (limited) civil rights?
The 14th Amendment
In the "Civil Rights Cases" of 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that
The 14th Amendment did not apply to racial discrimination committed by private individuals
What Amendment were most former Confederate states required to ratify during Reconstruction?
The 14th Amendment?
What were the chief elements of the Republican Reconstruction policy?
The 14th amendment, the Reconstruction Act of 1867, and the 15th amendment
What Amendment is considered most important by many legal scholars?
The 14th: which mandates the federal government provide equal protection under the law for every citizen. It was passed because Andrew Johnson was refusing to enforce laws protecting the civil righs of former slaves - and blacks in general. Congress required former Confederate states to ratify the 14th Amendment before their governments would be recognized.
What policy of Taft had the greatest long-term effect on the nation
The 16th Amendment of federal income tax
17th amendment
The 17th Amendment to the US constitution calls for the direct election of senators (1913).
During what decade was American jazz born?
The 1890's
What two Amendments were passed in the 1920's which demonstrate a decade of both liberalism and conservatism?
The 18th Amendment brought prohibition. The 19th Amendment gave women suffrage.
1920 Census
The 1920 Census reported for the first time that over 50 percent of the population lived in cities. Population increased 15% over the 1910 census. This spurred the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided a permanent method of reapportionment of representation and fixed the number of Representatives at 435.
Election of 1920
The 1920 Election was between Republican Warren G. Harding and Democrat James M. Cox. Incumbent Democrat President Woodrow Wilson chose not to run for a third term and Republican favorite Theodore Roosevelt died in 1919. Due to this, both Republican and Democrat parties chose little-known dark horse (little-known person that emerges to prominence in a competition) candidates from Ohio. Harding won by a landslide using the campaign slogan "return to normalcy" which played on the weariness of the American public after the upheaval of the Progressive Era and World War I.
When did consumerism become the new American 'ethic'?
The 1920's
The flapper has become a stereotype of what
The 1920s. They influenced women's fashions and hair styles
2008 Election and how it relates to the 1960 Election
The 1960s election was the first election in which two incumbent US Senators (Kennedy and Johnson) were elected as president and vice-president. This phenomenon was repeated by Barack Obama and Joe Biden in the 2008 election.
What was the 1963 March on Washington?
The 1963 March on Washington was a demonstration by over 200,000 people in support of the 1963 Civil Rights Bill. It was at this demonstration that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his famous "I have a Dream" speech.
Name the most important provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
The 1964 Civil Rights Act outlawed racial discrimination by employers and unions, created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the law, and eliminated the remaining restrictions on black voting.
During what campaign did Ronald Reagan come to political notice?
The 1964 Goldwater presidential campaign (in his 'Time for Choosing' speech, he gave an official endorsement to Goldwater)
What union was most powerful by the 1890's?
The AFL(C)
Samuel Gompers is associated with what group?
The American Federation of Labor
What union began in 1881?
The American Federation of Labor
AFL
The American Federation of Labor believed that "workers had to take the world as it was, not as they dreamed it might be." The federation was formed by the national trade unions banding together. It survived longer than the Knights of Labor, however, it was not as welcoming to blacks or women.
What organization did Means temporarily lead?
The American Indian Movement
What was the Anti-Imperialist League?
The Anti-Imperialist League was an organization of Americans who opposed the Unites State's creating colonies out of territories it had captured from Spain.
What hearings in 1954 discredited Joseph McCarthy?
The Army-McCarthy hearings
From what Egyptian project did the Eisenhower administration withdraw funding in 1956 after the Egyptian president Nasser refused to side with the US in the Cold war?
The Aswan Dam project
What Compromise did W.E.B. DuBois oppose?
The Atlanta Compromise
What battle did George Armstrong Custer fight in 1876?
The Battle at Little Big Horn (Custer's Last Stand)
In April 1961, the CIA sponsored over a thousand Cuban exiles in an invasion known as what?
The Bay of Pigs (the invasion, led by Jose Miro Cardona, failed miserably due to many factors, the largest of which being the failure of native Cubans to provide support as intended and the breakdown of US air support)
Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956) and Jack Kerouac's On the Road were both works representative of what movement?
The Beat movement (an underground cultural movement of jazz musicians, poets, and novelists)
Freedom summer
The Birmingham marches in 1963
Black Power Movement
The Black Power Movement was largely dominated by the Black Panther Party founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. They justified the use of violence in order to acquire black justice during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
What two acts were passed in response to farmers and silver producers trying to reverse the Crime of '73?
The Bland-Allison Act (1878) and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
What act was passed by Congress in 1878 as a concession to those upset by the Crime of '73?
The Bland-Allison Act (which required the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars)
What came first: Jazz or Blues?
The Blues
What act did Congress pass in 1993 despite strong lobbying by the National Rife Association?
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (requiring a five-day waiting period before anyone could purchase a handgun; during which a background check would be made & provided funds to develop a computerized system that would make quick background checks)
The raid of what religious group's compound near Waco, Texas led to a 51-day siege and resulted in the death of 90 people, including the group's leader David Koresh?
The Branch Davidians
What was Roosevelt's party called in 1912?
The Bull Moose Party
What agreement did Carter negotiate in 1979 between Egypt and Israel, in which Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai?
The Camp David Accords
What two pieces of landmark legislation were passed during the Lyndon Johnson administration?
The Civil Rights Act (1964) The Voting Rights Act (1965)
What two acts did Lyndon Johnson push through Congress in 1964?
The Civil Rights Act (which banned racial discrimination in both public accommodations and employment) and the Economic Opportunity Act (which provided nearly $1 billion to begin a 'War on Poverty')
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established a permanent Civil Rights Commission and a Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department that was empowered to prevent interference with the right to vote.
John L Lewis of United Mine Workers led industrial unions to form what?
The Committee for Industrial Organization
What did the CIO reorganize into after being expelled by the AFL?
The Congress of Industrial Organizations
What mid-1930's group grew out of the AFL?
The Congress of Industrial Organizations.
Coolidge Administration (Business Policies)
The Coolidge Administration took place during the roaring 20s in which prosperity was high. Coolidge distained regulation and appointed FTC and ICC commissioners who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction.
President Roosevelt's attempt to change the number of justices on the Supreme Court was a direct consequence of
The Court's rulings in several challenges to New Deal legislation
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile crisis was an incident where the Soviet Union and the United States went to the brink of nuclear war during President Kennedy's term. The Cuban missile crisis occurred when the U.S. discovered that the Soviets were constructing medium-range missile sites in Cuba. The Soviets backed down to U.S. demands and removed the missiles. In return, American missiles were removed from Turkey.
What plan extended the payment period of Germany's reparations?
The Dawes Plan (1924)
What did Congress establish through the National Security Act (1948)?
The Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency
What department did President Bush create, seeking to strengthen US national security?
The Department of Homeland Security
What tariff did McKinley pass in 1897?
The Dingley Tariff
What country did American troops leave in 1924?
The Dominican Republic
Where did Lyndon Johnson send American troops in 1965 to prevent a leftist government from taking office?
The Dominican Republic
Under which administration was the Korean war ended?
The Eisenhower administration
Which administration, reversing New Deal support for Native American reservations, enacted 'termination', in 1953, and put an end to federal services?
The Eisenhower administration
What Act did Roosevelt use to create the Resettlement Administration, the Rural Electrification Administration, and the National Youth Administration?
The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
What Act did Congress pass in 1946 which established the Council of Economic Advisors and committed the government to achieving 'maximum employment'?
The Employment Act of 1946
What acts were passed in 1870 and 1871 to put an end to KKK intimidation?
The Enforcement acts
What act severely limited legal Chinese immigration?
The Exclusion Act of 1882
What encouraged trade by making loans available for international purchase of American goods in 1934?
The Export-Import Bank
What was Truman's twenty-one-point domestic program called?
The Fair Deal
What was the name of the plan Truman pushed for?
The Fair Deal (all Americans have health insurance, minimum wage increased, all Americans be guaranteed equal rights)
What legislation started the interstate highway system?
The Federal Aid Highway Act (1956)
What did the Banking Act of 1933 establish?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits
What book published in 1963 by Betty Friedan marked the progression of the feminist movement?
The Feminine Mystique
The 15th Amendment
The Fifteen Amendment guarantees the right to vote to all citizens, saying that the right cannot be denied on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress is given the power to enforce this.
What 2 acts did Congress pass to deal with KKK abuses?
The Force Act (1870) and the Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)
With what act did the US increase its protective tariffs in 1922?
The Fordney-McCumber Act
What resolution did Congress pass in 1955 authorizing the president to protect with force the islands of Jinmen and Mazu (from which the Nationalist Jiang launched raids against the Chinese mainland communist party)?
The Formosa Resolution
The 14th Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment says that people who are born or naturalized in the U.S. are granted citizenship. They are to enjoy the privileges and rights of citizenship: the right to life, liberty, and property, and equal protection under the law. In Section 2, it also explains that representative are to be apportion based on a state's population, and that the right to vote should not be denied, although it does not explicitly mention anything about race. It mentions in Section 3 that no person shall take office that has engaged in insurrection or rebellion. Section 4 says that the United States government or the any state is not responsible for the debts aiding an insurrection or rebellion.
Both the Howard University and the American Missionary Association were founded by what group?
The Freedman's Bureau
Who were the "Freedom Riders"?
The Freedom Riders were a group of blacks and whites who traveled across the South in 1961 to test federal enforcement of regulations prohibiting discrimination.
Early Causes of the Vietnam War
The French signed the Geneva Accords which split Vietnam at the 17th parallel. A US destroyer was then allegedly attacked and Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 which gave President Johnson justification for retaliation militarily.
What agreement established the World Trade Organization?
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, involving 117 nations who agreed to cut or eliminate many tariffs)
The United Nations is divided into what three important parts?
The General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Secretariat
What did the French sign in 1954, temporarily dividing the country at the 17th parallel?
The Geneva Accords
Geneva Accords
The Geneva Accords of 1954 temporarily separated Vietnam into two at the 17th parallel giving the north to Ho Chi Minh (communist) and the south to Bao Dai (French supported).
Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions comprise 4 treaties and 3 protocols that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment of war. It defines the basic, wartime rights of prisoners, protections for the wounded and for civilians in or around a war-zone. The treaties were ratified in 1949 in the aftermath of World War II.
What policy was adopted by Roosevelt with Latin America?
The Good Neighbor policy (a policy of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America)
What book would likely be found in the library of a business tycoon in the early 1900s
The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie
The Grange
The Grange is an organization of farmers that banded together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, was formed in 1867, and quickly grew to more than one million members. The main source for the farmers' problems was the worldwide surplus of crops due to overproduction, but they typically blamed the railroads, the federal government, and other people--the Grange was established to represent the farmers.
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe decline in the American economy.
What area saw the largest percentage of population growth between 1860 and 1910?
The Great Plains
What ambitious program did Lyndon Johnson put forward after winning the election of 1964?
The Great Society program (a set of domestic programs, with the main goal of eliminating poverty and establishing racial injustice)
What resolution did Congress approve after the attack of the USS Maddox by the North Vietnamese in August 1964?
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed the President to take "all necessary steps" to protect the forces of the United States and its allies. As a result, U.S. participation in Vietnam grew -- without a formal declaration of war. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was the closest thing there ever was to a declaration of war against North Vietnam. President Johnson asked for this resolution in response to a supposed attack on American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.
What event caused the first major escalation of the Vietnam War?
The Gulf of Tonkin incident.
Langston Hughes, Alain Locke, Louis Armstrong & Bessie Smith are associated with what?
The Harlem Renaissance
With what act did the US increase its protective tariffs in 1930?
The Hawley-Smoot Act
What two acts raised tariff rates and taxes, probably worsening the Great Depression, in 1930 and 1932?
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff and the Revenue Act
What eventful riot hurt the public image of unions in 1886?
The Haymarket Square Riot
What bill in 1986 placed sanctions on employers who hired undocumented workers?
The Immigration Reform and Control Act
What act did Congress pass in 1950 in response to fears about Communist infiltration?
The Internal Security Act (which required members of 'Communist-front' organizations to register with the government)
What act in 1887 was passed as a reaction to unjust practices of railroads?
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
What agency was formed to permanently monitor railroad policies and prevent abuses?
The Interstate Commerce Commission.
What crisis contributed to the ruin of the Carter Presidency?
The Iranian Hostage Crisis
What pact was formed at the Washington Conference (Nov 1921 - Feb 1922)?
The Kellogg-Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, an agreement to outlaw war signed on August 27, 1928)
Uriah P Stephens led what group?
The Knights of Labor
What union formed in 1869 admitted blacks, women and unskilled workers?
The Knights of Labor
Terence V Powderly led what group?
The Knights of Labor (after Uriah P Stephens)
What did Henry Cabot notably stand against?
The League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson's most prized 'point':
The League of Nations
What act passed in 1941 enabled the US to send arms to Britain?
The Lend-Lease Act
F Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were both examples of what?
The Lost Generation
The Maine
The Maine was a U.S. battle cruiser that sank in Havana harbor after an onboard explosion. America was quick to blame Spain and used the Maine as an excuse to move toward war with Spain. However, an investigation in 1976 declared that the Spanish were not to blame, and that no mine had blown up the Maine, as many Americans had claimed at the time.
What act did Taft support in 1910 which strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission?
The Mann-Elkins Act
What war ended in 1848?
The Mexican War
The Roosevelt Corollary was an expansion of the ideas put forth in what doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy regarding Latin America countries in the 1800s which stated that efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.
What began the drive to end segregation in the South
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
What began the drive to end segregation in the South?
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
What organization did W.E.B. DuBois form?
The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
National Woman's Party
The NWP was a women's organization founded by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in 1913 that fought for women's suffrage. Once suffrage was granted by the 19th amendment, NWP turned its attention to the passage of an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.
What act in 1902 financed irrigation in the west and increased national forests?
The National (Newlands) Reclamation Act
What was the name of the leading suffrage movement in the early twentieth century?
The National American Woman Suffrage Association
What group was formed in 1893 to counteract unionism?
The National Association of Manufacturers
Frank Easley and Marcus Hanna are associated with what group?
The National Civic Federation (formed in 1900)
What farmer' organizations were formed after the Civil War?
The National Grange and the Farmers' Alliances.
What political unit was organized by the Vietcong to overthrow the government of South Vietnam?
The National Liberation Front (NLF)
What does 'NLF' stand for?
The National Liberation Front: the political unit organized by the Vietcong to overthrow the South Vietnamese government.
What union did the US support in Nicaragua, which defeated the Sandinista Front at the polls in 1990?
The National Opposition Union
What significant feminist organization was formed in 1966?
The National Organization for Women (NOW)
National Organization for Women (NOW)
The National Organization for Women was founded in 1966 to fight for women's issues, such as sexism in the workplace, guaranteeing the right to an abortion, etc.
What series of three acts did Congress pass between 1935 and 1937, designed to prevent the US from entering WW2?
The Neutrality Acts
The American Liberty League 1934 was formed in opposition to what?
The New Deal
FDR
The New Deal was a series of social liberal programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during 1933-1937.
What program did Kennedy's campaign promise?
The New Frontier
What agreement did the US, Canada, and Mexico sign in 1992, which proposed a largely tariff-free trading community?
The North American Free Trade Agreement
What defensive alliance, involving most Western European nations, Canada, and the US, was formed in April 1949?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
What trials decided the fate of Nazi war criminals?
The Nuremberg Trials
By what other name is the Cuban Missile Crisis known as, based off of when the crisis happened?
The October Crisis
Dr Francis Townsend proposed a plan in which all citizens sixty and over would receive $200/mo if they spent it that month, called what?
The Old Age Revolving Pensions Plan
What organization placed an embargo on US oil shipments, lasting until March 1974?
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
What organization established a 1973 oil embargo for 5 months in response to US aid to Israel?
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
OPEC oil embargo in 1973 and 1974
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters.
What tariff did Taft sign in 1909, leading to a loss of support from reformers and angered conservationists?
The Paine-Aldrich Tariff
What event turned attention to economic issues in the North, detracting attention from Southern racial concerns?
The Panic of 1873
What was an event in American history that may be called a failed experiment in "managed currency"
The Panic of 1893
What controversial major health care reform law, signed into law in 2010 despite conservative resistance, drastically changed the insurance industry?
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (popularly called Obamacare)
What popular volunteer-based idea did Kennedy introduce in 1961?
The Peace Corps (a program where the 'best and brightest' Americans agreed to dedicate two years of their lives to help improve conditions in poverty-stricken countries)
What act was passed as a result of Garfield's assassination?
The Pendleton Civil Service Act
What war started after Iraq invaded Kuwait and refused UN demands to withdraw?
The Persian Gulf War
What amendment did the US force Cuba to include in its constitution? What did it do?
The Platt Amendment. It allowed the US government to approve its treaties with foreign nations
New Right & New Left
The Port Huron statement called for students to establish "participatory democracy," and coined the term "New Left" for this movement. The Students for a Democratic Society was the organizational base for the New Left political movement among college students.
New Right/New Left
The Port Huron statement called for students to establish "participatory democracy," and coined the term "New Left" for this movement. The Students for a Democratic Society was the organizational base for the New Left political movement among college students.
Under the Lend-Lease Acts, the authority to sell, transfer, or lend war materials to other nations was given to
The President
Who wanted to reform the Child Labor laws and use modern science to solve social problems?
The Progressivists (Progressivism)
What Act did Congress pass in 1994 which provided aid for veterans to attend college?
The Readjustment Act (also the 'GI Bill of Rights')
What act in 1934 provided a framework for reducing tariff rates through agreements with individual nations?
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
What movement was Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer behind?
The Red Scare
Nicaragua
The Republic of Nicaragua v. The United States of America (1986) ICJ 1 is a public international law case decided by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua and against the United States and awarded reparations to Nicaragua. The ICJ held that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. The United States refused to participate in the proceedings after the Court rejected its argument that the ICJ lacked jurisdiction to hear the case. The U.S. later blocked enforcement of the judgment by the United Nations Security Council and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation. The Nicaraguan government finally withdrew the complaint from the court in September 1992 (under the later, post-FSLN, government of Violeta Chamorro), following a repeal of the law requiring the country to seek compensation.
Which political party generally supported protective tariffs?
The Republicans
What treaty negotiated by the Carter administration established new limits on bombers and long-range missiles?
The SALT II treaty
What treaty did the US sign in 1991 with Russia? What treaty was it followed with in 1992?
The START I treaty. The START II treaty
What group overthrew Anastasio Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua in 1979?
The Sandinistas
What famous trial took place during the summer of 1925?
The Scopes "Monkey Trial"
What notable trial took place in Tennessee in 1925?
The Scopes trial
What was the first anti-trust act passed?
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
What war broke out in 1937?
The Sino-Japanese War
What war took place in the Middle East in 1967, resulting in the victory of a strong US ally?
The Six-Day War (Israel won against Jordan, Egypt, and Syria)
What cause is Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch associated with?
The Social Gospel
What Act established a precedent for government involvement in social welfare in the Second New Deal?
The Social Security Act
Describe the main provisions of the Social Security Act.
The Social Security Act established a retirement plan for persons over age sixty-five funded by a tax or wages paid equally by employee and employer. The act also provided matching funds to the states for aid to the blind, handicapped, and dependent children.
After the US pulled out, what was the outcome of the Vietnamese War?
The South fell to the North
In what region was convict labor sometimes used to build railways?
The South: in the laying of LOCAL (instate) tracks.
What international conflict has most often been compared to America's military involvement in Vietnam
The Soviet Union's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan
What event derailed a summit meeting scheduled for Paris in 1960 to discuss Germany's reunification?
The Soviet Union's shooting down of a CIA spy plane
The Nation Defense Education Act was a direct result of
The Soviet launc of the Sputnik satellite
What power invaded Afghanistan in 1979?
The Soviets
Yellow journalism, the de Lome letter, and the Maine all contributed to what
The Spanish American War
Yellow journalism, the de Lôme letter, and the Maine all contributed to which of the following?
The Spanish American War
Who expanded upon Truman's position, writing an article calling for containment of Communism and developing the Truman Doctrine?
The State Department's George F Kennan
When did the Casablanca meetings take place?
The Summer of 1943.
Who was Marshal Ferdinand Foch?
The Supreme Allied Commander in WW1
How did the Jim Crow Laws come into being?
The Supreme Court struck down desegregation laws during the 1880's and 1890's and upheld 'separate but equal'.
What 1916 pledge was broken when Germany announced its intention to wage unrestricted U-boat warfare in the Atlantic?
The Sussex Pledge
With what Act, passed over Truman's veto, did Congress respond to labor strife in 1947?
The Taft-Hartley Act
What agreements came about as a result of Theodore Roosevelt pursuing peace with Japan?
The Taft-Katsura Agreement and Root-Takahara Agreement
What act of corruption is associated with Albert B Fall?
The Teapot Dome scheme
What was the name of Lincoln's plan to reconstruct the South?
The Ten Percent Plan (when 10% of registered voters in 1869 in any state had taken the oath, the state could form a new government and be back in Union)
What event brought down Lyndon Johnson?
The Tet Offensive
The 13th Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment declares that slavery or involuntary servitude is unconstitutional, except as a punishment for a crime. Congress is given the power to enforce this.
Indian Reservation Policy (plus Trail of Tears)
The Trail of Tears is a name given to the ethnic cleansing and forced relocation of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
What treaty ended WWI?
The Treaty of Versaille
What treaty was agreed upon after WW1?
The Treaty of Versailles
Disastrous fire which brought attention to factory conditions:
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
What program signed into law by President Bush in 2008 authorized the US government to purchase up to $700 billion in faltering assets (mortgage-based and other) from US banks?
The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
During what Administration was the Marshall Plan instituted?
The Truman Administration
What two administrations provided support to the French during the Vietminh rebellion beginning in 1950 (largely to gain French cooperation in NATO)?
The Truman and Eisenhower administrations
Who held the island of Midway at the time of the battle?
The U.S.
Spanish-American War
The U.S. battleship Maine blew up in Havana Harbor in 1898. The cause of the explosion could not be determined, but many Americans demanded war with Spain as a result of that incident. The first victory of the Spanish-American War was by a U.S. Navy fleet under the command of Commodore Dewey. His fleet destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay in the Philippines. Commodore George Dewey led his fleet to victory in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. The war ended on August 12. Theodore Roosevelt led a cavalry regiment known as the Rough Riders in Cuba. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 officially ended the Spanish-American War on December 10, 1898. Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the United States, Cuba became an independent country, and the U.S. gained control of the Philippines in return for $20 million.
Significance of Japan's switch from an offensive position to a defensive one after the Battle of Midway?
The U.S. could take the initiative at Guadalcanal to begin an island-hopping campaign that took Japan's outer islands.
What were some specific provisions of the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
The U.S. government would cease making decisions for Latin American countries; consult their leaders and ask for their approval before intervening. The U.S. would support 'strong, independent' leaders and help train Latin American military so countries could defend themselves. U.S. banks would provide stabilizing loans and other economic assistance to fragile L.A. economies.
What significant event happened on April 6, 1917?
The US entered WW1
What act did Congress pass in 2001 to expand the powers of the federal government in regards to monitoring suspected terrorist activities?
The USA PATRIOT Act
What ship was attacked in Yemen by Muslim terrorists?
The USS Cole
What tariff actually represented a REDUCTION in tariff rates?
The Underwood Tariff
What two railroads did Congress charter in 1864?
The Union Pacific and Central Pacific
What was the Carter doctrine, announced by Carter in 1980?
The United States would intervene militarily against any Soviet aggression in the Persian gulf region
What pulled the plug on President Johnson's Great Society
The Vietnam War
What pulled the plug on President Johnson's Great Society?
The Vietnam War
Describe how the Works Progress Administration (WPA) worked.
The WPA employed people from the relief rolls for thirty hours of work a week at pay double the relief payment but less than private employment. Most of the projects undertaken were in construction.
What was the name of Congress' Reconstruction plan in 1864?
The Wade-Davis Bill (50% of registered voters have to take oath, and those voting/governing had to swear they'd never supported the Confederacy voluntarily; states also had to abolish slavery and repudiate debs & acts of secession)
What act was passed in June 1943 as a result of strikes (largely in the coal industry)?
The War Labor Disputes Act
What did Congress pass in 1973 stating that the president had to obtain congressional approval for committing American troops longer than sixty days?
The War Powers Resolution
War on Poverty
The War on Poverty is the name of legislation introduced by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 in his State of the Union address. This speech led to the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act which established the Office of Economic Opportunity. Also founded were federal programs such as Head Start (educating at risk preschoolers), VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America, a domestic version of the Peace Corps), TRIO (most famously, Upward Bound), and Job Corps (vocational training for youths).
At what conference did the US Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes propose limits on the size of navies?
The Washington Conference (Nov 1921 - Feb 1922)
What scandal occurred during the 1972 presidential campaign?
The Watergate scandal
Who was Kenneth Starr?
The Whitewater prosecutor (who eventually recommended that Clinton be impeached)
Who were the Wobblies?
The Wobblies were members of a radical labor organization called the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.). In the early 1900s, this organization was successful in the textile industry and the western mining industry.
What targets did the 9/11 planes hit in 2001?
The World Trade Center (two planes) and the Pentagon (one plane) (a fourth plane crashed in a Pennsylvania field after passengers took action)
What war did Syria and Egypt start in October 1973 in an effort to regain territories they had lost when defeated in a previous war?
The Yom Kippur War
What plan came about as a result of the failure of the Dawes Plan, trying to prevent nations from defaulting on their loans (and ultimately failing)?
The Young Plan (1929)
U-boat
The abbreviation U-boat stood for "Unterseeboot," it was the first "undersea boat" or submarine. Launched by the Germans against the Allied forces, the U-boat served as a devastation new weapon, patrolling the Atlantic, and sinking ships that were providing aid to the Allies.
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
The administration that provided electricity for rural America; utility co-ops
What significant event happened on June 28, 1914?
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
What is Lee Harvey Oswald known for?
The assassination of President Kennedy (November 22, 1963)
What phenomenon between 1946 and 1957 fueled a period of steady economic growth?
The baby boom
Bloody shirt
The book mentions bloody shirt twice, but it isn't defined too well. I assume that in "waving the bloody shirt," which was a tactic taking up by Republicans against Democrats, referred to showing the corruption, evil, or wrongdoing in which the other party was involved. Essentially, it was a symbol of someone being stabbed or hurt and later providing evidence of the crime.
On what did the Plains Indians depend for survival?
The buffalo
In the years immediately following ratification of the 19th Amendment, who did most women vote for
The candidates chosen by their husbands
What was the significance of the prosecution against the Northern Securities Company
The case gave warning that if trusts broke the antitrust law, they would be prosecuted regardless of how big they were
What was a common criticism of universities by student protesters during the 1960s?
The common criticism was that bureaucracies were indifferent to students' needs.
What were the Nuremberg trials?
The condemnation of twelve Nazi leaders to death for 'crimes against peace and humanity' by the international court (October 1946)
What was the most immediate problem that Franklin Roosevelt faced after inauguration
The condition of the banking system
What did the War Production Board supervise?
The conversion of the economy from civilian to military production
Counterculture
The counterculture was a movement of people that rebelled against middle-class respectability and authority; it was symbolized by the "hippie."
What was regarded as the most unpopular item on Franklin Roosevelt's domestic agenda
The court-packing scheme, which was viewed as an attack on the Constitution
Harlem Renaissance
The cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. Langston Hues, Wallace Thurman, Zora Hurston, Jessie Fauset, Alain Locke, Ralph Waldo Ellison, Arna Bontemps
What important decision was made at Yalta (February 1945)?
The decision to divide Germany into temporary zones of control
For what reason did Truman ask Congress for funds on March 12, 1947?
The defense of Greek conservative government (against a leftist insurgency)
What did SALT I discourage?
The deployment of defensive weapons.
What did Roosevelt call for to replace the League of Nations at the Tehran conference?
The development of a new international organization
John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath (1939) chronicled what?
The difficulties farmers faced due to dust storms and economical problems
What caused the end of the Cold War?
The disintegration of the Soviet Union due to the fall of Communist regimes throughout eastern Europe
In the late 1800s, what factor seemed most significant in defeating the Plains Indians in their fight against white settlement
The dramatic decline of the buffalo herds
The major issue that dogged President George H.W. Bush throughout his administration was
The economy
What election was extremely controversial, with disputes over votes from 4 states?
The election of 1876
When did U.S. troops last occupy Mexico City?
The end of the Mexican War in 1848
In his interpretation of the historical development of the U.S, Frederick Jackson Turner focused on the importance of
The existence of cheap, unsettled land
What did the Nixon's Revenue Sharing program entail?
The federal government giving funds to the states to spend as they wished
Who was Frances Perkins?
The first female to hold a cabinet position as Secretary of Labor
What notable nomination did the Democratic Party submit in the presidential election of 2008?
The first major party black candidate Barack Obama
US in Korean War
The first reason was the 'Domino theory' - China turned Communist in 1949 and Truman feared that the next 'domino' would be Japan. The second was to undermine Communism and protect the American way of life - in 1950 the American National Security Council recommended that America start 'rolling back' Communism. Thirdly, Truman realised the USA was in a competition for world domination with the USSR.
Japanese Internment
The forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast during World War II. Sixty-two percent of the internees were United States citizens.
According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the principal force shaping American life and institutions was
The frontier
Define: laissez-faire governing:
The government stayed as inactive and uninvolved as possible.
In "Korematsu v. U.S.", the Supreme Court upheld the right of
The government to detain, relocate, and inter Japanese American citizens as a national security measure
Low-cost, easily obtainable subprime mortgages helped fuel what industry in the early 2000s?
The housing industry
What industry, after experiencing massive growth in the early 2000s, crashed several years later and caused severe consequences, including a recession?
The housing industry
A major theme of serious literature in the 1930s was what
The inequities of U.S. capitalism
The motivating idea behind the settlement houses of the late 1800s was that
The initiative to correct social problems should come from indigenous neighborhood leaders or organizations
What did the Farmers' Alliances of the 1880's hope to accomplish?
The institution of government regulation of farming to help control prices.
What Japanese invasion in July 1941 resulted in Roosevelt freezing Japanese assets in the US?
The invasion of French Indochina
What action by Germany in 1939 finally caused European nations to respond militarily?
The invasion of Poland (on September 1, 1939)
When did Gospel and Country music emerge?
The late 1920's and 1930's.
The least least likely to benefit from Social Security when it was established were African Americans because
The law did not cover domestics and tenant farmers
"Jim Crow" was a term used to describe what
The legal restrictions against African Americans in the South
The high rate of unemployment was a major cause/result of the Great Depression. What was the other factor also relating to unemployment?
The long period of time people were unemployed exhausted any resources they or their families might have had to help them. (No welfare or unemployment compensation)
The major area of disagreement between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois centered on what
The means to attain civil rights for African Americans
The term "Great Migration" refers to what
The movement of African Americans from the South to the North
Who were the muckrakers?
The muckrakers were investigative journalists and authors who favored progressive political, economic, and social reforms in the early 1900s.
The Nye Commission determined that
The munitions industry and banking interests had propelled the U.S. into World War I
What did the START II treaty reduce in both the US and Russia in 1992?
The nations' nuclear arsenals
The Kennedy administration's escalation of the Vietnam conflict was necessitated mainly by the
The need to back up Kennedy's tough rhetoric about his intent to stop Communism
Which came first: occupation of Vera Cruz or Pershing being ordered into Mexico?
The occupation of Vera Cruz. Pershing was ordered into Mexico two years later.
The original intent of the 16th Amendment was to allow the federal government to impose a tax on
The profits of corporations and their shareholders
The Social Gospel movement greatly influenced what
The progressives and their agenda of social, economic, and political reform
How were those who lived in areas with only one railroad at a disadvantage?
The railroads charged exhorbitant shipping rates.
Give one issue discussed at Yalta:
The re-division of Eastern Europe.
The major goal of Huey Long was
The redistribution of wealth among Americans
What prevented presidents between 1876 and 1900 from being active, dynamic leaders?
The relative equality of Republicans and Democrats.
What describes the New Deal in relation to African Americans
The relief available to African Americans improved throughout the 1930s
The term "Crime of 1873" refers to what
The removal of the U.S. from the silver standard
What did the Emergency Banking Relief Bill provide for?
The reopening of banks under Treasury Department oversight
The ruling in "Gideon v. Wainwright" established what
The right to counsel to represent a defendant
Where did 'blues' develop?
The rural South
What industry reached a crisis in 1989, resulting in the sale or closure of 350 institutions and a government bailout?
The savings and loan industry
What movement did Jane Addams and Florence Kelley lead?
The settlement house movement
Silent Majority (Supporters of Richard Nixon)
The silent majority is an unspecified large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly. It was popularized by Richard Nixon in a November 1969 speech to refer to the Americans who did NOT join the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War, who did NOT join the counterculture, and who did NOT participate in public discourse.
Silent Majority (Supporters of Richard Nixon)
The silent majority is an unspecified large majority of people who do not express their opinions publicly. Popularized by Richard Nixon to refer to the Americans who did NOT join the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War, who did NOT join the counterculture, and who did NOT participate in public discourse.
Social Gospel
The social gospel was a philosophy which many Protestant ministers emphasized in the late nineteenth century--it encouraged charity, and the betterment of society by fighting poverty, drunkenness, etc. Churches opened libraries, started social programs, and did a variety of other things in line with the Social Gospel.
What event signaled the beginning of the Great Depression?
The stock market crash of 1929
What happened on Thursday, October 24, 1929?
The stock market fell sharply, eventually leading to the Great Depression
What resulted from the exposes of the muckrakers?
The stories led to a public outcry for reform and provided Progressivism with ammunition to pass vital reforms.
The battle of Manila Bay proved what?
The superiority of the US navy
White Man's Burden
The supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism. An idea popularized by a poem of the same name by Englishman Rudyard Kipling.
Why was 'yellow journalism' yellow?
The term came from the yellow ink used to print a popular comic strip carried by Pulitzer's paper: New York World
What were the three main purposes of settlement houses?
The three main purposes were to settle poor immigrants, lobby against sweatshop labor conditions, and call for bans against child labor.
Why is the Tet Offensive considered the turning point of the Vietnam War?
The tone of press coverage turned from optimistic to realistic. Americans ignored the fact that the North lost: and focused on the fact that the North had had the capability for such a major assault at all.
A woman's place is in the home was the major cultural message for women during
The twentieth century
What did the Supreme Court overturn in Bakke v University of California (1978)?
The use of quotas to achieve racial balance
What was the relationship between the Spanish-American War and the building of the Panama Canal?
The war showed the need to move naval forces from coast-to-coast quickly.
Who did NOT support the political machines of the late 19th century?
The wealthy who lived outside the cities and the middle-class.
Whose interests did the political machines of the late 19th century really serve?
Their own and those of their most influential supporters.
The "irreconcilables" to the Treat of Versailles based their opposition on
Their own isolationism and opposition to the League of Nations
Why did Teddy Roosevelt see those exposing corruption as 'muckrakers'?
Their stories focused on the worst about political and industrial leaders; playing to the 'baser instincts' of the public.
African Americans and Latinos protested the Vietnam War because what
Their young men fought in disproportionate numbers in terms of the total population of draft-age men
The Sherman Antitrust Act was not effectively enforced until the administration of
Theodore Roosevelt
Who advocated New Nationalism, which emphasized government regulation over big businesses?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who was the first American president to win a Nobel Prize for Peace?
Theodore Roosevelt
Which President is most closely associated with the breakup of business trusts
Theodore Roosevelt nicknamed "trust buster"
Who were the three main progressive presidents?
Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson
Define the 'bubble-up' economic theory:
There is no such thing.
Black Codes
There were laws enacted in Southern states that put restrictions upon black workers and permitted apprenticeships that closely resembled slavery. These codes showed that the Southern states were falling right back into their old patterns, which fueled Radical Reconstruction.
The Ocala Demands
These 1890 demands were a platform for economic and political reform adopted by the People's (Populist) Party. It wished to abolish national banks, establish sub-treasuries in every state, increase the money in circulation, introduce free silver, and other demands.
Skyscraper
These buildings were the result of innovation in field of architecture. The first skyscraper to be built was William Le Baron Jenney's ten-story Home Insurance Building. Instead of being weighed down by heavy walls, skyscrapers were built on a steel frame with the walls serving as curtains to close it off.
Trusts
These were agreements between corporations in order to take control of a certain market and eliminate competition.
Fourteen Points
These were fourteen points that Woodrow Wilson presented to the other Allied nations during the Treaty of Versailles. Among the fourteen points were a call for "open diplomacy, absolute freedom and navigation of the seas, arms reduction, the removal of trade barriers, and national self-determination for people of the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and German empires."
Conglomerates
These were giant enterprises made up of many unrelated industries. This made them less susceptible to market instability.
Homesteaders
These were people who came from the East to settle on plots of land. These homesteaders were granted this land under the Homestead Act of 1862. They faced harsh conditions after a brief period of a few fertile years that many called divine intervention.
Consumer Products
These were products that were available to the average consumer. These things included: automobiles, refrigerators, stoves, and radios. In addition, the incredibly high demand for these items increased the need for raw materials such as "steel, copper, chemicals, natural gas, electrical power, oil, and gasoline."
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
These were the two cities that Harry S. Truman order to be hit with atomic bombs. The bomb that hit Hiroshima killed 100,000; the bomb that hit Nagasaki killed 60,000.
Feminists
These were women who believed that women were inherently equal to men, and therefore, deserved the same rights as men.
What significant action did the US take in 1939 with regard to Japan as tensions mounted between the two countries?
They abrogated a trade treaty signed with Japan in 1911
Progressives wanted to stay out of WWI primarily because what
They believed that the nation could not afford war and economic and political reforms at the same time
What happened to the Knights of Labor when they began to lose power?
They broke into small crafts unions and other more radical workers' groups and were eventually supplanted by the AFL(C).
What was the anti-American Iranian response when the Shah entered the US for medical treatment after being overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini?
They captured the American embassy, taking more than fifty hostages and demanded Shah's and his wealth's return
How did property owners take advantage of sharecroppers?
They charged interest rates as high as 200%
Fallacy regarding Populist views on the Electoral College:
They did not necessarily want to end it: they wanted direct election of U.S. Senators.
How did American opinion and Johnson's withdrawal from the presidential race affect the North Vietnamese moral?
They dug in their heels because they knew they could 'wait us out' until the war lost all support in the U.S.
What did the 1916 National Defense and Navy acts accomplish?
They enlarged armed forces
How did 1920's authors Sinclair; Hemingway; H.L. Mencken and Fitzgerald view the end of Progressivism?
They felt America had lost its ideals: its very sense of right v. wrong. These beliefs were portrayed in their works of the time.
Why did many American intellectuals of the 1920's become expatriates?
They felt alienated by a country whose manners and direction they found distasteful.
Expatriate American writers in Paris in the 1920s were known as the "lost generation" because what
They felt alienated from U.S. culture and society
How did the Sioux and the Cheyenne respond to white settlement which threatened their lifestyle?
They fought.
How did Congress revise neutrality policy in the fall of 1939?
They included cash-and-carry purchase of arms by belligerents
What controversial action did the Soviet Union take in Poland in 1945?
They kept conservatives out of the Communist government instituted there
What was the attitude of Latin American military dictators during the time of the 'Good Neighbor' policy?
They owed their power to the U.S.: and often only stayed in power due to U.S. backing.
What was Congress' reaction to Johnson's Reconstruction plan?
They refused to seat the new southern Congressional representatives and appointed a joint committee to reexamine Reconstruction policy
What did American forces accomplish at Midway (June 3-6, 1942)?
They sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers
What was the general relationship between Republicans and Democrats between 1876 and 1900?
They shared political equality: neither dominated
What did American forces accomplish at the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942)?
They stopped the Japanese move toward Australia
What action did the Federal Reserve take in 1929?
They tightened the money supply
How did the poor often defeat themselves in the late 19th century?
They took the aid of the political machines and blocked the election of true reformers.
How did the political machines of the late 19th century stay in power?
They traded aid to the poor for votes.
What approach did the Eisenhower administration take to agriculture?
They tried to wean it from government price supports using various farm bills (1954-1958) (with little success)
What commonality do these share? Civil Works Administration; Civilian Conservation Corp; Works Progress Administration and the National Youth Administration?
They were all created to create jobs in the 1930's.
The Beatles
They were an English rock band in the 1960s that started the British Invasion of the US. The British Invasion was a phenomenon that occurred in the mid-1960s when rock and pop music and aspects of British culture from the UK became hugely popular in the US. This was also significant to the rising "counterculture" of the time.
What prompted the Japanese high command to decide to attack an American-held Pacific island in 1942?
They were angered by air raids which originated on U.S. carriers. They wanted to wipe out the remainder of the U.S. fleet by forcing it into a decisive battle.
Why did the Farmers Alliances of the 1880's appeal to farmers of the Great Plains and the South?
They were mired in continual cycles of debt due to crop liens; sharecropping and low commodity prices.
How did jazz influence the lives of the musicians who performed it?
They were wealthier than any other blacks in the country and enjoyed a level of respect and recognition not given to most other blacks.
Taft-Hartley Act
This 1947 act severely limited the power of unions by prohibiting the "closed shops" which are workplaces that refuse to higher non-union workers.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Johnson in 1965 and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. It is designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the 14th and 15th amendments.
Equal Rights Amendment
This amendment sought to guarantee equal rights for women and gender. It was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. It was originally introduced in 1923 but never made it pass both houses of Congress until 1972. It failed to be ratified by the majority needed to become an actual amendment to the US constitution.
Texas V. Johnson
This case dealt with flag burning. The Supreme Court invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag under freedom of speech clause in the Constitution.
Committee on Public Information
This committee banned German music, and changed the names of foods with German-inspired names. It worked to persuade immigrants to become "One Hundred Percent Americans."
Roe V. Wade
This court case 1973 allowed abortions under the right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.
Oligopoly
This describes a market that is dominated by a few, rather than by one, as in a monopoly.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911
This fire occurred in New York City in 1911 and was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union.
Ku Klux Klan
This group went through a revival in the 1920s as Protestants fought for "Native, white, Protestant supremacy." The group used arson, physical intimidation, and economic boycotts in an attempt to drive out Catholics, Jews, and blacks. It came to the height of its power in 1925 with over three million members, many of which were women.
Mobilization
This involved the funding, the production of needed materials, the enlistment and drafting of the military, and the labor on the home front as the United States became involved in World War II.
Welfare Capitalism
This is a form of capitalism where a corporation is responsible for the well being of its employees. Companies give benefits such as health insurance, old-age pension plans, and stock at lower prices. This contrasted the government aid that would come during FDR's presidency.
hidden-hand presidency
This is a phrase used to describe Eisenhower's presidency. It refers to his ability to get things done while giving the appearance of being incapable.
Keynesian Economics
This is a system of economics that encourages the printing of more money and government spending in recessions and depressions respectively.
Waving the bloody shirt
This is a tactic where Northerners reminded citizens of the South's involvement in the Civil War, implying that they were not to be trusted because they had caused so much harm before.
Tariff
This is an extra amount of money that must be paid to import goods from another country, on top of the cost for the goods themselves. It is intended to give local manufacturers a chance in competition with foreign markets.
Pocket veto
This is an informal veto done by the president. Instead of vetoing a bill outright, the president can pocket veto a bill by not signing the bill before Congress is adjourned, effectively vetoing the bill.
Impeachment
This is one of the powers granted to the House of Representatives. It puts the president on trial before the Senate, and, if the president is determined to be guilty, he is stripped of his office.
CIA
This is the Central Intelligence Agency. It was instrumental in overthrowing governments that posed a Communist threat and installing within them leaders that were aligned with the US.
Conservationism
This is the idea that, while wildlife is disappearing, people should try to slow the process down as much as possible.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This is the monetary value of all the goods produced by a country. After WWII and throughout the 50s, the GDP soared from $213 billion in 1945 to more than $500 billion in 1960. For the average worker, this increased real income by 25 percent. Military spending, however, also increased from 1 percent of the GDP to 10 percent.
Black suffrage
This is the right of blacks to vote.
Fascism
This is the term for a government that is ruled by the state, which was adopted by Germany, Italy, and Spain during the 1920s.
Nationalization
This is when a government brings up an industry within its own boarders. This idea is significant because the Mexican government hoped to nationalize its oil and mineral industries in the early Twentieth Century, which alarmed the American oil companies that had invested in Mexican oil.
union shop
This is when workers are required to join a union within a certain amount of time if they are not a part of a certain trade union. However, the Taft-Hadley bill of 1947, during Truman's first term, prohibited this, although Truman himself was opposed to the bill.