CLEP Human Growth and Development Q4
Which of the following represents the strongest correlation? - -0.70 - +0.10 - +0.55 - -0.42 - +0.69
-0.70 The closer to + or -1.00, the stronger the correlation.
By what age will most children begin using two-word sentences? - 12 months - 16 months - 24 months - 36 months - 18 months
24 months Most children start using two-word sentences consistently around age two (twenty-four months)
What may explain the long-term effects of divorce? - One parent's over-involvement with the child - A decline in parenting after the divorce - It depends greatly on the gender of the child - Problems the child developed before the divorce - The child's pre-existing temperament
A decline in parenting after the divorce If divorce occurs and the parents live further apart, finances become more of an issue, and dating becomes an issue. Then, a decline in parenting will almost inevitably take place as a long-term (although sometimes unintentional) effect.
Ritalin is currently used most often to help children with the following condition... - Cancer - Krohn's disease - ADHD - Cerebral Palsy - Down Syndrome
ADHD Ritalin is most often seen in our schools today as a drug that helps children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
Being able to "pretend" involves .... - manipulation of symbols - cognitive sophistication - preoperational thought - understanding of functionality of objects - All of the above
All of the above Children's "pretend" play develops when the child is capable of preoperational thought, which involves mental representation of objects and some understanding of their functionality.
Which of the following is used in socializing children? - Operant conditioning - Rewards - Punishments - Observational learning - All of the above
All of the above In order to undertake the immense task of socializing a child, it is necessary to utilize a variety of methods, including those listed above.
Which of the following represents an information processing view of cognition? - How people encode information - How people store information - How people retrieve information - All of the above - A and B only
All of the above Information processing encompasses encoding, storage and retrieval.
Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story? - Focusing the child's attention on important details - Using a number of questions about what the child is doing - Correcting the child's misunderstandings - Praising the child for the current insights he/she displays - All of the above
All of the above Scaffolding would involve reinforcing what the child already knows, all the while leading the child toward a higher level of understanding
According to information processing views ... - typing on the keyboard is like our short-term memory - placing information in a compyter's RAM (working) memory is like short-term memory - storing something to a hard drive is like long-term memory - typing a password is like generating a memory retrieval code - All of these
All of these Information processing theory would incorporate all of these comparisons of human cognition and memory to the funcitoning of a computer.
What is a retrieval cue? - Something that helps us place important information into memory - An iconic code that makes memories stronger - Any trigger that helps us pull something from memory - A semantic code that makes memory more efficient - A visual memory aid
Any trigger that helps us pull something from memory While a retrieval cue may take the form of a visual aid, it is in actuality anything that helps us glean information from our vast files of memory.
Research suggests that newborn color vision is poor. Why might this be? - Because the rods in the retina are not highly developed - Because they have trouble differentiating hues - Because the lense has not completely formed - Because the cones in the retina are not highly developed - Because newborns can barely see in black and white
Because the cones in the retina are not highly developed For newborns, cone cells, which perceive color, are less developed than rod cells, which distinguish more between light and dark.
Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed? - They are not, it is based on a false assumption - Because these children generally perform more poorly on standardized intelligence tests - Because these children usually have social skill and emotional problems - Because these programs help make up for genetic weaknesses that affect intelligence - Because they provide needed childcare services
Because these children generally perform more poorly on standardized intelligence tests For many reasons (i.e., cultural bias, parenting issues, environmental deprivation) these children tend to perform in the low ranges on standardized, norm-referenced testing, this is already a red flag indicating that these children require extra help immediately
How does Carol Gilligan explain why young women experience a decline in self-esteem as they move through adolescence? - Because of satisfaction with their bodies - Because they feel a need to subjugate themselves to young men - Because they become increasingly aware of the contrast between the way they view themselves and how society views females - Because they are taught that ladies are humble - Because they maintain an egocentric view of the world
Because they become increasingly aware of the contrast between the way they view themselves and how society views females Harvard professor Carol Gilligan explains that during adolescence, issues related to body awareness and the tension between societal and self-definitions can lead to lower self-esteem in writing and boys tend to have higher self-esteem in math.
How is obesity determined scientifically? - A person who is 5 to 10% overweight - By measuring blood pressure - It differs from culture to culture - It differs based on gender - By comparing weight and height
By comparing weight and height Obesity is clinically determined by measured weight as it corresponds to a person's given height.
If Reggie is aggressive and someone "bumps" into him, what is his likely response? - Cognitively, he is more likely to assume that the "bump" was on purpose - He is likely to wait and see what the other child will do next - Probably nothing, as "bumps" are accidental - It depends on where the children are when the "bump" occurs - He will wait until he is alone with the other person, and then physically attack the person.
Cognitively, he is more likely to assume that the "bump" was on purpose Reggie would assume that the "bump" was on purpose, and would use the assumtion as an excuse to engage in aggressive behavior in return.
Which is the highest level of play achieved according to Parten? - Solitary - Associative - Parallel - Mutual - Cooperative
Cooperative The highest social stage of play is cooperative play, in which children work toward a common goal (i.e., sitting together to plan and build a farm out of wooden blocks)
Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental crises in our lives? - Karen Horney - Erik Erikson - Sigmund Freud - Alfred Adler - Donald Winnicott
Erik Erikson Erik Erikson suggested that development proceeds in a healthy fashion as we confront and resolve developmental crises, with the most serious termed "identity crises."
Prior to implantation, how are the developing cells that will become the infant nourished? - Nourishment is not necessary at this stage of development - From the umbilical cord and through the placenta - From the yolk of the original egg cell - By amniotic fluid - None of the above
From the yolk of the original egg cell Prior to implantation within the uterine wall, the blastocyst (mass of developing cells) is nourished by the original cell's egg yolk until further, more extensive nourishment can be provided post-implantation.
Which of the following would a cognitive theorist be the MOST likely to study .... - How children confront and resulve developmental crises in their lives - How id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personality - How patterns of reinforcement and punishment prompt learning - How children perceive and mentally represent the world. - How children strive to act in an "innately good" manner.
How children perceive and mentally represent the world. Cognitive theorists, interested in information processing, storage, and retrieval would study how children perceive (process) and mentally represent (store) the world through series of schemas, imagery, and cognitive maps.
Which of the following would make forming an identity more complicated? - issues of gender - ethnicity - sexual orientation - a self-fulfilling prophecy
Issues of gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation Marginalized groups (ethnic or sexual minorities, ofr example) would have that much more much more difficulty forming self-identities.
What is valuable about ecological theory? - It stresses the role of the natural environment in the child's life. - The emphasis on genetic determinants. - It makes researchers aware of the systems with which children interact. - It clearly delineates the overarching importance of reinforcement and punishment. - It stresses the role of the child over the players in the child's life
It makes researchers aware of the systems with which children interact. Ecological theory stresses the dynamic interplay between children and the various systems (i.e., exosystem, microsystem, mesosystem) in their environment.
Which of the following is TRUE about career development? - Most childhood career goals become a reality - Many factors other than desire will dictate career choice - A majority of young people will do exactly what their parents do for a living - Over 80% of people are dissatisfied with their careers - Career developemnt is less involved for girls
Many factors other than desire will dicatate career choice Many factors - socioeconomic status, self-esteem, choice of life partner - dictate career choice in the end.
Which of the following groups appears to be most vulnerable to the effects of alcohol? - European-American women - African-American women - Asian women - Native-American women - Hispanic-American women
Native-American women Research shows that Native-American women appear to be most vulnerable to the effects of alcohol, creating an abundance of infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome or the fetal alcohol effect.
How can autism be treated? - Operant conditioning has been used to increase the child's interacting with others - Antipsychotic medications have proven effective in treating most cases of autism - No treatments have proven effective in diminishing symptoms - Electroconvulsive shock treatments are effective in enhancing language development - Psychoanalytic theory application
Operant conditioning has been used to increase the child's interacting with others Currently, it is a discrete, highly structured behavioral approach that has been shown to be effective with autistic children.
Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. NOw, before touching his neck, his mommy says, "gotcha." Pretty soon, as soon as she says "gotcha" Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? - Laughing when his neck is touched - Saying "gotcha" - Laughing when he hears "gotcha" - Touching his neck - Coming close to Kareem
Saying "gotcha" The conditioned stimulus, which came into existence after being paired with the original, unconditioned stimulus, is the uttering of "gotcha".
Who introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism? - Freud - Chomsky - Watson - Piaget - Skinner
Skinner The late B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism. This would prove central to operant conditioning, in which learning takes place due to some form of behavioral reinforcement.
Which of the following appears to impact dropout rates the most? - Socioeconomic status - Motivation level - Substance use - Low self-esteem - Single-parent households
Socioeconomic status Though there are many contributing factors here, the most important one has proven to be low SES (socioeconomic status)
Which theorist argued that intelligence has an underlying common factor called "g"? - Binet - Piaget - Skinner - Spearman - Gardner
Spearman It was the British psychologist Charles Spearman who argued that the "g" factor (general intelligence) underlay several behaviors that demonstrated differing sorts of abilities.
What might we assume about a pregnant woman who has gained weight rapidly but has not increased her food intake? - That she should diet in order to slow down the rate of weight gain - That she probably suffers from Rh incompatibility - That her diet is too high in minerals like zinc - That she may be developing toxemia - That her metabolism is somewhat unusual in nature
That she may be developing toxemia Toxemia in pregnant women is characterized by edema (swelling) and high blood pressure, among other things, one cause for alarm is rapid weight gain without corresponding food intake.
Why might the fetus move less often during the ninth month of gestation than before? - Growth has slowed, so movements will too - The child's body is conserving energy for the difficult birth process - The child is spending more time sleeping - The child is larger and there is simply less room for movement - The fetus stops moving just before its journey down the birth canal
The child is larger and there is simply less room for movement It can be alarming for a mother-to-be t feel cessation of fetal movement, but if this occurs during the ninth month of gestation, it may be that the fetus has become so large that it has simply run out of room in the mother's belly.
Which of the following represents a microsystem? - The child's home - The interaction between home and school - The school board - The child's culture - The child's larger community
The child's home The microsystem involves the interactions within the child's smallest, most immediate community (i.e., the home, for the most part)
Sr. Manquero hasthe hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives half of her participants' chicolate and the other half gum and then gives them an exam. In the experiment, what is the dependent variable? - The group that chews gum - The performance on the exam - The group that eats chocolate - Whether they eat chocolate or chew gum - The time of the examination
The performance on the exam The students' performance on the exam, in this experiment, would be the dependent variable, reliant on the selection of gum or chocolate.
What is the advantage to a newborn of having the senses of hearing and smell? - They may assist in the attachment process - So that energy can be spent developing other abilities - There are no real advantages, just coincidence - They will speed up how quickly the infant can leave the hospital - The infant can learn to eat more readily
They may assist in the attachment process If a newborn can distinguish caregivers via senses of hearing and smell, then it can become more readily attached to the primary caregivers.
Which of the following may be TRUE about personality differences between first-born and later-born children? - They may be linked to contrasts in parenting styles for each child - They may be linked to how the siblings interact with each other - They may be linked to later-borns feeling they have to "fight" for their place in the family. - They may lead to clashes between the children
They may lead to clashes between the children Personality differences among siblings can affect, and in turn be affected by, the children's mutual interactions, their respective self-concepts, and even the parents' responses to their individual behaviors.
Where in consciousness does id reside? - Preconscious - Conscious - Unconscious - It varies throughout life - None of the above
Unconscious According to Freudian theory, the primitive urges of the id are located in our unconscious, hidden from our overt understanding.
The concept of shaping suggests .... - we can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals - children will behave the way they behave regardless of parental intervention - children learn through observation only - children will engage in more disruptive behaviors if you attempt to ignore them - children learn the same way as do baby animals
We can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals - Shaping a behavior involves reinforcing small steps until the child has mastered these small steps.
In which of the following do girls tend to have higher self-esteem, and which do boys tend to have higher self-esteem? - Social relationships, public speaking - Writing, math - Competition, individual activities - Physical appearance, academics - Large group relationships, one-to-one relationships
Writing, math Due in large part to self-fulfilling societal expectations (i.e., girls will concentrate on words, and boys will concentrate on numbers and formulas), girls tend to have higher self-esteem in writing and boys tend to have higher self-esteem in math.
Does the birth of a sibling have an impact on existing children in the family? - No, it usually does not - Yes, but the effects are almost always positive - No, unless there is more than one sibling already - Yes, in both positive and negative ways - It may if the existing child is atypically developing
Yes, in both positive and negative ways The sibling's birth may increase the older child's sense of love, responsibility, and duty, it may also lead to jealousy and/or increased aggression.
Anorexia nervosa is ... - a pattern of bingeing and purging - compulsive overeating - a disorder involving self-starvation - found only in middle-aged people - easier to conceal than bulimia
a disorder involving self-starvation Bulimia involves no dramatic weightloss, so it is easier to conceal. Anorexia is quite a visible, pervasive illness because it involves self-starvation
Piaget saw children as ... - scientists - ignorant - as reactive to the environment - largely irrational - miniature adults
as reactive to the environment Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget saw children as reacting to environmental stimuli in order to create novel mental representations and schemas.
Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the development of independence? - Trust vs Mistrust - Autonomy vs shame and doubt - Initiative vs guilt - Industry vs inferiority - Generativity vs stagnation
authonomy vs shame and doubt Striving toward independence, children experience guilt and self-struggle in the form of autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Parenting characterized by consistent control, strong support, and affection fr the child, is referred to as ... - impossible - authoritative - authoritarian - permissive - realistic
authoritative Authoritiative parenting (not to be confused with authoritarian) involves a mix of boundaries (control) and encouragement of self-identity and independence (support/affection)
Infants who are least distressed by their mothers' departure are said to show.... - ambivalent attachment - insecure attachment - avoidant attachment - secure attachment - lack of affect
avoidant attachment Infants who appear not to care about their mothers' departures would be demonstrating avoidant attachment.
Applications of learning theory to help children overcome behavior disorders or cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as ... - psychology of adjustment - behavior modification - classical conditioning - sensitization learning - information processing model
behavior modification Behavior modification involves an individualied, structured application of learning theory, which may incorporate approaches such as sensitization learning, operant or classical conditioning.
The development of walking in the infant is dependent upon ... - biological maturation - experience - nature - nurture - reinforcement
biological maturation Development of physical skills is directly related to neural and muscular development. Other factors, such as practice, genetics, and culture can influence motor skill development.
In terms of language, - children can only understand words they can say - its development is predetermined and independent of experience - children can understand many more words than they can speak - development is linked very closely to the development of visual memory - children cannot imitate sounds from other cultures/languages
children can understand many more words than they can speak In most cases, receptive vocabulary (understanding) develops long before the child is ready to utter his/her first word.
In the later years of middle childhood ... - parents become increasingly influential in their children's lives - children rate their peers as the most important source of emotional support - children evaluate their parents more critically than before - siblings, if present, have no influence on the child's life - parents are temporarily unimportant to childhood development
children evaluate their parents more critically than before Approaching adolescence, children in the later years of middle childhood are more apt to view their parents as fallible human beings.
Social cognitive theorists such as Albert Bandura suggest ... - children cannot learn with the use of reinforcement and punishment - children cannot learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned - children learn much of what they know through observation - children are a "blank slate." - None of these
children learn much of what they learn through observation Social cognitive theorists such as Albert Bandura would argue that children learn much of what they know through observation of others (i.e., "modeling" or "observational learning")
A general nominal refers to.... - classes of objects - personal pronouns - specific names - words longer than two syllables - a child's name
classes of objects A general nominal (noun) refers to a class of objects (i.e., food, clothing, transportation).
According to Piaget,... - intelligence is genetic and unfolds through maturation with the passage of time - cognition is a simple process that is innate and becomes stronger with experience and time. - cognitive developments are based on children's interactions with the environment. - acquisition of knowledge is purely reactive. - cognitive developments are based on children's genetic makeup.
cognitive developments are based on children's interactions with the environment. Piaget maintained that cognitive development occurs in tandem with children's interactions with the environment - both proactive and reactive.
When infants babble, they tend to babble .... - sounds they have heard - names for mommy and daddy - total gibberish - combinations of consonants and vowels - before the age of six months
combinations of consonants and vowels Around the age of six months, infants tend to babble in consonant-vowel combinations (i.e., "ba" "ga" "ma" "da")
Which of the following represents "bodily-kinesthetic" intelligence? - verbal attitude - awareness of one's internal self - mathematical competence - ability to relate to others - dancing
dancing Dancing (and other physical activities) is a form of what Gardner terms "bodily kinesthetic" intelligence.
Of the following, the MOST common order of occurrence of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying is ... - bargaining - anger - denial - acceptance - depression - anger - denial - depression - bargaining - acceptance - bargaining - anger - denial - depression - acceptance - denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance - denial - bargaining - depression - anger - acceptance
denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance Kubler-Ross's sequence of the stages of death and dying is commonly accepted as clinically accurate
Habituation involves .... - discriminating between two commands - discriminating between two sights or sounds - operant conditioning principles - aversives - increased interest in known stimuli
discriminating between two sights or sounds Habituation involves becoming so accustomed to a stimulus (i.e., sight or sound) that it is easy to lose interst in that stimulus and pay rapid attention to novel stimuli.
Caitlyn thinks that all people love dolls because she does. This is an example of ... - egocentrism - concrete operations - symbiotic thinking - formal operations - lack of logic
egocentrism Caitlyn is indeed employing logic, albeit an egocentric sort of logic in which individual desires/perceptions are of utmost importance.
Where a parent works would be considered a (an) ... - mesosystem - exosystem - microsystem - macrosystem - pedisystem
exosystem An exosystem involves the places that affect the child, but with which the child has no direct experience/participation (i.e., the parents' work settings)
With amniocentesis ... - a biopsy is taken from the pregnant mother's spine - fluid is tested from the "sac" containing the fetus - the father's sperm is tested for genetic abnormalities - the mother's eggs are tested for genetic abnormalities - the first sonogram of the baby is taken
fluid is tested from the "sac" containing the fetus Amniocentesis, a delicate procedure conducted early in the mother's second trimester of pregnancy, involves taking fluid, via a needle that pierces the amniotic sad, in order to detect potential fetal abnormalities.
Extinction of learning occurs ... - from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement - when classically conditioned stimuli are removed - with the passage of time even if reinforcement continues - never - once something is learned it cannot be "unlearned" - due to negative reinforcement
from repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement Extinction involves eliminating a behavior through lack of reinforcement
According to Freud, children enter the latency stage at age 5 or 6 and ... - generally stay there until puberty - usually never progress to further stages - then enter the phallic stage at adolescence - stay there until the anal stage at age 8 - immediately progress to the genital stage
generally stay there until puberty Freud believed that the latency stage, which lasts throughout middle childhood, contains little in the way of active sexual development/awareness.
Receptive vocabulary .... - involves what words the child can actually say - includes all of the words the child understands - involves words the child has heard but does not yet understand - is limited to the repetition of syllables that have been heard - becomes stagnant after the first year of life
includes all of the words the child understands Receptive (as opposed to expressive) vocabulary involves comprehension rather than output
The Premack Principle ... - involves bribery - is an example of classical conditioning - states that parents have a beter chance of helping their children than do teachers - indicates that children will engage in a less-preferred activity if they know that a much-preferred activity is to follow - states that ignoring a child's behavior will help extinguish it
indicates that children will engage in a less-preferred activity if they know that a much-preferred activity is to follow According to the Premack principle, a child may read a chapter of a hated assigned novel if he/she knows he/she is to receive a double-recess period immediately following.
Cries and coos are ..... - learned - based entirely on experience - innate but modified by experience - random noise soon to be replaced by meaningful sounds - reflexes that soon disappear
innate but modified experience Children are born with most innate or involuntary reflexes (or develop them soon after birth). They are also born with certain capacities to make sounds - this capacity is then shaped by their environment (i.e., singing reinforced, screaming discouraged).
A parent engages in rough-and-tumble play with an infant. This parent ... - probably has ambivalent attachment with the child - is likely to be a father - probably is less sensitive to the physical needs of the child - is less likely to be involved wiht the child in later years - is likely to put the child in a dangerous situation
is likely to be a father Society deems it more than acceptable for fathers to engage in rough-and-tumble play with their children, and many fathers are quite willing to fulfill this societal expectation.
If parents correct the accuracy of their children, then ... - they will learn language signiticantly faster - it will speed up correct use of grammar - it will speed up acquisition of new words - it will have little effect and may slow down acquisition of new words - they will face resentment
it will have little effect and may slow down acquisition of new words Direct correction of grammar (i.e., Say "two frogs" not "two frog") can be jarring and too authoritarian for a child. Indirect correction (i.e., expanding on a sentence or simply repeating back a correct grammatical form, rather than demanding that the child repeat it) may work better.
Children in single-parent homes with well-adjusted mothers.... - still fare far worse than children from dual-parent homes - may fare as well as children from homes with constantly bickering parents - may fare better than children from dual-parent homes because they get more attention - will always rebel against their circumstances - will fare poorly because too great an attention is placed on them
may fare as well as children from homes with constantly bickering parents If despite the inherent social/financial challenges the environment is an emotionally supportive one, then the child may fare just as well, and maybe better, than a child from an emotionally unhealthy dual-parent household
Experiments use random assignment in order to ... - gather participants from a variety of sources - eliminate the need for a control group - increase the value of double-blind experiments - minimize pre-existing differences between the groups - confuse test scorers
minimize pre-existing differences between the groups Random assignment is used to help control for pre-existing differences that ruin the validity of the experiment.
Effective parent training might involve .... - modeling of behavioral strategies - respite for parental down-time - no reinforcement to encourage effective existing skills - humiliation of parents for their current skills - little interaction with a trainer
modeling of behavioral strategies Parent training, a key component of Early Intervention and Head Start programs, would involve both modeling and positive reinforcement on the part of the trainer, respite, while important for the parent of a child with special needs, would not necessarily fall into the trainer's domain
The developmental problems of children exposed in utero to cocaine can be compounded by... - parental neglect and rejection - exposure to lead after birth - it depends on the gender of the child - it depends on the age of the mother - nothing. The problem cannot be made worse
parental neglect and rejection Research has shown that children exposed to cocaine in utero will likely encounter difficult parenting conditions, due to drug abuse, poverty, and environmental stressors that affect overall quality of life for both child and parent.
Which stage of motor development comes first? - crawling - rolling - sitting - walking - jumping
rolling Usually around 4 months!
A child is willing to explore the environment and shows positive emotions to things that she/he does not know. This child is most likely to have ... - secure attachment - avoidant attachment - ambivalent attachment - disorganized attachment - an adventurous streak
secure attachment Children with secure attachment would be willing to explore their environments and discover new things. Feeling safe in their infant/caregiver bond, they would feel free to strive toward a degree of independence.
Intelligence tests ... - should avoid cultural bias - should be both valid and reliable - should never be administered to children younger than five
should avoid cultural bias and should be both valid and reliable Infants can be tested utilizing the Bayley method, preschoolers utilizing the Satanford-Binet method, for example
What is probably the most important thing children learn from peer interactions? - social skills - negative behaviors - they actually learn very little - pop-culture references - aggression
social skills Children are naturally motivated by other children, and are apt to learn important social skills from their peers.
Gardner believes: - that intelligence is entirely learned - that intelligence is one, general ability - that intelligences have neurological bases in the brain - that all intelligence is innate - that intelligence may not show up at all in some people
that intelligences have neurological bases in the brain Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences purports that several neurological bases in the brain are responsible for varying sorts of intelligence (i.e., kinesthetic, intrapersonal).
Conservation requires all of the following EXCEPT ... - the ability to reverse one's thinking - the ability to focus on two or more aspects of a situation at once - concrete operational thinking - less of an egocentric perspective - the ability to focus on one problem at a time
the ability to focus on one problem at a time According to Piaget, conservation is part of the concrete operational stage of thinking, where the ability to look at objects from mutual perspectives/approaches would enable a child to understand how, for example, volume will not necessarily change even if the shape does change.
With the rooting reflex ... - the baby turns the head toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek - the baby sucks at almost any object that touches the mouth - the baby voluntarily seeks out objects to suckle - the baby grasps an adult's hand - the baby jerks its knee in response to a light tap
the baby turns the head toward a stimulus that strokes the cheek The rooting reflex occurs when a baby turns its head and mouth toward a stimulus, such as an index finger, that strokes its cheek.
With asymmetrical tonic nect reflex (ATNR) ... - the neonate fans or spreadsthe toes in response to stroking of the foot from head to toes - the baby will show stepping motions if supported under the arms and the feet are pressed against the ground - the baby, lying on its back, turns its head to one side, extending the arm and leg on the face side of the body and flexing those on the opposite side - the neonate curls thetoes downward in response to stroking of the foot from head to toes - the baby will "hike up" its shoulders
the baby, lying on its back, turns its head to one side, extending the arm and leg on the face side of the body and flexing those on the opposite side One of the primitive infantile reflexes tht eventually integrates itself into the repertoire of more mature, voluntary movements, the ATNR involves the baby turning its head to one side while extending the arm and leg on the face side and flexing the arm and leg on the skull side. This is sometimes referred to as the "fencing position."
Vygotsky suggests .... - the child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences - children learn only through a complex interaction of rewards and punishments - children are like miniature adults and need to be nurtured only to obtain cognitive skills - that factors such as eithnicity and gender do not play the important role in development that other theorists think they play - Piaget's theories bear no weight
the child's interactions with adults organize the child's learning experiences Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky maintained that children's interactions with adults - social learning and educational scaffolding included - organize their learning experiences.
Accomodation involves .... - the elimination of an old schema - the creation of a new schema - a process of restricing knowledge to avoid confusion - a linkage between cognition and language - giving in to a situation
the creation of a new schema According to Piaget, children can assimilate information into an already-learned schema, and they can also accomodate already-learned information into a new schema.
The behavior change of subjects in an experiment is ... - the dependent variable - always different from that of the control group - the independent variable - the control variable - a wild card
the dependant variable The dependent variable in an experiment will react (behavioral change) to an independent variable.
In using an experimental group and a control group, it should first be considered that ... - more cooperative members should be put into the experimental group - the control group should be larger - the groups should be matched on all variables that may affect their performance - the experimental group should be larger - the assignment of members to each group should not matter
the groups should be matched on all variables that may affect their performance While it is true that assignment to a group should not matter, first and foremost, the designers need to control for any interfering variables that would affect outcomes (i.e. prior exposure to materials, disturbing environmental conditions such as weather, light, etc.)
Reciprocal determinisn is... - the mechanical process of conditioning by which children learn new things - a child's attempt to use assimilation and accomodation to learn - the interplay of heredity and genetics to achieve knowledge - the mutual interplay of behavior, cognitive characteristics and the environment - None of these
the mutual interplay of behavior, cognitive characteristics and the environment According to Bandura, knowledge is shaped by the mutual interplay of behavior, cognitive ability, and environmental effects. This phenomenon is known as reciprocal determinism.
The "nature/nurture" debate considers..... - why genes are more influential in development than environment - why the environment is more important in development than evolution - the relationship(s) between genetics, environment, and human development - Freud's point of view as opposed to Jungian theory - How diet and nutrition impact child development
the relationship(s) between genetics, environment, and human development The seemingly endless "nature/nurture" debate involves the relative influences of environment and heredity on development.
Maturational theory focuses on .... - the importance of the environment in determining human development - the computer metaphor for understanding human cognitive development. - the importance of patterns of reinforcement and punishment - the unfolding of genetically-determined developmental sequences - adolescence in particular
the unfolding of genetically-determined developmental sequences Maturation involves the unfolding of genetically or biologically, determined developmental sequences - for example, walking is typically an instance of maturation.
Vygotsky is most closely associated with ... - formal operations - the Strange Situation - bilingualism in children - the zone of proximal development - classical conditioning
the zone of proximal development Vygotsky is associated with the zone of proximal development, the gap between a child's current and potential cognitive skills.
Thalidomide was a popular drug in the 1960s given to ... - delay childbirth with premature labor - treat insomnia and nausea - enhance the delivery of nutrients to the fetus - promote protein retention by the mother during pregnancy - enhance hormone growth
treat insomnia and nausea Thalidomide, later proved to be a teratogen that led to limb deformities, was prescribed in the 1960s to treat insomnia and nausea.
Lawrence Kohlberg indicates that postconventional morality might ... - be typically demonstrated by preschoolers - show no concern for others - involve personal rules - typically be demonstrated by adults - have few or no universal principles
typically be demonstrated by adults According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality, the final stage of moral development, would take place in adulthood for the most part, and would involve realization that concern for others and universality of principles is of utmost concern.
Children who are socially deprived and continue to be raised in those circumstances .... - will eventually recover and overcome those conditions - will always wind up in jail - will thrive once they achieve independence - may recover but it appears significantly more likely for girls than boys - will probably continue to have problems that may even become more severe
will probably continue to have problems that may even become more severe While children may not always end up in jail, continuous social deprivation will highly likely lead to ongoing difficulties for those children (i.e., depression, low self-esteem)
Can infants assess depth? - Yes, as per the "visual cliff" experiment. - Yes, but only after a year. - Yes, but only infants who have experience crawling. - No, their visual systems are not yet attuned to this aspect of perception. - No, it is not within their sensory perception
yes, as per the "visual cliff" experiment Infants younger than a year are afraid to crawl onto a panel that looks like it is several feet below them (a "visual cliff"), even though this is an illusion.
With negative reinforcement .... - you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad. - you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired - you increase a desired behavior by taking something unpleasant away - there is no such thing as negative reinforcement - you automatically engage in punishment
you increase a desired behavior by taking something unpleasant away Negative reinforcement, in the lingo of operant conditioning, involves increasing a desired behavior by the removal of an undesired stimulus
