CLEP Psychology

How we apply the findings of psychological research to shape and change behaviors in a beneficial way

"Control behavior"

The correct answer is B.Syntax is the rules of grammar that relate to sentence structure.

"Mary yelled at John" is different from "John yelled at Mary" because of A) semantics. B) syntax. C) phonemes. D) parapraxes. E) heuristics.

"Nature" is to "nurture" as ____ is to ____

"genetics" is to "enviromnent"

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

-.81

autism, 30% are not sure

18% of Americans believe vaccines cause

Are women

3/4 of students earning master degrees and PhD in psychology

Lori is 10 years old and has done as well on an intelligence test as the average 8-year old. As originally calculated from the Stanford-Binet, what would Lori's IQ be?

80

Among humans, the sleep cycle repeats itself every...

90 minutes

The correct answer is E.Cognition deals with thoughts. The main goal of cognitive therapists is to help the person identify and change irrational thought patterns that produce atypical behaviors.

A basic assumption underlying cognitive approaches to therapy is that A) positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in controlling abnormal behavior. B) tokens that can later be traded for candy or privileges serve as effective reinforcers. C) praise and social approval serve as effective reinforcers. D) people are innately positive and strive toward self-improvement. E) abnormal behavior results from what and how the client thinks.

The correct answer is C.Closure is our tendency to fill in the gaps if an image is incomplete.

A cartoonist sketches characters in brief outline, yet people recognize them. The perceptual process by which we fill in gaps in order to "see" a complete object is A) convergence. B) perceptual constancy. C) closure. D) proximation. E) interposition.

Support or refute a hypothesis

A case study cannot be used to

The participants environment

A case study might require complete immersion in

The correct answer is D.Fixed refers to an event that is predictable. Interval refers to the passage of time. This child is being rewarded on a fixed interval schedule.

A child is rewarded with candy after every 30 minutes that she behaves appropriately. This procedure is called A) shaping. B) continuous reinforcement. C) a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. D) a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. E) a fixed ratio schedule.

The correct answer is B.Operant conditioning explains the role of reinforcement in learning. Shaping a behavior incrementally is a form of reinforcement. It does not have a comparable counterpart in classical conditioning.

A concept primarily related to operant but not to classical conditioning is A) reinforcement. B) shaping. C) stimulus discrimination. D) spontaneous recovery. E) stimulus generalization.

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates teaching style in order to measure its effects on test scores for a biology class. It turns out that the average test score among subjects in the experimental group was 81 and the average score for subjects in the control group was 75. If that 6-point difference between those two groups were "statistically significant", what would that mean?

A difference as big as 6 points, or more, would be unlikely to happen by chance.

which of the following greatly speeds up the transmission of signals through a neuron?

A myelin sheath

The correct answer is B.Neurons accumulate information and fire - or send a message - when they receive multiple messages from other neurons at one time or in quick succession.

A neuron usually fires when A) it is malfunctioning. B) it receives multiple messages at one time or in quick succession. C) it receives a single message from another neuron. D) messages arrive very slowly and are spaced far apart. E) messages to inhibit are very strong.

The correct answer is D.Trait theorists assume that personality is made up of different combinations of traits or dispositions.

A personality theory that describes a person in terms of dominance, sensitivity, extroversion, and the like is a _____ theory. A) psychoanalytic B) humanistic C) learning D) trait E) rational emotive

The correct answer is E. A prototype is a "best example" of a category, containing the main features of that category. Therefore, a robin is a good prototype of a bird (feathers, flight), and a penguin is not.

A prototype (or schema) of a giraffe would be a(n) A) innate image of what a giraffe looks like. B) photo of a particular giraffe. C) idea of how a giraffe feeds. D) a list of giraffe features. E) generalized mental model of a giraffe.

The correct answer is C.Physiological psychologists seek information about the structure and functioning of the brain—its influence on our nervous system and emotions, and our behavior.

A psychologist studies the effect of sex hormones on aggressive behavior. Another compares the brain waves of depressed persons with those of schizophrenics. A third studies the effects of brain surgery on the eating behavior of laboratory rats. Despite the differences in their research, all three are probably A) evolutionary psychologists. B) structural psychologists. C) physiological psychologists. D) personality psychologists. E) developmental psychologists.

The correct answer is E. A standardized test requires participants to answer a series of questions that are identical for all participants (a and d). It should ideally be both valid, (B), and reliable, (C).

A standardized test is one that A) has been pre-tested on a representative sample of the group for whom the test is intended. B) should accurately measure what it claims to measure. C) should produce consistent results when given at different times to the same person. D) compares an individual's score against the scores of other people taking the test. E) does all of the above choices.

On paper or face-to-face interviews via telephone or through a few mouse clicks

A survey is basically a series of questions that can be administered

The correct answer is B.An achievement test measures accumulated knowledge in a specific area or domain; aptitude tests measure what a person is likely to be good at without specific learning.

A test that measures how much one knows about U.S. history would be called a(n) A) aptitude test. B) achievement test. C) intelligence test. D) avocation test. E) validity test.

A first-grade teacher gives his students gold stars when they read on their own during classroom "free time". When they get 10 stars, they can spend their free time playing outside. What technique for behavior change is this teacher using?

A token economy

American Psychology Association

APA

divisions with many subdiciplines

APA has 50+

Association for Psychological Sciences

ASP

The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning.

Abnormal Psychology

The minimum stimulation needed for a given person to detect a given stimulus.

Absolute Threshold

The period during which the neuron cannot fire is described as which of the following?

Absolute refractory period

Adapting or revising one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Accommodation

The correct answer is D.According to Freud, libido is a basic energy that is directed at satisfying needs. Although people today use the term to mean "sex drive," Freud's meaning is much broader than just sex.

According to Freud, libido is A) a part of the phallic stage of development. B) the sex drive. C) the aggressive drive. D) a basic energy that is directed at satisfying needs. E) most strongly associated with the ego.

The correct answer is B.The cognitive theory of emotion (also called the two-factor theory) maintains that many different emotions have similar types of physiological arousal. It is the context and the cognitive label used that differentiates one emotion from another.

According to the cognitive theory of emotion, the experience of an emotion depends on A) a conscious decision of whether or not to experience an emotion. B) autonomic nervous system arousal and the cognitive interpretation of a situation. C) the state of mind prior to entering a situation and the arousal of the thalamus. D) personality traits and the nature of a situation. E) the particular chemical changes in the hypothalamus and the labeling of a sensation.

A theory about dreams that while asleep, the brain's neurons fire randomly, and as we awake, we construct a dream to make sense of those images.

Activation Synthesis Theory

The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior (especially errors and failures) to external causes.

Actor-Observer Bias

Drugs that mimic a particular nerotransmitter or block it's signal.

Agonists

The correct answer is E.Bandura expanded upon behaviorist principles to include the role of cognitive factors in personality. This is called social learning, or social cognitive theory.

Albert Bandura is MOST CLOSELY associated with A) humanistic theory. B) neopsychoanalytic thinking. C) radical behaviorism. D) Gestalt theory. E) social cognitive theory.

Trained astronauts to cope with this stressful living conditions of outerspace

Albert holland

Most abused drug in the U.S *Most do not consider it to be a drug but it meets the description and has the same negative effects as many other drugs.

Alcohol Addiction

The first to develop a standardized intelligence test.

Alfred Binet

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that GUARANTEES solving a particular problem.

Algorithm

The correct answer is D.Anxiety with no identifiable cause is called generalized anxiety disorder. By contrast, phobias involve a fear of some specific, identifiable object.

Alice feels vaguely uneasy and tense much of the time, but she is unable to pinpoint the cause of her feelings of apprehension. Alice is suffering from A) phobic disorder. B) histrionic personality disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder. E) panic disorder.

Ensure the highest degree of ethical standards

All experiments on humans and animals must be approved by the institutional review board to

If someone is awake, has his or her eyes closed, and is in a relaxed state, an EEG would most likely indicate the presence of...

Alpha Waves

Part of the brain. Influences fear and anger

Amygdala

The correct answer is A.Placebos are given to control group participants in order to determine whether participants' expectations have unintentionally influenced the experimental results.

An ineffective substance (one with no effect on body mechanisms) is sometimes given to patients participating in studies on the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. This ineffective substance given to control-condition subjects is called a(n) A) placebo. B) positive control substance. C) inert control. D) precursor. E) teratogen.

A person is ______ when they are messy and rebellious.

Anal Explusive

A person is ______ when they need to have everything perfect.

Anal Retentive

Skim the surface of peoples beliefs or attitudes, failing to tap into underlying responses

Another disadvantage to survey method is it tends to

Most frequently prescribed drug in the U.S

Anti-Anxiety Drugs

biological treatment option used to treat the severe psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia; effective for treating hallucinations; blocks dopamine receptors; Examples: thorazine, therazine, clozapine. *Can be accompanied by unplesant side effects like muslce spasms, restlessness, excessive salivation, etc,

Anti-psychotic drugs

The correct answer is B.Anti-depressants such as Prozac and Paxil are called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.)

Antidepressant drugs are thought to work by A) being acetylcholine agonists. B) increasing the brain's supply of norepinephrine and serotonin. C) decreasing the effects of dopamine on nerve synapses. D) stimulating the pituitary gland. E) altering the cognitions of the depressed patient.

Wally is 30 years old and lives at home with his parents. He frequently takes money out of his mother's purse, has killed a neighbor's cat for coming into his yard, and shoots at passing cars with a BB gun. He doesn't feel badly about any of this. Which personality disorder does Wally have?

Antisocial

A diffuse apprehension that is vague in nature and is associated with feelings of uncertainty and helplessness

Anxiety

Focuses on changing the Haviar's and outcomes, often leading to real world applications

Applied research

Sensory issues and autism, natural disaster response planning , as well as keyboard layout and improved typing performance

Applied research has generateed behavioral interventions for children with

Believe that we know reality through our perception which we learn through our sensory experiences, and approach now commonly referred to as empiricism

Aristotle - student of Plato

Laying the foundation for the approach to answering questions, including those pertaining to psychological concepts such as emotion, sensation, and perception

Aristotle has been credited with

Nature versus nurture

Aristotle provided the opposing position

Three year old Tim, who sees lots of horses on his family's farm, saw a zebra at the zoo and thought it was a horse. Which of the cognitive processes described by Piaget does this illustrate?

Assimilation

The process of learning the connection between two stimuli.

Associative Learning

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Attachment

A person's consistently favorable or unfavorable evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward an object or idea

Attitude

Parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority.

Authoritarian Parents

Parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence

Authoritative Parents

Regulates the body's internal environment. Controls glands, organs, etc.

Autonomic Nervous System

A form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. e.g. applying an electric shock to a patient each time they attempt to drink alcohol

Aversion Therapy

When an unpleasant response becomes associated with what would normally be a pleasant activity.

Aversive Conditioning

Training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts

Avoidance conditioning

Studied the relationship between behaviors and their consequences

B.F. Skinner

The correct answer is A.Behavior therapists believe that behavior is maintained because of rewards and punishments in the person's past learning. By changing the reinforcements, one can change the behavior.

Behavior therapists generally give strong emphasis to A) changing the person's reinforcement history. B) identifying faulty thought patterns. C) uncovering unconscious conflicts. D) free will and personal responsibility. E) self-acceptance and acceptance of others.

Which of the following approaches is used by a psychologist who emphasizes the power of rewards and punishment to influence behavior?

Behavioral

An approach that focuses on how people react to changes in environmental stimuli.

Behavioral Approach

The correct answer is C.Babies sleep up to 18 hours per day.

Betty has just had a baby and wonders if her baby is sleeping too much. You could tell her that an infant sleeps as many as _____ hours a day. A) 24 B) 22 C) 18 D) 9-10 E) 7-8

Bill, who's depressed, recently succeeded in getting a job he very much wanted. A cognitive therapist would want Bill to attribute his success to..

Bill's own talent and ability

Which of the following approaches is used by psychologist who studies depression by examining levels of a certain neurotransmitter in the brains of depressed and non-depressed people?

Biological

An approach that focuses on how the physiological process might produce a psychological phenomena.

Biological Approach

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of happiness and mania. Also called manic-depressive disorder.

Bipolar Disorder

The correct answer is A.Bipolar disorder is characterized by periods of mania alternating with periods of depression.

Bipolar disorder has been referred to as A) manic-depressive illness. B) double depression. C) schizophrenia. D) histrionic depression. E) anti-social personality disorder.

Part of the brain. Controls breathing, and heartbeat.

Brainstem

People don't contact the police when they witness a crime, because that way the responsibility is diffused for all of the people who have witnessed it.

Bystander Effect

The first woman president of the American psychological Association

Calkins established her own laboratory at Wellesley College eventually becoming

Seeing a stimuli that had relevance to one's well being will generate arousal and emotions at the same time.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Humanistic

Carl Rodgers, Abraham Maslow Stressed that humans have enormous potential for personal growth. Emphasized importance of free will, the human ability to make choices, and the uniqueness of the individual.

There are other explanations for behavior

Case studies do not allow us to compare conditions to determine if

Multiple avenues to gather information

Case studies typically involves collecting a vast amount of data on 1 foot secular person or group, Austin using

Dave's mother occasionally has outbursts of uncontrollable behavior, but usually sits motionless in a chair. Dave once tried to help his mother feed herself by lifting her hand up to her mouth, but when he let go her hand remained in mid-air. Which form of schizophrenia does Dave's mother have?

Catatonic

The recall one experiences through the process of grouping words together into categories even if they are presented in a random order--done through conceptual processes.

Category clustering

All of the following are considered "Big Five" personality traiges EXCEPT

Cathexis (ones that are part- neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness)

The correct answer is C. In an experiment, one variable at a time is manipulated while all other variables are held constant. This is done in order to ensure that any results are due only to the variable being manipulated.

Cause and effect can BEST be determined through the A) correlational method. B) direct observation. C) experimental method. D) case history method. E) questionnaire technique.

Part of the brain. Controls coordination of voluntary movement.

Cerebellum

Stimulate or activate the nervous system

Chemical Stimulus

When the body gets into a sleep/wake rhythm

Circadian Rhythm

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events e.g. Ivan Pavlov's dogs that salivate at the sound of a bell In this example, salivating is a NORMAL (classical) response to food.

Classical Conditioning

Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||What type of learning does this illustrate?

Classical Conditioning

The differing areas in psychology are difficult for psychologists to label or classify. *Many people are multi-symptomatic

Classification and labeling

Which therapeutic approach focuses on clients discovering their own ways to resolve their issues?

Client-centered

counseling psychologists- provide advice and guidance, usually work in a school, usually help with adjustment problems, not the mentally ill

Clinical psychology

specialize in psychotherapy and psychological testing

Clinical/counseling

medical doctors they have PhD's, PsyD's or EdD's

Clinicians are NOT

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, ideas, beliefs, and communicating.

Cognition

An approach that explains behavior in terms of thoughts and feelings.

Cognitive Approach

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions (Conflicting ideas)

Cognitive Dissonance

If you behave in a way that you normally wouldn't, and there are consequences, you make up an explanation for it.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Cognitive Map

Studies of monkeys raised with their mothers showed that they preferred a surrogate mother who provided comfort over one who provided food.

Comfort vs. Food

Psychology is simply common sense

Common misconception

Based on casual observation

Common sense

The correct answer is A.Modern anti-psychotic drugs allowed many people to be deinstitutionalized. Unfortunately, many of them became "street people" because they were unable or unwilling to continue to take their medication.

Compared with the number of people with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis living in public mental health hospitals, the number living in public shelters and on the street is A) much greater. B) about the same. C) much fewer. D) unknown. E) currently decreasing.

Conforming to a request or demand

Compliance

The person's need to perform REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS like hand washing, ordering, checking, or mental acts like prayers, counting, repeated words, etc.

Compulsions

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Concept

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Concrete Operational Stage

*A response not normally associated with a given stimulus. *In Pavlov's experiment, the dogs started salivating even if there was no food. Dogs do not normally salivate when a bell rings unless they knew from before that when a bell rings, food comes.

Conditioned Response

A stimulus that is made to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (the ringing of the bell in Pavlov's experiment.)

Conditioned Stimulus

Ordinarily a neutral stimulus paired with a unconditioned stimulus to achieve a desired result and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone; in Pavlov's experiment, the bell

Conditioned Stimulus

The most basic and fundamental type of learning

Conditioning

Which type of cell allows us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

Cones

If you truly believe a movie is good, than you will ignore the bad /boring parts, and focus on the good parts to affirm your conclusion.

Confirmation Bias

A source of stress in which some goals can be satisfied only at the expense of others

Conflict

A change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people

Conformity

Whether scores are related.

Construct Validity

A strategy that seeks to change behavior by modifying its consequences.

Contingency Management

Occurs when reinforcement is delivered after every single target behaviour

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) Schedule

Use research findings to shape, modify and control behavior

Control

Which of the following is a binocular cue for perceiving distance?

Convergence

Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer

Convergent Thinking

Allison's parents fight constantly. They're loud and violent, and Allison hates it. One day she woke up to find that she could no longer hear. Which disorder does Allison have?

Conversion

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Conversion Disorder

The correct answer is C.The medulla controls breathing and heart rate.

Coordination of breathing and heart rate is controlled primarily in a part of the brain stem called the A) reticular formation. B) pons. C) medulla. D) cerebrum. E) hypothalamus.

-1.00 to +1.00

Correlation coefficients range from

The correct answer is B.Average scores of two variables are compared to determine whether they rise and fall together. Correlation is always at the level of the group, never the individual. Cause and effect cannot be determined from correlational data.

Correlation is a technique that A) measures personality. B) compares groups of scores. C) focuses on individuals. D) allows us to determine cause and effect. E) provides proof of the existence of a trait.

Other types of experiments are unethical or impossible to do

Correlation research is used when

A _________ is a similarity between two things that describes the strength of the relationship.

Correlational Coefficient

A period where exposure to appropriate stimuli is required in order for the various perceptual skills to develop.

Critical Period

The average correlation for every possible way of splitting the test in half.

Cronbach's Alpha

Comparing people of different ages at the same point in time.

Cross-Section Study

The study of people people of all different ages.

Cross-Sequential Study

Age being confounded with cohort will necessarily be a problem for which type of study?

Cross-sectional

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Crystallized Intelligence

Help psychologist develop hypotheses and fine-tune their theories

Dad I gain from descriptive research Often fear the course for future studies and

A Freudian concept that refers to a tendency of individuals to harbor an unconscious wish to die or hurt themselves or others; accounts for the aggressive drive. (Nonsense)

Death Instincts

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Defense Mechanisms

When patients are released from mental institutions and return home to their home communities. (wow say that 5 times fast!) *Happened regularly in the 1950's.

Deinstitutionalization

Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. *An atheist refusing to accept Christ because he is unwilling to let go of his sinful lifestyle so he chooses to hold to atheism as a crutch despite all the evidence in Science, the Bible, and Jesus.

Denial

The variable in an experiment that is the result of another variable.

Dependent Variable

What is being measured as a result of manipulation

Dependent variable

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. *Opposite of stimulants

Depressants

And the mind has no physical substance

Descartes propose that the body is like a tangible machine

Thoughts, emotions, and other topics believed to be beyond the scope of study

Descartes work allowed for more scientific approach to examining

Report what is observed, goal 1

Describe

New or unexplored topics when researchers might not have specific expectations about outcomes

Descriptive research is primarily concerned with describing, and is useful for studying

Cannot unearth cause and effect affect relationships

Descriptive research provides Kloost to the causes of behavior but

study maturation and learning in children and adults not a psychologists who treats children

Developmental psychology

The ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli

Discrimination (Psychology)

Multiple-personality is a rare form of which category of psychological disorders?

Dissociative

Archie has been working at a car wash in Chicago for a month. He has a number of documents that say his real name is Luther Hunt and that he lives in Pittsburgh, has a wire and two kids, and has a job as a stockbroker. Archie remembers none of this. Which disorder does Archie have?

Dissociative fugue

A type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems. (Macgyver)

Divergent Thinking

Asking somebody for a LARGE favor, and when they refuse, asking them for a MUCH smaller favor.

Door-in-the-face technique

A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation. *Most common chromosome abnormality in humans

Down's Syndrome

The correct answer is E.Cognitive psychologists study the ways in which we learn about our environment, store the knowledge in our memory, process that knowledge, and use it to act with forethought in novel situations.

Dr. Reisburg is studying the thinking process in infants. Her area of specialization is probably A) introspection. B) behaviorism. C) sociology. D) psychoanalysis. E) cognitive psychology.

Tension resulting from a need that arouses and directs a behavior. *A state of activation that occurs as a response to a need or desire for something

Drive

The correct answer is A.Amphetamines are also known as stimulants.

Drugs that are used to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight are called A) amphetamines. B) endorphins. C) opiates. D) hallucinogens E) neurotoxins

Independent variable maybe use

Due to the complex nature of human behavior often more than one

The correct answer is B.One sleep cycle is 90 minutes and most people sleep eight hours.

During a typical night's sleep, most people experience about _____ complete cycles of sleep. A) two or three B) four or five C) seven or eight D) ten or more E) the number varies with each individual.

Senselessly repeating other people's movements

Echolalia

Structuralism

Edward Titchener Examined the structure of the mind, analyzed structure and content of mental states by introspection, and was concerned with reducing experience to its basic parts

Student of wundt, develop structuralism at Cornell University

Edward titchener

Homer loves his wife deeply, but he also can't stand the fact that she leaves their car dirty whenever she drives in and he wants to tell her about his anger. According to psychoanalytic theory, which part of Homer's personality can help him resolve the conflict between his wife and being angry at her?

Ego

Part of the three stage personality model created by Freud. The rational, realistic part of our personalities.

Ego

self focused *Proposed by Sigmund Freak (I meant Freud) :D

Ego

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Egocentrism

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Emotional Intelligence

Which chemicals are responsible for the "runner's high" and important for controlling pleasure/pain properties?

Endorphins

Interactionist position that suggests that psychological characteristics are the result of neither heredity nor the environment working alone--organisms develop through the interaction of one's genetic programming and one's experiences in the environment.

Epigenetic Model

When an aversive stimulus is presented, an animal responds by leaving the stimulus situation.

Escape Conditioning

The correct answer is E.Ethical principles state that the participants must be protected from foreseeable harm, that they must not be coerced, and that they must be informed of all procedures in advance. In some research, participants could experience discomfort, but the benefits of the experiment should outweigh the costs.

Ethical guidelines for conducting experimental research require that psychologists must do all of the following EXCEPT A) avoid violating the confidentiality of information provided by research subjects. B) consider the dignity and welfare of research subjects. C) avoid needless harm and exploitation of animal subjects. D) not use coercion to get or keep participants for a study. E) avoid experiments that bring discomfort or embarrassment to test subjects.

That a casual link exist between them

Even if there is a very strong correlation between two variables this does not indicate

The correct answer is E.The six main emotions appear to be universal; they are easily recognized by people from diverse cultures.

Evidence from research suggests that facial expressions associated with the basic emotions are NOT LIKELY to be A) learned by imitation. B) acquired from feedback. C) classically conditioned responses. D) programmed by heredity. E) substantially different from one culture to another.

People whose levels of arousal are increased through exercise, or other means, will become more insulted and angry than others.

Excitation Transfer

The correct answer is E.In random assignment, participants are assigned to different experimental groups at random (equally likely to be assigned to any given group). This reduces the probability that there will be systematic, pre-existing differences between groups.

Experiments use random assignment in order to A) gather participants from a variety of sources. B) eliminate the need for a control group. C) increase the value of double-blind experiments. D) prevent participants from guessing the true nature of the experiment. E) minimize pre-existing differences between the groups.

A form of power that stems from having expertise in a particular area

Expert Power

Organize and understand observations of behavior, goal 2

Explain

An external, environmental process that exercises control over an individual's behavior or motivations. *Influences a person's behavior by giving rewards and punishments

External Control

When an individual refuses to accept responsibility for failure and blames it on someone else. (He is being a locust!)

External Locus of Control

Triggered when a person desires a thing that is not driven at a biological level and there is no physical need for such a desire, yet the person still craves the thing psychologically.

External Psychological Cues

Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||If, after the learning took place, Anita began to show up at Wally's without cat fur on her clothes, Wally's learned response would....

Extinguish

The hypothesis that the activity of facial muscles tells us if we're happy or not.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Founders of psychological psychology, made the groundwork for research on sensation and perception

Fechner is considered one of the

The correct answer is A.The surface of the cerebral cortex has many folds and creases; this effectively increases the total surface area of the cortex.

Folds and creases within the brain are most evident in the A) cerebral cortex. B) right hemisphere. C) midbrain. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla.

Getting somebody to do a small favor, and then asking them for a LARGE favor.

Foot-In-The Door Technique

Effortful reflection on the sensations, feelings, and images experienced in response to a stimulus followed by reports that were objective

For wundt introspection involved

Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development (ages 11 or 12 and beyond), which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations

Formal Operations Stage

Describe, explain, predict and control behavior

Four main goals of psychology

Naturalistic observation, case study, survey method, correlation Method

Four types of descriptive research

Occurs for the most part unconsciously or outside of awareness

Freud Believe behavior and personality are influenced by the conflict between one's inner desires and expectations of society a class that

The correct answer is A.Proximity means "close to."

Friendship that develops because people live near to each other is based on A) proximity. B) similarity. C) familiarity. D) attractiveness. E) reinforcement.

Part of the brain. Controls higher levels of thinking, such as planning and predicting the consequences of behaviors.

Frontal Lobes

The theory that anger is always the product of frustration.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Which of the following is the philosophical approach to studying human behavior that emphasizes the purpose or usefulness of behavior?

Functionalism

Educational psychology, studies of the motion, and comparative studies of animal behavior

Functionalism has continued to influence the practice of psychology as influenced by

People who focus on how mental experiences are adaptive.

Functionalists

One's sense of being male or female

Gender Identity

Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex.

Gender Roles

The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli. For example, a dog conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch and loudness will also salivate with considerable regularity in response to tones of higher and lower pitch.

Generalization

Larry often feels nervous and anxious, but he doesn't know why. Occasionally, his heart will start pounding for no apparent reason and he'll break out in a cold sweat. Which disorder does Larry have?

Generalized anxiety

These Psychologists formulated rules by which the brain pieces together meaningful experiences out of fragments of sensation.

Gestalt Psychologists

The correct answer is D.Sensory adaptation is the tendency of sensory receptors to adjust to a stimulus and stop responding after a time.

Getting used to an obnoxious odor in a closed room is an example of A) desensitization. B) sensory decrement. C) selective attention. D) sensory adaptation. E) lateral inhibition.

Which of these people is most likely to be prescribed Thorazine?

Gilda, who suffers from delusions of persecution

Vera, Chuck, and Dave all think Paul is a relatively nice person. After talking together about why they think Paul is nice, though, they've all decided that Paul is so nice that he's one of the nicest persons on the planet. What is this phenomenon called?

Group polarization

Realized he could "solve" The mind - body conundrum, by studying the physical ability to sense stimuli

Gustav t fechner- german psychiatrist

Process of conditioning a test subject

Habituation

A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience. (Simply put, they make you go crazy)

Hallucinogens

The correct answer is C.According to Selye, in response to stress, the body goes through the stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion.

Hans Selye's term "general adaptation syndrome" refers to A) the degree to which psychological hardiness provides a buffer against stress. B) the body's psychological response to stress. C) a similar, physiological reaction to stress regardless of source. D) a series of defense mechanisms used by the mind to resist stress. E) the genetic factors that determine an individual's predisposition to stress.

The correct answer is B.Heuristics are "rules of thumb" or mental shortcuts.

Heuristics refers to A) mathematical formulas and procedures. B) "rules of thumb" that are likely to be successful in problem solving. C) listening carefully to instructions from an experimenter. D) a technique which, if followed, will always yield the correct solution. E) techniques that can be used to enhance memory.

"I knew it all along", constantly seeking to explain events, come up with plausible explanations

Hindsight bias

Part of the brain. Processes memory

Hippocampus

Believing they are being treated

Human beings frequently feel better simply as a result of

An approach that states a human's behaviors are determined by a genetic code. They believe that people are "basically good".

Humanistic Approach

A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Hypnosis

Part of the brain. Controls urges of hunger, thirst, and sexual intercourse.

Hypothdamus

Part of the three stage personality model created by Freud. The part of our personality that controls our built-in needs

ID

act proper and ideal as defined by parents and culture

Idealistic Principle

The correct answer is E.Social psychologists study the social conditions that influence human behavior.

If a psychologist is interested in why people help or fail to help during an emergency, that psychologist likely specializes in A) health psychology. B) environmental psychology. C) forensic psychology. D) clinical psychology. E) social psychology.

The results may be affected

If the groups are lopsided with respect to some variable,

The correct answer is D.Attributions can be either internal (dispositional) or external (situational). All of the choices except (D) are attributions about the situation. (D) is an attribution about the person.

If you fail an exam, a dispositional attribution of your failure would be A) "I could have done better if I hadn't had a cold." B) "The professor didn't explain the material very well." C) "I had to work the night before the exam." D) "I've never taken examinations as seriously as I should." E) "My roommate distracted me while I was trying to study."

The correct answer is D.A conditioned response is a learned response. It occurs after exposure to the conditioned stimulus and mimics the unconditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment, the dogs learned to drool to the sound of the bell (CS) after the bell had been repeatedly paired with food (UCS).

If you salivate at the sight of McDonald's "Golden Arches," you are showing A) an unconditioned response. B) a reflex action. C) a conditioned stimulus. D) a conditioned response. E) learned helplessness.

The correct answer is B. A mnemonic device is a memory aid, particularly for straight memorization. It often involves chunking and/or elaboration.

If you think of "BEGS" to remember "butter, eggs, garbage bags, soap" at the grocery store, you are using A) consolidation learning. B) a mnemonic device. C) the method of loci. D) a memory chunk. E) memory encoding transfer.

The correct answer is E.Delayed rewards or punishments are ineffective reinforcers for animals or young children; they cannot make the connection between the event and the reinforcement because of the time lapse.

If, three hours after the event, a two-year-old child is rewarded for "going potty," this delayed reward will probably A) extinguish all bowel behavior. B) cause him not to mess his pants again. C) cause him to expect a reward whenever he uses the toilet. D) make the child want to "go potty" more often. E) have no effect on the child's behavior.

The correct answer is C.The $1.00 participants were unable to make an external attribution for their participation (I got paid a lot) and therefore made an internal attribution instead (I must like it).

In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment on cognitive dissonance, the subjects who reported the greatest enjoyment of the boring task were the ones who A) were of low intelligence. B) were paid $20.00. C) were paid $1.00. D) were ordered to comply. E) performed the task with a group of people.

The correct answer is C.The correct order of development for Piaget's stages is sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

In Jean Piaget's theory, the order in which developmental stages occur is A) sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational, preoperational. B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational. C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. D) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor. E) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational.

The correct answer is E. An unconditioned response is a behavior that occurs automatically. People are reflexively afraid of loud noises.

In Watson's experiment with Albert, the unconditioned response was A) fear of the rat. B) fear of John Watson. C) a loud noise. D) a white rat. E) fear of the loud noise.

The correct answer is B.Control groups are used to provide a point of comparison with members of the experimental group. The control group provides a baseline against which to compare the changes produced by the experimental intervention.

In an experiment designed to test the effect of alcohol on aggression, the randomly selected group that ingests soda instead of alcohol is called the A) experimental group. B) control group. C) dependent group. D) non-aggressive group. E) independent group.

The correct answer is D.An unconditioned response does not have to be learned. It reflexively occurs in the presence of an unconditioned stimulus. A dog does not need to learn to drool (UCR) when presented with meat (UCS).

In behavioral terms, a reflex action would be called a(n) A) conditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned stimulus. C) conditioned response. D) unconditioned response. E) paired association

The correct answer is C. In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus comes to have meaning (becomes a conditioned stimulus) only after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that does NOT initially produce a conditioned response is the A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unlearned stimulus. C) conditioned stimulus. D) orienting stimulus. E) positive reinforcer.

The correct answer is C.Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond in the same way to any stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus.

In conditioning, when a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, the phenomenon is called A) paired association. B) stimulus discrimination. C) stimulus generalization. D) response discrimination. E) response generalization.

The correct answer is D. A questionnaire is a set of written questions that can be answered by a large number of people, and then scored quickly

In order to gather data quickly from a large number of people, a researcher would use the A) experimental method. B) correlational method. C) naturalistic observation. D) questionnaire method. E) case history method.

The correct answer is D.An attribution is an attempt, either internally or externally-based, to explain behavior.

In psychological terms, attribution is the A) analysis one does of the costs and benefits of a study before conducting it. B) tendency to view all members of a particular group as being relatively the same. C) beliefs, feelings, and typical behaviors a person displays toward a particular object. D) explanation of a particular behavior. E) debriefing provided to a subject after an experiment is concluded.

The variable in an experiment that causes a change in another variable.

Independent Variable

Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping", found in newborns

Infant Reflexes

The correct answer is D.Infants who are securely attached use the mother as a secure base from which to explore the environment and gradually develop independence.

Infants who are securely attached A) fear strangers. B) are indifferent to the presence of the mother. C) becomes anxious when the mother leaves. D) use the mother as a secure base. E) are always in close contact with the mother.

The theory that dreams are a way to sort through the day's events and stamp them into our memory.

Information-Processing Theory

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response.

Instinctive Drift

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Intelligence

The correct answer is E.Interference theory states that when people forget it is not because the memories are actually lost, but because other information gets in the way of what a person is trying to remember. This tendency is increased when two items from memory become confused because they are too similar.

Interference with memory is MOST LIKELY to occur when you are A) in a positive emotional state. B) in a negative emotional state. C) anxious. D) learning information dissimilar to earlier learning. E) learning material similar to earlier learning.

When an individual takes blame for something that is not their fault. (He is not a locust, he is an Eeyore)

Internal Locus of Control

When an object partially blocks out another, so we think that the first object is closer.

Interposition

Internal, personal process that controls or motivates an individual's behavior.

Intrinsic Control

Method used to examine one's own conscious activities

Introspection

Don't change their natural behaviors

It is important for researchers to be unobtrusive so participants

Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, BF Skinner Stressed the study of observable behavior, not unobservable consciousness. Behavior is assumed to be wholly determined by environmental factors.

Studied canine digestion

Ivan pavalov

The correct answer is C.Equilibrium is the sense of the position of our body, as well as our ability to maintain it in space. Equilibrium is maintained by a combination of gravity and the position of the fluid in the inner ear.

Jackie has an inner ear infection. The sense that she is MOST likely to notice because of its impairments is A) selectivity. B) hearing. C) equilibrium. D) kinesthesis. E) adaptation.

It does serve a function, and it is important to study the purpose of thought processes, feelings, and behaviors

James believe because consciousness is an ever-changing "stream" of thoughts,

Charles Darwin

James was inspired by

Seeing a stimuli that had relevance to one's well being will cause arousal, and THEN emotions

James-Lange Theory

Cognitive

Jean Piaget Studied the internal, mental representations that are used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding

The correct answer is D.Episodic memory is memory of personal experiences.

Jennifer and Paneka both remember going to a party, but they disagree on who was there. They differ in their A) procedural memory. B) working memory. C) semantic memory. D) episodic memory. E) implicit memory.

The world through observation

Knowledge is a result of our experiences, Aristotle pave the way for scientist to study

Proposes three major levels of moral development, with two sub-stages for each level *Criticized specifically for culture and gender and not being valid among all cultures and ethnicities.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development

According to Sigmund Freud, this content in dreams is a wish that the dreamer would suppress if they were awake.

Latent Content

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. For example, a child might learn how to complete a math problem in class, but this learning is not immediately obvious. Only when the child is offered some form of reinforcement for completing the problem does this learning reveal itself.

Latent Learning

Escape from a painful situation is impossible because the subject has learned from a previous and similar situation

Learned Helplessness

The ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved.

Learning Set

Explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory (more "deeply" processed) will be remembered *Though there is just one memory, information can be processed within that memory at different degrees, levels, or depths.

Levels of Processing Model of Memory

Instincts oriented toward growth, development, and creativity that serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race.

Life Instincts

A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life.

Locus of Control

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Long-Term Memory

most used

MMPI

The northside Center for Child development in upper Manhattan

Mamie Clark became executive director of

First black woman to be awarded PhD in psychology from Columbia University

Mamie P Clark

Prejudice and discrimination on child development

Mamie and her husband bencrofts work examined the impact of

A child's self-esteem

Mamie explored how race recognition impacks

According to Sigmund Freud, this content in dreams are images that actually appear to the dreamer.

Manifest Content

Titcheners student, first female to learn PhD in psychology at Cornell

Margaret f washburn

A drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations.

Marijuana

The correct answer is B.EEG is short for electroencephalograph. It measures electrical activity in the brain.

Marvin's physician is looking at amplified tracings of his brain's electrical activity. The device being used is called a(n) A) EKG. B) EEG. C) CAT scan. D) MRI. E) PET scan.

Student of James, completed all the requirements for a PhD at Harvard like it was an all male college so she was denied

Mary w calkins

The correct answer is D. A phobia is an irrational fear of an object or situation. Matt is afraid of a specific, identifiable event.

Matt has an extreme fear of being caught in a thunderstorm and is constantly anxious whenever there are clouds in the sky. Matt's intense, irrational fear is an example of a(n) A) panic disorder. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) dysthymic disorder D) phobic disorder. E) affective disorder.

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

Maturation

Gestalt

Max Wertheimer Emphasized perception and that stimuli are perceived as whole entities rather than parts put together, (Whole may be greater than the sum of parts)

A family of mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a nonanalytical way.

Meditation

Which of the following areas of the brain, located at the top of the spinal cord, regulates breathing, waking, and heartbeat?

Medulla

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. *Begins during the developmental period

Mental Retardation

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Mental Set

Implicit or explicit knowledge about memory abilities and effective memory strategies; cognition about memory

Metamemory

Any trick to aid in memorization *e.g. acronyms, rhymes, or any other memory aid

Mnemonic Device

A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of someone else.

Modeling

Also known as pure light and are made up of waves of all one color

Monochromatic Light

A basic unit of meaning in a language. *words may contain more than one of these...

Morpheme

Researchers do not disturb the participants or their environment

Most important feature to naturalistic observation is that

Is very important for the baby's future health

Mother's Diet

The apparent movement of stable objects as we ourselves move.

Motion parallax

Sends information from the brain to the body.

Motor Neurons

Uncontrollable attacks of sleep during waking hours.

Narcolepsy

A researcher sits at a table in a restaurant all day and records what customers in adjoining booths are saying and doing. What type of research is this?

Naturalistic observation

Pinned down with operational definitions

Naturalistic observation centers around variables in those variables must be

Part of a controversy as to which stimulus has more affect on a person's behavior. Our genetic code and heritage.

Nature

Central theme for psychology

Nature and nurture

Studies of heredity and environmental factors

Nature and nurture both play important roles, and current research explores the contributions of each through

Any event whose reduction or termination (taken away) increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. *A child cleans her room to avoid her parents nagging *Seat belt buzzer stops when the seat belt is fastened

Negative Reinforcer

As one variable goes up the other goes down

Negative correlation

Lori has a glass of wine when she comes home every night because it relieves her unpleasant feelings of stress. Which operant-conditioning technique is maintaining Lori's drinking?

Negative reinforcement

A newborn baby less than four weeks old

Neonate

The simplest cell of the nervous system is a...

Neuron

played a big role in reducing the number of patients who have to be placed in institutions for the mentally ill.

New Drug Treatments

Prove a cause and Effect link

No matter how high the r value is or how logical the relationship seems it does not

1879

No psychologist until

______ claimed that children are "pre-wired" to learn a language (The Language Acquisition Device)

Noam Chomsky

When a repeated presentation of a single stimulus produces an enduring change in behavior.

Non-Associative Learning

clinical psychologists

Not all therapists are

Part of a controversy as to which stimulus has more affect on a person's behavior. The environmental effects on our development.

Nurture

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Obedience

Meaning free of opinions, beliefs, expectations and values

Objective

The correct answer is A.Another term for observational learning is modeling.

Observational learning is often referred to as A) modeling. B) insight. C) mimicry D) alpha-conditioning. E) higher-order conditioning.

Lucy washes her hands every time she touches anything someone else has touched. She also runs dishes through the dishwasher several times in succession before putting them away. Which psychological disorder does Lucy have?

Obsessive-compulsive

Part of the brain. Controls sight.

Occipital Lobes

The correct answer is D.Although there are individual differences, the MOST common order of occurrence of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying is denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance.

Of the following, the MOST common order of occurrence of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying is A) bargaining - anger - denial - acceptance - depression. B) anger - denial - depression - bargaining - acceptance. C) bargaining - anger - denial - depression - acceptance. D) denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance. E) depression - anger - bargaining - denial - acceptance.

The correct answer is B.People who are at the conventional level of moral development are concerned with social order and acceptance.

Of the following, the person who is MOST LIKELY to be at the conventional level of moral reasoning is A) John, who decides not to steal a book because he might be punished. B) Jerry, who decides to contribute to the building fund because he is afraid his friends will disapprove of him if he doesn't. C) Sandra, who resists the urge to run a red light at 3 a.m. because she doesn't want a ticket. D) Arthur, who decides to contribute to the building fund because of self-developed moral principles. E) Ken, who decides to follow through on a commitment he made because he fears revenge by his partners if he doesn't follow through.

There precise descriptions and manners of measurement

Once the variables for a study are chosen, researchers must create operational definitions that offer

Including multiple observers and then determine how similarly they record the behaviors

One way to insure issues don't intrude on a study is to

Behavior that maintains or increases in frequency when reinforced and decreases when punished or not reinforced. *Coined by B.F. Skinner

Operant

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System. Makes it possible for you to relax.

Parasympathetic

Part of the brain. Controls sense and touch.

Parietal Lobes

They have to admit to things they are uncomfortable discussing face-to-face

Participants in a survey are not always forthright in their response is specially when

The correct answer is B.Endorphins are the body's naturally-produced pain killers.

People who are particularly sensitive to the experience of pain A) may have overactive fast pathways. B) may be deficient in endorphin production. C) may have a malfunctioning gate-control mechanism. D) may have an overproduction of prostaglandins. E) may have too many pain receptors in their skin.

The correct answer is A.Bulimics tend to binge and then purge, whereas anorexics severely restrict their caloric intake and are very underweight.

People with bulimia A) are often normal weight. B) are most often middle aged females. C) use extreme dieting. D) are more often male than female. E) are more commonly black adolescents, while white adolescents tend toward anorexia.

Includes the sensory and motor neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System

The correct answer is B.Person-centered therapists believe that humans have an innate drive toward self-actualization that is likely to be achieved in a warm, accepting, and supportive environment.

Person-centered therapy most emphasizes A) re-organizing disordered thought processes. B) warmth and acceptance by the therapist. C) reinforcing desirable behavior. D) gaining insight into the causes of one's disturbances. E) a cognitive, problem-solving approach.

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Personality

a person's tendency to act the same way in different circumstances or environments, often described in traits

Personality

A kind of speaking or writing that is intended to influence people's actions.

Persuasion

How you can affect someone else's behavior.

Persuasive Behavior

The self-realization of one's own body.

Phallic Stage

The correct answer is C.Pheromones are odorous chemical secretions that are sexually attractive to members of the same species. They are important in animal sexual behavior but contribute little to human sexual behavior.

Pheromones are A) receptor cells for vision. B) receptor cells for taste and smell. C) odor chemicals produced by animals. D) devices for measuring sound loss in humans. E) chemical substances that help neurons communicate.

(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language

Phoneme

In a famous study, college freshmen were paired randomly with someone of the opposite sex for a "Welcome Week" dance. What determined most whether individuals like the person with whom they were paired?

Physical attractiveness

Humans are born with some degree of innate knowledge

Plato believed that truth and knowledge exist in this so before birth meaning

The contribution of nature in the human capacity for cognition

Plato raised an important issue

A stimulus that increases the future probability of a response upon which its presentation is contingent.

Positive Reinforcer

As one variable increases so does the other

Positive correlation

Bob gets a dollar for every magazine subscription he sells. What type of operant-conditioning consequence is maintaining Bob's selling?

Positive reinforcement

Describes how context can affect the interpretation of communication. e.g. Someone says "nice day" during a thunderstorm... BUT those within earshot know he was saying that sarcastically.

Pragmatics

Extracting information automatically or simultaneously across a large portion of the visual field because it stands out immediately (e.g. finding an unusual stimulus-white bird in a group of black birds); do not have to deliberately shift your attention

Pre-attentive Processing

A cashier gave Ken $10 too much in change, but Ken gave it back because he was afraid he might get caught and punished if he tried to keep it. Ken is in which of Kohlberg's moral stages?

Pre-conventional

Do you observed behavior patterns, make predictions about what will happen in the future, goal three

Predict

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Preoperational Stage

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. (Natural, unlearned, and rooted in biology) *Food, thirst, and shelter

Primary Reinforcer

A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. *Riding a bike, tying a neck tie, etc. Will usually last a life-time

Procedural Memory

A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group. e.g. sleeping in, getting stuck in traffic, and then blaming the other drivers when late to work

Projection

The collective body of miss information about human nature

Psycho mythology

Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

Helping an individual recognize their individual conflicts.

Psychoanalysis

An approach that believes thoughts, feelings, and behaviors stem from the interaction of innate drives, and society's restrictions on the expression of those drives. (specifically, sexual and aggressive drives)

Psychodynamic Approach

The study of how language is acquired, perceived, understood, and produced.

Psycholinguistics

Internal Physiological cues that indicate that something is desired and is a result of a physical need

Psychological Cues

Basic research, applied research

Psychologist study two major types of research

Meticulous and methodical observation and data analysis

Psychology is based on

mostly paper and pencil intelligence and personality tests

Psychology testing

An area of psychology that addresses the topic of sensation. How sensitive we are to changes in stimulation.

Psychophysics

Stages in one's life that the body is centered on overcoming an obstacle (potty-training, teething...).

Psychosexual Stages

The view that each person joining a social situation adds less influence than the previous person to join the group

Psychosocial Law

troubled people improve their mental health

Psychotherapy helps

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

Punisher

The correct answer is C.Although punishment can decrease the frequency of behaviors, it tends only to suppress the unwanted behavior. Rewarding alternative positive behavior as well is more effective than utilizing punishment alone.

Punishment is A) more effective than the use of rewards. B) inconsistent with operant principles. C) most effective when used with rewards. D) totally inappropriate with babies and animals. E) not able to produce a significant change in behavior.

The correct answer is B.REM sleep occurs towards the end of each sleep cycle. Each sleep cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes.

REM sleep typically begins approximately how long after one falls asleep? A) within a half-hour B) 70-90 minutes C) 90-120 minutes D) 120-180 minutes E) anytime after 180 minutes

Assigning participants to different groups

Random assignment comes into play late when you are

Interference resulting from these types of characteristics

Random assignment helps reduce some of the

A study to gather participants from a larger population

Random sampling is used at the onset of

The possibility of some participant characteristics influencing the findings

Randomly choosing which treatment the participants receive reduces

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recall

How the environment and the person's individual character react to influence their consistency of behavior.

Reciprocal Determinism

We feel obligated to help those who have helped us.

Reciprocity Norm

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Recognition

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

Reflex

A return to a prior stage after a person has progressed through the various stages of development; caused by anxiety.

Regression

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Relearning

"I think, therefore I am", believed that most everything else was uncertain, including what he saw with his own eyes

Renée Descartes

(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious

Repression

The correct answer is C.There is no one personality type that is associated with alcoholism.

Research into the causes of alcoholism has shown all of the following EXCEPT A) people can become alcoholics even if they do not have a genetic predisposition towards alcoholism. B) heredity apparently plays some role. C) there is an alcoholic personality type. D) it occurs in persons from all walks of life. E) males are heavier drinkers than females.

Variables that might unintentionally influence the dependent variable

Researchers have to carefully contemplate the different kinds of

Part of the brain. Controls arousal and sleep.

Reticular Formation

The correct answer is A.Regression is a Freudian defense mechanism where the individual under stress retreats to an earlier, safer time in development.

Retreating toward behavior that usually characterizes a lower level of maturity is called A) regression. B) repression. C) reaction formation. D) displacement. E) projection.

-recovery of stored information *allows past experiences to influence new decisions and associations

Retrieval

The correct answer is B.Acoustic means "sound."

Sarah remembers things better when she hears them than when she reads them. Sarah's learning style favors _____ encoding. A) semantic B) acoustic C) iconic D) implicit E) mnemonic

A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

Schemas

One's organized mental representations of the world

Schemas

A systematic approach to gathering knowledge through careful observation and experimentation

Science

Sharing results and doing so in a manner that permit others to duplicate and verify

Science requires

Neural Stimuli that increases the rate of a response due to association with other reinforcers. Has an aquired reward or punishment value. *"A" on a report card or a pat on the back. Money, praise, attention, approval, affection, and grades are all examples.

Secondary Reinforcer

Accepting who you are, and adjusting your ideals to fit who you are.

Self-Actualization

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Self-Concept

One's feelings of high or low self-worth

Self-Esteem

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably *Failure is blamed on others or circumstances

Self-Serving Bias

The correct answer is A.Self -actualizers - those who attempt to fulfill their maximum potential - are likely to be internally (intrinsically) motivated.

Self-actualization is most likely to be related to A) intrinsic motivation. B) extrinsic motivation. C) drives. D) emotions. E) needs.

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

Semantic Memory

A study of the meaning of words and sentences

Semantics

The first of the four stages Piaget uses to define cognitive development. Piaget designated the first two years of an infants life. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment.

Sensorimotor Stage

_________ Predisposes us to attend to stimuli that matter to us, and ignore stimuli that doesn't.

Sensory Adaptation

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Sensory Memory

Takes information from the body and transmits it to the brain.

Sensory Neurons

Controls arousal and sleep. Low levels of ______ usually indicate depression.

Serotonin

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Shaping

After Samantha's father sqashes the trash in the garbage can so that it takes up less space, Samantha thinks he's made the trash disappear. According to Piaget, why does she think so?

She isn't yet able to conserve mass

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Short-term Memory

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud Emphasized the study of unconscious mental processes; argued that people are driven by sexual urges and that the most emotional conflicts date back to early childhood experiences.

The correct answer is E.Freud became interested in patients suffering from hysteria, a disorder in which psychological factors cause physical symptoms.

Sigmund Freud turned his interests from medical to psychological processes after encountering patients suffering from A) schizophrenia. B) tuberculosis. C) lung cancer. D) severe depression. E) hysterical conversion.

Focused much of his attention on the "abnormal" aspects

Sigmund freud

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.

Signal Detection Theory

The theory that our ability to notice a stimulus will vary due to psychological factors like motivation, past experience, and expectations.

Signal Detection Theory

Differences exist between the social behavior of the two genders.

Social Behaviors of Men and Women

The belief that our goal in life is to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs.

Social Exchange Theory

We feel obligated to help those who need our help.

Social Responsibility Norm

Conducted an experiment in order to test conformity.

Solomon Asch

The correct answer is A.Conformity involves changing in order to fit in. In Asch's experiment, the participant was not required or instructed to change his estimate (obedience).

Solomon Asch performed an experiment in which a group of people judged the length of lines, but only one person in the group was an actual subject. He was studying A) conformity. B) obedience. C) cognitive dissonance. D) group conflict. E) prejudice.

Carries information from your muscles and tissues to the central nervous system. Controls sensations of pressure, pain, and temperature.

Somatic Nervous System

Representative samples because their response rate falls short of ideal

Some surveys fail to achieve

During which stage of sleep are hynogogic sensations most likely to occur?

Stage 1

How widely scattered scores tend to be.

Standard Deviation

Conducted an experiment in order to test obedience.

Stanley Milgram

drugs that tend to produce excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue, and sometimes increased motor activity. e.g. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and the coco.

Stimulant Drugs

The process of holding encoded information in memory until time of retrieval

Storage

People that believe that consciousness is made up of basic elements that are combined in different ways to produce different perceptions.

Structuralists

Which of the following strategies should work best when studying for a test that's two weeks away?

Study for an hour every day for two weeks

(psychology) modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable

Sublimation

If Darlene plays basketball as a way to vent her angry impulses in a socially acceptable way, which defense mechanism is being used?

Sublimation

(psychoanalysis) that part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience

Superego

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of your personality that steers you toward socially acceptable behavior, even if it doesn't satisfy any needs, is called...

Superego

Part of the three stage personality model created by Freud. Our moral center. Allows us to get along with other people in society.

Superego

Demographic data, psychological assessment, and other information

Survey findings often complete

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System. Prepares your body for action by quickening your heartbeat.

Sympathetic

A neurologically based condition in which a person experiences "crossed" responses to stimuli. It occurs when stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway (e.g., hearing) leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway (e.g., vision).

Synesthesia

Sentence structure

Syntax

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words

Telegraphic Speech

Part of the brain. Controls hearing

Temporal Lobes

When a texture becomes finer and softer as it moves further away.

Texture Gradients

Part of the brain. Controls touch, taste, and hearing.

Thalamus

The correct answer is A.The Rorschach test is a projective test that is comprised of inkblots.

The Rorschach Test consists of a series of A) inkblots. B) photographs. C) true-false items. D) essay questions. E) self-report questions.

The correct answer is D.The hypothalamus regulates basic survival needs: hunger, fight vs. flight, and reproductive behavior.

The area of the brain that seems MOST CLOSELY related to hunger is the A) cerebral cortex. B) amygdala. C) corpus callosum. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla.

The correct answer is E.The association cortex controls higher intellectual functioning, while the sensory cortex monitors sensation and the motor cortex generates physical movement.

The association cortex A) monitors sensations. B) is located in the brainstem. C) controls body movement. D) controls protective reflexive reactions. E) is the seat of intellectual processes.

A child's ability to recognize speech sounds that aren't used in its language begins to dissapear during which stage of language development?

The babbling stage

Two separate entities, a view known as dualism

The body and mind interact as

Designing new studies on topics that may be relatively unexplored

The case study method can help develop theories but it can not provide answers to what's causing behaviors and offer guidance for

The correct answer is B.The cerebellum is located at the bottom rear of the brain. Cerebellum means "little brain" and it assists with many of the tasks—particularly motor-based—that are performed by the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.

The cerebellum is A) an extension of the front part of the cerebral cortex. B) involved in the coordination of muscle movements. C) the smallest lobe of the cerebral hemispheres. D) a bundle of nerve fibers that allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other. E) found only in the human species.

The weaker the relationship is

The closer r is to .00

he primary job of most brain cells is a. transmitting messages. b. picking up sensations from the environment. c. thinking and reasoning. d. providing the brain with nutrients. e. maintaining homeostasis.

The correct answer is A. All brain cells transmit messages.

At conception, the original fertilized cell consists of 46 a. chromosomes. b. genes. c. molecules of DNA. d. gametes. e. nuclei.

The correct answer is A. All humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Each pair has one chromosome from the mother and one from the father.

A seemingly charming, candid, generous person who lies freely, forms no close ties, and is selfish and remorseless, is probably a(n) a. antisocial personality. b. histrionic personality disorder. c. narcissistic personality. d. schizoid personality. e. autistic personality.

The correct answer is A. Also known as sociopaths or psychopaths, people with antisocial personality disorder have no conscience and no sense of remorse. They view other people opportunistically.

Studies of identical twins do not provide conclusive evidence of the effect of genetics on intelligence, because a. identical twins reared apart are usually selectively placed in environments that are as similar as possible. b. the studies are too few in number to be conclusive. c. identical twins reared together do not share exactly the same environment. d. the twins who are subjects in such studies typically have not been separated soon enough to rule out environmental effects. e. identical twins share only about 75 percent of the same genes.

The correct answer is A. Although identical twins share 100 percent of genes, they are not identical beings. Environment does make a difference. However, identical twins are often reared in environments that are relatively similar in terms of intellectual development. Therefore, it is impossible to say what percent of their progress is the result of genes, and what percent is the result of their environments.

Compared with traditional Freudians, modern psychodynamic therapists tend to give greater emphasis to the a. patient's social and cultural environment. b. patient's early childhood experiences. c. patient's unconscious conflicts. d. use of applied behavior analysis. e. role of self-actualization.

The correct answer is A. Although modern psychodynamic therapists still regard early experience and unconscious conflicts as important, they are more likely to give weight to the patient's social and cultural environment.

In an experiment, subjects given various amounts of alcohol drive a course marked by orange pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the a. various amounts of alcohol. b. subjects' driving ability before alcohol consumption. c. subjects' driving ability after alcohol consumption. d. the number of orange pylons hit. e. speed through the obstacle course.

The correct answer is A. An independent variable is the variable that experimenters change while holding all other variables constant. In this case, some participants got more alcohol and some got less. Hitting pylons is an outcome (dependent variable) of the amount of alcohol consumed. The researchers did not manipulate individual driving ability.

Consider the moral dilemma faced by a husband who is trying to decide whether to steal a drug he cannot afford but which is the only treatment that will save his wife's life. If you say the husband shouldn't steal the drug because he will be punished for his actions, you are showing moral reasoning at the a. preconventional level. b. conventional level. c. postconventional level. d. transconventional level. e. metaconventional level.

The correct answer is A. At the preconventional level, the individual is concerned with getting rewards and avoiding punishment.

Which type of parents are the MOST likely to have children who do better in high school? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Punitive e. Indulgent

The correct answer is A. Authoritative parenting encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their behavior. Children of authoritative parents tend to be socially competent and self-reliant.

Barbiturates are to _______ as tranquillizers are to ________. a. sleep; anxiety b. anxiety; sleep c. sleep; euphoria d. euphoria; sleep e. anxiety; euphoria

The correct answer is A. Barbiturates and tranquillizers are both central nervous system depressants. Barbiturates are "sleeping pills" and tranquillizers relax a person and reduce anxiety.

Binocular vision provides clues regarding a. depth and distance. b. brightness and hue. c. timber and pitch. d. color and size. e. complexity and shape.

The correct answer is A. Binocular vision supplies information on two characteristics, depth and distance. ("Bi" means two, as in "Binocular"). True depth perception requires the use of both eyes.

If you memorize the letters FBIKEGUCLA as FBI-KEG-UCLA, you have used a technique known as a. chunking. b. recognition. c. relearning. d. encoding visual characteristic. e. RNA.

The correct answer is A. Chunking involves organizing units of information into meaningful groups.

The term dissociative identity disorder is synonymous with a. multiple personality disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. hysteria. d. pathological impulse control. e. sexual dysfunction.

The correct answer is A. Dissociative identity disorder is a newer term for multiple personality disorder.

The sex hormone in females is _____ and the sex hormone in males is _____. a. estrogen; androgen b. endorphins; androgens c. estrogen; endorphins d. androgen; estrogen e. androgen; glycogen

The correct answer is A. Females have high levels of estrogen and males have high levels of androgens (e.g., testosterone.)

Heredity is to _____ as environment is to ______. a. nature; nurture b. nurture; genetics c. nurture; nature d. experience; nature e. experience; genetics

The correct answer is A. Heredity refers to our genetic background (nature) while environment refers to our social/environmental experiences (nurture).

Joey is severely mentally retarded. Which of the following strategies is most likely to be used to get him to dress himself and tidy his room? a. Use a token economy to reward small steps. b. Scold him when he doesn't dress himself or tidy his room. c. Explain to him why keeping his room tidy is important. d. Tell him that he will not be allowed to go to see the ponies this weekend unless he cleans his room. e. Ignore the bad behavior and use extinction as a remedy.

The correct answer is A. In a token economy, a person earns tokens for appropriate behavior and can accumulate and later exchange the tokens for privileges or goods.

Aversive conditioning is a form of a. behavior therapy. b. cognitive therapy. c. desensitization. d. dissonance. e. learning by observation.

The correct answer is A. In aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to change the client's behavior by pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to decrease the behavior's frequency.

To determine if people are coming to a full stop at an intersection with a new stop sign, the best research method would be a(n) a. naturalistic observation. b. experiment. c. case study. d. correlation. e. survey.

The correct answer is A. In naturalistic observation, the researcher tries to be as inconspicuous as possible so as not to influence the situation.

Operant conditioning requires a. reinforcing the desired behavior. b. learning through observation. c. pairing a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus. d. pairing a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. e. punishing a trial-and-error behavior.

The correct answer is A. In operant conditioning, reinforcements (rewards) and punishments determine how frequently a behavior will be chosen by an organism.

Carl Jung's notion that every human being possesses a knowledge of humanity's fears and of common past experiences is called the a. collective unconsciousness. b. personal unconsciousness. c. genotype. d. primary instinct. e. thanatos.

The correct answer is A. Jung believed that the collective unconsciousness was passed down in the same way that physical attributes are passed from generation to generation.

In general, learning takes place more rapidly with a. continuous reinforcement. b. partial reinforcement. c. random reinforcement. d. no reinforcement. e. intermittent reinforcement.

The correct answer is A. Learning takes place faster when the behavior is rewarded every time it occurs (continuously). Intermittent reinforcement (partial, random, etc) is marked by slower learning but greater resistance to extinction. According to Skinner, learning does not take place in the absence of reinforcement.

Obsessions refer to _____, whereas compulsions refer to _____. a. thoughts; behaviors. b. behaviors; thoughts. c. depression; anxiety. d. neurotic symptoms; psychotic symptoms. e. psychotic symptoms; neurotic symptoms.

The correct answer is A. Obsessions are repetitive thoughts and compulsions are repetitive and ritualistic behaviors.

The psychological perspective which includes the assumption that people are often unaware of the real motives behind their behavior is a. psychoanalysis. b. trait theory. c. behaviorism. d. cognitive psychology. e. humanistic psychology.

The correct answer is A. Psychoanalytic theory assumes that the unconscious plays a major role in human behavior.

What schedule of reinforcement would be in effect when a salesman is paid $500.00 for every three new accounts he sells? a. Fixed ratio b. Fixed interval c. Variable ratio d. Variable interval e. Differential ratio

The correct answer is A. Schedules that are fixed are predictable (every third sale). Schedules that reward after a specified number of behaviors are called ratios. Therefore, the salesman is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement.

A psychology student is training a rat to climb a ladder. She first rewards the rat for any movement it makes toward the ladder, and then only when the rat actually makes contact with the ladder. Eventually, the rat must successfully climb the ladder in order to obtain the reward. This student has used the behavioral technique of a. shaping. b. stimulus discrimination. c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement. e. modeling.

The correct answer is A. Shaping is a technique of gradually changing behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior (closer and closer to the target behavior).

Todd is shown a card with the stimuli AAABBBCCC and is asked to report what he sees. Todd states that there are three groups of different letters. This illustrates the rule of perceptual organization known as a. similarity. b. gestalt. c. closure. d. continuation. e. proximity.

The correct answer is A. Similarity refers to a tendency to group similar patterns together.

Social learning theory emphasizes the phenomenon of a. observational learning. b. positive reinforcement. c. self-actualization. d. introversion-extroversion. e. personality types.

The correct answer is A. Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura; it emphasizes observational, or vicarious, learning - also known as modeling.

The LEAST efficient of the human senses is a. taste. b. touch. c. hearing. d. vision. e. smell.

The correct answer is A. Taste is our least efficient sense, and much of it depends on smell.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of which of the following types of personality tests? a. Objective b. Projective c. Behavior assessment d. Achievement e. Situational

The correct answer is A. The MMPI, the most widely used personality test composed of a standard number of questions and standardized norms for scoring, is considered to be an objective form of of personality assessment.

The actions that organisms take in response to anger or fear are strongly influenced by the brain structure called the a. amygdala. b. corpus callosum. c. hippocampus. d. association cortex. e. pons.

The correct answer is A. The amygdala regulates aggression and fear. The amygdala is part of the limbic system, which is the emotional center of the brain.

When a child learns not to use swear words in front of his parents, but does so in front of friends, the child is exhibiting the principle of a. stimulus discrimination. b. classical conditioning. c. stimulus generalization. d. selective extinction. e. response generalization.

The correct answer is A. The child has learned to tell apart (discriminate) between his parents and his friends.

The correct order of Maslow's needs hierarchy is: a. physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization. b. safety, physiological needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization. c. physiological needs, safety, esteem, love and belonging, self-actualization. d. physiological needs, self-actualization, safety, love and belonging, esteem. e. physiological needs, love and belonging, safety, esteem, self-actualization.

The correct answer is A. The correct order from lowest to highest is: physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Id is to _____ as ego is to ______. a. pleasure; reality b. reality; pleasure c. reality; morality d. pleasure; morality e. morality; reality

The correct answer is A. The id operates on the pleasure principle, and the ego operates on the reality principle. The superego is guided by morality.

The part of the brain chiefly responsible for emotion is the a. limbic system. b. reticular activating system. c. thalamus. d. corpus callosum. e. hippocampus.

The correct answer is A. The limbic system is the emotional center of the brain.

At the synapse a. a microscopic distance separates neurons. b. the ends of the two neurons join together. c. neurons connect to each other. d. all action is electrical. e. all neurotransmission is halted.

The correct answer is A. The synaptic gap is one one-millionth of an inch wide and separates neurons. Neurons send signals across the synaptic gap by releasing neurotransmitters.

The chance that a person will develop schizophrenia is about _____ out of 100. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 10 e. 15

The correct answer is A. Universally, about 1 percent of people are schizophrenic.

Which historical figure would have been MORE sympathetic with the nurture rather than the nature position? a. John Watson b. Sir Francis Galton c. William James d. Karen Horney e. Sigmund Freud

The correct answer is A. Watson was a radical behaviorist. He was interested in the effect of the environment on the individual, and did not measure internal events.

Cognitive dissonance is BEST described as a. feelings of discomfort generated by inconsistency between a person's beliefs and actions. b. negative feelings generated when someone unduly threatens one's freedoms. c. a denial of a discrepancy between beliefs and actions. d. negative feelings generated when exposed to arguments against one's attitudes. e. a state of heightened self-awareness that motivates one to perform an objective self appraisal.

The correct answer is A. When attitudes are inconsistent with action, it creates tension (cognitive dissonance) and a corresponding drive to reduce that tension, often by changing either the attitudes or the behavior to make them more consistent with one another.

The ability to deal with new problems that require specialized skills such as perception and memory span is called a. fluid intelligence. b. crystallized intelligence. c. analytical intelligence. d. functional intelligence. e. creative intelligence.

The correct answer is A. Younger people score higher in fluid intelligence (the ability to use knowledge and problem solving to deal with differing and novel situations), while older people score higher in crystallized intelligence (the ability to use accumulated knowledge toward activities such as reading).

A correlation coefficient is a measure of a. cause and effect. b. the relationship, if any, between two variables. c. human physical characteristics. d. the normal curve of distribution. e. an explanation of why two things are related.

The correct answer is B. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the degree to which two variables are related.

A parent who deliberately ignores a child's temper tantrum is attempting to discourage tantrums by a. negative reinforcement. b. extinction. c. positive reinforcement. d. operant avoidance. e. learned helplessness.

The correct answer is B. According to the principle of extinction, when a behavior is no longer followed by reinforcement, the behavior decreases in frequency because it is no longer being maintained by reinforcers.

Activity within a nerve cell is _____; activity between nerve cells is _______. a. positive; negative b. electrical; chemical c. chemical; electrical d. electrical; electrical e. chemical; chemical

The correct answer is B. Activity within cells is electrical and operates on the "all-or-none" principle. Chemicals called neurotransmitters communicate information from one neuron to another by drifting across the synaptic gap

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are primarily dealing with concerns related to a. generativity versus self-absorption. b. identity versus confusion. c. trust versus mistrust. d. ego integrity vs despair. e. intimacy versus isolation.

The correct answer is B. Adolescents struggle with developing an identity of their own (positive outcome) vs. failing to establish a unique identity (confusion).

Messages are carried from the sense organs to the brain by a. efferent neurons. b. afferent neurons. c. microneurons. d. operant neurons. e. connecting neurons.

The correct answer is B. Afferent neurons (sensory neurons) bring information from the senses to the brain. Efferent (or motor) neurons originate in the brain and send messages out to the body.

Irrational fears in humans, such as claustrophobia, MOST often result from a. brain damage. b. classical conditioning. c. instrumental conditioning. d. inheritance. e. observing one's parents.

The correct answer is B. Although some phobias probably reflect a genetic predisposition, phobias often arise because a naturally frightening or unpleasant stimulus (e.g., pain) comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., a bee) and the fear may be then generalized (e.g., to all insects). In the case of claustrophobia, a feeling of discomfort or fear in a small space (e.g., a child getting shut in a closet) becomes generalized to all closed-in spaces. This is an example of classical conditioning.

Compared to the sexual behavior of lower animal forms, human sexual behavior is more influenced by a. hormones. b. learning. c. pheromones. d. physiology. e. natural selection.

The correct answer is B. Cognition (and thus learning) is a major contributor to human sexual behavior.

harmful substance that can cross the placenta and harm the fetus is called a(an) a. contaminant. b. teratogen. c. carcinogen. d. enzyme. e. pathogen.

The correct answer is B. Examples of teratogens, which originate outside the mother's body, include alcohol, drugs, viruses, infections, and byproducts of cigarettes.

Which of the following is TRUE about perceiving objects? a. Sensory adaptation allows us to focus on one stimuli among many. b. Our eyes must continuously quiver in order to counteract the effects of sensory adaptation. c. Weber's law is another term for the absolute threshold. d. Perception occurs independently of expectations. e. Perception is the same as sensation.

The correct answer is B. If our eyes did not quiver, we would eventually no longer notice objects in our field of vision because of the principle of sensory adaptation.

If you are like most people, the a. right hemisphere of your brain is dominant. b. left hemisphere of your brain is dominant. c. left hemisphere of your brain plays no role in understanding language. d. right and left hemispheres of the brain perform completely separate functions without much interaction. e. right and left hemisphere perform identical functions.

The correct answer is B. In most people the left hemisphere is dominant. Since the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, this also explains why most people are right-hand dominant.

In the Stanford-Binet test, IQ is defined as a. ability to learn and adapt. b. MA/CA x 100. c. CA/MA x 100. d. the sum of the verbal and non-verbal scales. e. the person's mental age.

The correct answer is B. Mental Age (abilities) divided by Chronological Age (in years) multiplied by 100.

Mrs. Sanchez repeatedly tells her teenage son to hang up his clothes instead of leaving them on the floor. Her son complains that she is nagging. Mrs. Sanchez says, "Hang up your clothes and I won't nag." Mrs. Sanchez is using a. punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. negative punishment. d. conditioned positive reinforcement. e. aversive positive reinforcement.

The correct answer is B. Negative reinforcement increases a behavior (room-cleaning) by removing an undesirable outcome/stimulus (nagging). Negative reinforcement is NOT punishment.

When people engage in a particular behavior because an authority figure has commanded them to do it, they are displaying what is MOST accurately termed a. group cohesiveness. b. obedience. c. conformity. d. compliance. e. cognitive dissonance.

The correct answer is B. Obedience is defined as compliance with an explicit order, usually from an authority figure.

Depression is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. sleep disturbances. b. hyperactivity. c. poor digestion. d. difficulty concentrating. e. feelings of hopelessness.

The correct answer is B. People who are depressed often suffer from fatigue or loss of energy. Hyperactivity is characterized by excessive energy levels.

John is trying to persuade his listener that the schools in his state need an influx of new money. He will be better able to convince his listener if he a. takes a position from which he stands to gain. b. argues against his own self-interest. c. is employed as a teacher. d. speaks slowly and deliberately. e. takes a position that differs markedly from the position of the audience.

The correct answer is B. People who speak against their own self-interest are often seen not only as having nothing to personally gain from their position, but also as actually having something to lose personally. Therefore, their argument seems particularly compelling and they are often highly persuasive.

Self-help groups are effective for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT a. the bonds with others. b. the insight offered by a trained therapist. c. the availability of models with whom to identify. d. the feeling that one is not alone in his or her problem. e. the reassurance that most stress reactions are normal.

The correct answer is B. Self-help groups are usually led by a para-professional, who has been given minimal training by a mental health professional.

Being aware of the sound presently being made in this room is an example of a. recall. b. sensory memory. c. retroactive interference. d. flashbulb memory. e. short-term memory.

The correct answer is B. Sensory memory holds current information recently gathered by the senses for only an instant.

Most people can retain about how many items in short-term memory? a. 3 to 5 b. 5 to 9 c. 10 to 15 d. 15 to 20 e. 20 to 30

The correct answer is B. The average number of items that can be retained in short-term memory is seven, plus or minus two.

The correct order of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development is a. anal, phallic, oral, genital, latency. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. c. genital, latency, phallic, oral, anal. d. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital. e. anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency.

The correct answer is B. The correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages is: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

According to Freudian theory, the Oedipus complex is resolved through the process of a. regression. b. identification. c. modeling. d. repression. e. sublimation.

The correct answer is B. The defense mechanism of identification protects the ego from unacceptable thoughts by identifying with the same-sex parent and giving up the desire to possess the opposite-sex parent.

The first menstrual period for a female is called a. menopause. b. menarche. c. puberty. d. anarchy. e. the climacteric.

The correct answer is B. The first menstrual period for a female, at puberty, is called menarche.

The association area of the cortex which seems to play a role in planning and problem solving is located in the a. amygdala. b. frontal lobes. c. temporal lobes. d. occipital lobes. e. parietal lobes.

The correct answer is B. The frontal lobes are responsible for higher thought processes.

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation? a. +0.10 b. -0.70 c. +0.55 d. -0.42 e. -0.10

The correct answer is B. The further from zero in either direction (positive or negative), the stronger the correlation.

Movements of the head are detected by a. rods and cones. b. the semicircular canals. c. free nerve endings. d. Krause end bulbs. e. the ear bones in the middle ear.

The correct answer is B. The semicircular canals are filled with fluid. The angle of the fluid provides feedback and helps maintain equilibrium.

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is MOST likely to be activated when you are a. sleeping. b. frightened. c. studying. d. talking to a good friend. e. dreaming.

The correct answer is B. The sympathetic nervous system arouses the body and activates the "fight or flight" response.

Research on the bystander effect has shown that a. curiosity causes crowds to gather at the scene of serious accidents. b. an individual bystander is less likely to help someone if other bystanders are present. c. an individual bystander is more likely to help someone if other bystanders are present. d. an individual bystander will help someone only if he or she is in a good mood. e. bystanders are often callous, uncaring, and apathetic.

The correct answer is B. When many people are present, people often fail to act because of diffusion of responsibility - everyone assumes that someone else will help. The victim's best chance for receiving help is when only one other person is present.

Depression occurs much MORE frequently among a. children than adults. b. women than men. c. blacks than whites. d. neurotics than psychotics. e. rural inhabitants than urban dwellers.

The correct answer is B. Women are approximately 2 to 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with depression.

For a representative sample of identical twins, the correlation coefficient between their IQs was found to be 0.80. Hence, we can say that a. 80% of IQ is inherited. b. 80% of IQ is due to environmental effects. c. IQ and inherited genes are strongly related. d. identical twins usually have identical IQs. e. IQ is barely related to heredity.

The correct answer is C. A correlation does not prove causation, but it can establish relation. It is, therefore, difficult to separate heredity from environment in determining exactly why people are intelligent.

The results of IQ testing suggest that a. the average IQ is well above 100. b. IQ cannot be tested reliably. c. IQ scores approximate a normal distribution. d. IQ is an excellent predictor of emotional adjustment. e. IQ tests are a direct measure of intelligence.

The correct answer is C. A normal distribution of scores above and below the mean is also known as a bell-shaped curve.

"All planets are square. Mars is round. Therefore, Mars is not a planet." This is an example of a. illogical thinking. b. functional fixedness. c. a faulty premise. d. elliptical thinking. e. low intelligence.

The correct answer is C. A premise is a basic belief that is accepted and used in thinking. It is a starting point for logic. In this case, the premise is simply not true.

In breaking away from Freud, Alfred Adler proposed that people a. inherit the learned behaviors of their ancestors. b. suffer from fixations in the early psychosexual stages. c. attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority. d. suffer from strong biological urges. e. have an ancestral memory called the collective unconscious.

The correct answer is C. Adler said that we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority by striving to be superior (i.e., to self-actualize).

Individuals who are so anxious about being in a public place that they never leave home are suffering from a. fugue. b. claustrophobia. c. agoraphobia. d. generalized anxiety. e. acrophobia.

The correct answer is C. Agoraphobia is fear of open or public places and may be motivated by a fear of having a panic attack in a public place.

The speech sounds made by infants a. are specific to the language of their culture. b. represent sounds from two or three different languages. c. include speech sounds used in virtually all languages. d. are unrelated to eventual language development. e. are different from those used in any language.

The correct answer is C. Babies are capable of making all the sounds used in all human languages

According to Bandura's theory, children who see a film involving adult aggression are MOST likely to a. fear adults who later enter the room. b. dislike aggression. c. imitate the aggressive acts. d. ignore the aggressive behavior and attend to the non-aggressive behavior. e. become criminals as adults.

The correct answer is C. Bandura's theory is called observational learning, or modeling. The film was part of one of his experiments. The children imitated the adult model's aggression toward a blow-up doll.

A person who is overly energetic and hyperactive, makes grandiose plans, and experiences feelings of omnipotence is a. schizoid. b. hysterical. c. manic. d. obsessive. e. anal-retentive.

The correct answer is C. Being manic is an extreme high, often characterized by behaviors that do not reflect reality. At the end of the manic episode, the person often swings the other way into a severe depression.

Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between frustration and aggression? a. Frustration always causes aggression. b. Biological factors are more important than social factors in aggressive behavior. c. Whether or not frustration will result in aggression depends on cognitive appraisal. d. Frustration is likely to cause aggression in children but depression in adults. e. Aggression is always a sign that frustration and depression is present in an individual.

The correct answer is C. Cognitive factors include, for example, perception of intent, controllability, and magnitude.

Joe is four years old. He watches as you pour out the same amount of juice into two identical glasses, one for him and one for his friend. He correctly tells you that there is the same amount of juice in each glass. However, if you pour the contents of one of the glasses into a taller, thinner glass, he says he wants that one "because there's more juice in it." Joe has not yet mastered the principle of a. egocentrism. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. correspondence. e. concreteness.

The correct answer is C. Conservation is the ability to understand that certain attributes of objects or situations remain the same despite superficial changes in their appearance.

Delirium tremens are associated with a. addiction to any drug. b. Parkinson's disease. c. withdrawal from alcohol. d. anxiety disorders. e. withdrawal from stimulants.

The correct answer is C. Delirium tremens are a sign of physical withdrawal from alcohol addiction. The "DTs" are marked by agitation, tremors, nightmares, and even hallucinations.

Family therapy is based on the belief that a. maladaptive behavior is learned in early childhood. b. group therapy is superior to individual therapy. c. the family plays a key role in producing maladaptive behavior. d. the family should determine what direction therapy takes. e. an unresolved Oedipus complex causes most psychological problems.

The correct answer is C. Family therapy assumes that because interactions among family members are often the cause of an individual's maladaptive behavior, and because they may be symptomatic of a larger problem rooted in the dynamics of the family, the therapy should require the participation of the entire family unit.

The regulation of temperature in humans and other mammals provides a good example of the general physiological process of a. arousal. b. habituation. c. homeostasis. d. object incentive. e. metabolism.

The correct answer is C. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium or balance in any physiological system.

The therapeutic approach that gives emphasis to self-acceptance, personal responsibility, and the client's perspective is a. psychoanalytic therapy. b. behavioral therapy. c. humanistic therapy. d. cognitive therapy. e. environmental therapy.

The correct answer is C. Humanistic therapists believe that the basic tendency in humans is toward self-actualization (fulfillment of potential) and that conditions of worth (judgments) often interfere with that tendency.

Jenna is very frustrated because her cat keeps jumping up on the counter, even though she had spent a lot of time trying to train him not to do so. Which concept of learning should Jenna MOST be aware of? a. Negative reinforcement b. Positive reinforcement c. Instinctual drift d. Preparedness e. Latent learning

The correct answer is C. Instinctual drift means that species-specific behaviors (instincts) sometime interfere with and over-ride learning. In this case, cats naturally like to investigate and survey their landscape from high places.

The most prominent of the early American psychologists was a. Carl Rogers. b. Sigmund Freud. c. William James. d. Sir Francis Galton. e. Wilhelm Wundt.

The correct answer is C. James studied introspection in the late 1800s. Freud, Galton and Wundt were all Europeans. Rogers was a twentieth-century psychologist.

Basic anxiety—the feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world—was important to the theory of a. Erik Erikson. b. Alfred Adler. c. Karen Horney. d. Carl Rogers. e. Hans Eysenck.

The correct answer is C. Karen Horney believed that the need for security, not sexuality, was a prime motive for humans. Certain behaviors are seen as a way to cope with basic anxiety.

Which of the following is MOST likely to have a positive influence on an individual's ability to cope with a stressful event? a. An external locus of control b. An inability to control the situation c. Good physical fitness d. High levels of blood cortisols e. A low tolerance for frustration

The correct answer is C. Physical fitness can provide a buffering effect against stress.

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested PRIMARILY in children's a. physical development. b. sexual development. c. cognitive development. d. emotional development. e. moral development

The correct answer is C. Piaget's theory includes the sensorimotor, preoperational, and formal operational stages of children's cognitive development.

If the police are questioning witnesses to a robbery, which question is MOST likely to result in an accurate description of the robber? a. Was the robber wearing a red baseball cap? b. Was the robber limping just slightly? c. How tall was the robber? d. Was the robber white? e. Was the robber a teenager?

The correct answer is C. Questions should not "lead" a witness. People can easily incorporate after-the-fact information into existing memories without even being aware that they are doing so.

The BEST predictor of homosexuality in adulthood is the existence of a. a weak, unavailable father and a strong, authoritarian mother. b. early pleasurable experiences associated with homosexual behavior. c. homosexual feelings prior to any sexual activities. d. an overbearing, dominant mother. e. early unpleasurable dating experiences with members of the opposite sex.

The correct answer is C. Research into the social contributions of homosexuality has not identified any consistent social patterns that are related to the development of sexual orientation. It is likely that a homosexual orientation is a result of a complex interaction of a number of factors, including having a biological predisposition.

The innate physiological mechanism that keeps an individual's body weight at a genetically pre-programmed level is known as the a. homeostatic trigger. b. hunger median. c. set point. d. metabolic master. e. equilibrium.

The correct answer is C. Set point theory says that we have a genetically pre-programmed weight that the body attempts to maintain by either speeding up or slowing down metabolism.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy required to stimulate a receptor is the a. just noticeable difference (j.n.d). b. wavelength. c. absolute threshold. d. pattern theory. e. stimulus-receptor prompt.

The correct answer is C. The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to stimulate a receptor 50% of the time.

The neuron's "senders" are the a. myelin sheaths. b. dendrites. c. axon terminal buttons. d. pons. e. receptor sites.

The correct answer is C. The axon terminal button at the end of the neuron (nerve cell) communicates with other neurons by secreting neurotransmitters, which cross the synaptic gap.

The spinal cord is part of the a. peripheral nervous system. b. cerebellum. c. central nervous system. d. reticular activating system. e. parasympathetic system.

The correct answer is C. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system; all other parts of the body are controlled by the peripheral nervous system.

If a researcher wished to determine whether heat causes an increase in aggression, the best approach would be to a. observe people in a public park on hot and cold days. b. compare and cross-reference weather reports with crime statistics. c. recruit participants to a university study, put half in a cold room and half in a hot room, and then observe their behavior. d. compare crime rates in countries that are hot vs. cooler. e. ask people if they feel irritable and prone to aggression in the hot weather.

The correct answer is C. The only way to determine whether one variable causes another is to do an experiment. In an experiment, one factor (variable) is manipulated while all other variables are held constant. Non-experimental methods yield correlational results only. Researchers cannot make causal statements from correlational results.

The order in which the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) occur is a. alarm, exhaustion, and resistance. b. alarm, resistance, and adaptation. c. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. d. exhaustion, alarm, and resistance. e. resistance, exhaustion, and alarm.

The correct answer is C. The order of the GAS—the physiological reaction to stress—is alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

A mother who is certain her children cannot make decisions encourages dependent behavior that confirms her opinion of them, exemplifying a. self-perception theory. b. the theory of social comparison. c. expedient conformity. d. a self-fulfilling prophecy. e. cognitive dissonance.

The correct answer is D. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true not necessarily because it was correct, but more because it was made in the first place. Once people have an expectation about events, they tend to engage in behavior that increases the probability of the event's occurrence.

Eric thinks of all athletes as being strong and fast, weak in academics, and insensitive to others. This is an example of a. discrimination. b. an attribution. c. negative referencing. d. a stereotype. e. scapegoating.

The correct answer is D. A stereotype is an attitude that disregards individual differences and holds that all members of a certain group behave in the same manner.

Little Andrew has developed a concept that large, four-legged creatures are "horses." Upon seeing a cow, Andrew calls it a horse. His mother says to him, "Andrew, that's not a horse, that's a cow." Andrew's mother is trying to get him to engage in a. concrete operations. b. formal operations. c. conservation. d. accommodation. e. assimilation.

The correct answer is D. Accommodation involves changing or adjusting an existing schema in the face of contradictory observations. In contrast, assimilation allows the existing schema to expand and grow. In this case "cow" requires an accommodation, while "pony" can be incorporated into the existing schema.

Which of the following statements about genetics is CORRECT? a. In humans, genes cause specific behaviors. b. We have 85% of our genes in common with chimpanzees. c. Most physical traits represent the averaging of one dominant and one recessive gene. d. According to evolutionary theory, individuals who are more successful at surviving are more likely to pass on their genes. e. Humans have about 5,000 different genes.

The correct answer is D. According to evolutionary theory, genes have become more specialized because they have given us an advantage in surviving and adapting. Those who adapted more successfully lived longer and passed on their "successful" genes.

The various behavior therapies are based on a. a resolution of unconscious conflicts so that these will not affect our actions. b. the role of cognition in creating mental illness. c. the correction of faulty thinking to eliminate its effect on behavior. d. an application of principles of learning to eliminate unwanted behaviors. e. the reduction of symptoms by the patient's gaining insight into their causes.

The correct answer is D. Although some behavior therapies include correcting faulty thinking, some do not. What all behavior therapies share in common is an application of principles of learning to eliminate unwanted behaviors.

Antipsychotic drugs are also called a. antidepressants. b. amphetamines. c. minor tranquilizers. d. major tranquilizers. e. stimulants.

The correct answer is D. Antipsychotic drugs are also called major tranquilizers.

People diagnosed as having a(n) _______ disorder outnumber all other groups of mentally ill individuals. a. conversion b. psychotic c. affective d. anxiety e. personality

The correct answer is D. Anxiety disorders are the most frequently occurring disorders and include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mood disorders are the second most frequently occurring disorders.

"Psychology is the study of the relationship between events, or stimuli, in the environment and the responses they produce from an organism." This statement is MOST likely to be made by a a. structuralist. b. cognitive psychologist. c. functionalist. d. behaviorist. e. Gestalt psychologist.

The correct answer is D. Behaviorism is the psychological study of overt behavior, and the relationship between behavior and its consequences. Behaviorists focus on the organism's environment and its effect on behavior, not on mental processes.

It is often suggested that classically conditioned responses are _____, whereas operantly conditioned responses are _____. a. voluntary, involuntary b. aversive, appetitive c. aversive, reflexive d. reflexes, voluntary e. appetitive, aversive

The correct answer is D. Classical conditioning begins with unlearned (reflexive) behavior and pairs it with a new stimulus. In operant conditioning, the (voluntary) behavior comes first, and then it is followed by a reward, a punishment, or by no outcome.

Community mental health centers were designed to a. train individuals in the community to give mental health care. b. screen mental patients to determine which patients should be hospitalized. c. assess mental patients to determine which patients should be deinstitutionalized. d. provide outpatient therapy for those who need some supervision but can live at home. e. provide a residential facility for inpatient care as an alternative to mental hospitals.

The correct answer is D. Community mental health centers were designed to provide outpatient therapy for those who need some supervision but can live at home.

Since the introduction of drug treatment approximately 25 years ago, the percentage of the population in the United States that is hospitalized for mental disorders has a. increased substantially. b. increased slightly. c. remained constant. d. decreased. e. fluctuated vastly.

The correct answer is D. De-institutionalization has been a problem because many people who are released without proper supervision forget to take the prescribed drugs and deteriorate back into poor mental health or psychosis. Others are able to control the illness effectively via medication.

EEG recordings show that the brainwaves that are MOST typical of the deepest stage of sleep are those associated with a. alpha sleep. b. beta sleep. c. gamma sleep. d. delta sleep. e. REM sleep

The correct answer is D. Delta sleep, also known as stage 4 sleep, is the deepest stage of sleep. On an EEG, delta waves show up as large, slow brainwaves.

The ability to understand accurately the feelings of a client is called a. sympathy. b. reflection. c. unconditional positive regard. d. empathy. e. congruence.

The correct answer is D. Empathy consists of trying to see the world the way the client sees it.

"Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior" is an incomplete definition of learning because it does not include the role of a. growth. b. conditioning. c. cognition. d. experience. e. reinforcement.

The correct answer is D. Experiental knowledge, which could have its roots in principles of learning such as conditioning and reinforcement, underlies much of our learning.

A normal curve of distribution is a set of scores with a. a high standard deviation. b. most scores near one end of the range. c. approximately equal numbers of scores from one end of the range to the other. d. most scores in the middle of the range. e. most scores at the high and low ends of the range.

The correct answer is D. In a normal curve of distribution, most scores will cluster around the mean score, or around the middle of the range.

A graphic representation of human characteristics generally results in a a. sine-arc curve. b. parabola. c. straight line. d. normal distribution. e. leptokurtic distribution.

The correct answer is D. In a normal distribution, or bell-shaped curve, the majority of scores fall in the middle and relatively few scores fall at each end of the curve.

The rooting response is related to an infant's need for a. affection. b. warmth. c. security. d. food. e. avoidance of pain.

The correct answer is D. In the rooting response, touching an infant's cheek will cause the infant to turn in the direction of the touch. In the case of being held to breast feed, this turns the infant toward the source of milk.

Employee morale and staff cooperation would be the concern of a(n) a. clinical psychologist. b. forensic psychologist. c. social psychologist. d. industrial and organizational psychologist. e. business psychologist.

The correct answer is D. Industrial and organizational psychologists work with management and staff in the world of business.

Which of the following is TRUE about hypnosis? a. Under hypnosis, people can be forced to do things that violate their morals. b. Everyone can be hypnotized. c. Psychologists generally agree that hypnosis is indeed a divided state of consciousness. d. Hypnosis has enabled some people to go through surgical procedures without anesthetic. e. Recovered memories retrieved under hypnosis are usually reliable.

The correct answer is D. Not everyone can be hypnotized, but for those who can, hypnosis can provide remarkable results. Caution should be exercised about accepting the validity of recovered memories, and hypnosis remains a controversial topic in psychology.

Typically, we do not believe that airplanes shrink as they take off and soar away into the sky or that they become larger as they land and taxi up to the terminal. Our rejection of this belief is based on the phenomenon known as a. proximity b. interposition. c. linear perspective. d. perceptual constancy. e. global processing.

The correct answer is D. Perceptual constancy allows us to continue to see the world as stable and consistent, despite changes in the way images are projected to the retina.

A "fill in the blank" type of examination would usually measure a. explicit memory. b. recognition. c. relearning. d. recall. e. chunking.

The correct answer is D. Recall is a form of remembering that requires the person to bring information out of memory without many retrieval cues.

Ishmael wishes to remember the phone number of an attractive woman he just met. The MOST likely strategy he will use is a. mnemonics. b. semantics. c. relearning. d. rehearsal. e. recall.

The correct answer is D. Rehearsal is the intentional repetition of information in order to improve short-term memory

Scientists use replication in order to a. increase validity. b. increase research grants. c. show cause and effect. d. become more confident about their conclusions across a variety of situations. e. satisfy ethics requirements.

The correct answer is D. Replication involves repeating a study to determine whether the results are supported, or whether they occurred due to chance.

As Mr. Ross walks to his office building in the city, he sees dozens of people, hears the sounds of traffic and voices, and smells the food from a nearby restaurant. Mr. Ross will sort out these stimuli with a process called a. convergence. b. form perception. c. disparity. d. selection. e. perception

The correct answer is D. Selection is the ability to pay attention to only some of the stimuli that bombard our sense organs.

When a person's behavior is assigned to an external cause, the type of attribution made is _____; when a person's behavior is assigned to an internal cause, the type of attribution made is _____. a. stable; unstable b. dispositional; situational c. global; specific d. situational; dispositional e. specific; external

The correct answer is D. Situational or external attributions explain events by assuming they are caused by something in the environment. Dispositional or internal attributions explain events by assuming they are caused by something about the individual.

"If we knew a person's entire reinforcement history, we could accurately predict his behavior." This statement would MOST likely have been made by a. Carl Jung. b. Carl Rogers. c. Hans Eysenck. d. B. F. Skinner. e. Abraham Maslow.

The correct answer is D. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning emphasized that behaviors are performed in order to maximize rewards and avoid punishments.

Most of the changes in the body that take place during times of high emotion are controlled by the a. parasympathetic system. b. thyroid gland. c. right hemisphere of the brain. d. autonomic nervous system. e. cerebral cortex.

The correct answer is D. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates "automatic" functions in the body. The sympathetic division of the ANS arouses the body during stress or strong emotions. The parasympathetic division calms the body after the stress is over.

On a trial basis, State College admitted 300 students from the lowest third of their high school graduation class. They were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received extensive training in study habits, group B received motivational lectures, and group C received no special treatment. At the end of the year, the average grades of the groups were compared. The dependent variable was a. the random assignment of groups. b. the type of treatment received. c. the rank in high school graduation class. d. the average grade of each group. e. each student's individual grade point average.

The correct answer is D. The dependent variable is the outcome variable. It occurs as a result of the experimental condition. In this case, the dependent variable is the average grade of the three different groups, compared against each other.

Sound waves entering the ear cause vibrations of the a. outer ear. b. auditory canal. c. semicircular canals. d. eardrum. e. cochlea

The correct answer is D. The eardrum is the membrane between the outer ear and the middle ear. When it vibrates, it passes the message to the middle ear.

Which of the following statements BEST describes the structure of personality as Sigmund Freud saw it? a. The ego originates from the superego. b. The id mediates between the superego and the ego. c. The superego is the most powerful unit in the personality. d. The ego mediates between the id and the superego. e. The id originates from the superego.

The correct answer is D. The ego is the executive of the personality. It operates on the reality principle and finds ways to satisfy the demands of both the id and the superego.

When people of varying cultures were asked to match facial expressions with specific emotions a. there was little agreement, even among people from the same culture. b. there was agreement within a specific culture, but not across cultures. c. people from underdeveloped societies had responses not seen in industrial societies. d. there was remarkable agreement among members of all cultures. e. all cultures had exactly the same expressions.

The correct answer is D. The six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, anger, and fear) are universally recognized, suggesting that there is a biological basis for the display of these emotions.

The brain's relay station which receives incoming sensory messages and passes them on to the cerebral cortex is the a. corpus callosum. b. hypothalamus. c. limbic system. d. thalamus. e. basal ganglia.

The correct answer is D. The thalamus determines which messages get sent to the various parts of the brain.

If a test measures what it is intended to measure, it has a. objectivity. b. reliability. c. replicability. d. validity. e. standardization.

The correct answer is D. Validity answers the question "does the test measure what it originally set out to measure?"

Fido hears the can opener and runs toward the kitchen. When he gets there, he finds that the interior kitchen door is closed, so he runs out his dog door and goes to the back door, off the kitchen. Fido's behavior is most closely related to a. insight learning. b. observational learning. c. modeling. d. an unconditioned response. e. cognitive maps.

The correct answer is E. A cognitive map is an organism's mental representation of physical space. We develop cognitive maps as a result of moving around in our environment.

A prototype (or schema) of a giraffe would be a(n) a. innate image of what a giraffe looks like. b. list of giraffe features. c. photo of a particular giraffe. d. idea of how a giraffe feeds. e. generalized mental model of a giraffe.

The correct answer is E. A prototype is a generalized picture or model on which a concept or perception is based. A prototype is a best example of a schema.

An emotion is comprised of all of the following EXCEPT a. changes in physiology. b. cognitive awareness. c. possible changes in feeling. d. goal-directed behavior. e. All of the choices ARE part of an emotion.

The correct answer is E. All emotions have a physiological basis, cognitive awareness, a sense of goal-directedness, and possible changes in feeling.

Renee has been in an automobile accident which caused severe brain damage. Her doctors may tell her family all of the following EXCEPT a. the brain is able to reorganize and shift functions. b. psychological and physical functions may be critically affected. c. damage to the brain is lasting. d. children are better able to compensate for brain damage than adults are. e. brain cells have the ability to regenerate.

The correct answer is E. Although the brain has a remarkable ability to partially compensate for damage, brain cells themselves do not regenerate.

Phobic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are specific disorders that both fall into the broader category of a. affective disorders. b. dissociative disorders. c. personality disorders. d. somatoform disorders. e. anxiety disorders.

The correct answer is E. Both phobic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are classified as anxiety disorders.

The most influential proponent of "person-centered therapy" has been a. Fritz Perls b. Aaron Beck. c. Albert Ellis. d. Albert Bandura. e. Carl Rogers.

The correct answer is E. Carl Rogers coined the term "person-centered therapy."

The individual who used nonsense syllables in early experimental studies of forgetting is a. Abraham Maslow. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Robert Sternberg. d. George Miller. e. Herman Ebbinghaus.

The correct answer is E. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables (meaningless words) to study memory and retention. From this, he developed the "curve of forgetting."

The correct order of Masters' and Johnson's stages of sexual response is: a. arousal, plateau, resolution, orgasm. b. excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm. c. excitement, resolution, orgasm, plateau. d. arousal, resolution, plateau, orgasm. e. excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.

The correct answer is E. Excitement is the building up of arousal, plateau is an increase in excitement, orgasm is muscular contractions, and resolution is a return to a normal non-aroused state.

Sarah and James both have brown eyes, but their daughter has blue eyes. What is the MOST likely explanation for this? a. The child is adopted. b. James is not the child's father. c. Eye color is not determined by the dominant-recessive principle. d. The child's eye color will change when she is older. e. Both James and Sarah carry a recessive gene for blue eyes.

The correct answer is E. Eye color is determined by the dominant-recessive principle. Whenever a dominant gene is present, it will show up. Both parents have brown eyes, so both have at least one dominant gene. A child will display a recessive trait when he or she receives a recessive gene from both parents. Therefore, in this case, we know that both parents have one gene for brown eyes and one recessive gene for blue eyes, which they each gave to their daughter.

Psychodynamic theory was originally developed by a. Carl Rogers. b. Carl Jung. c. Alfred Adler. d. Erich Fromm. e. Sigmund Freud.

The correct answer is E. Freud developed psychodynamic (or psychoanalytic) theory in the late 1800s.

Behavior will be MOST resistant to extinction when _____ reinforcement has been used. a. negative b. positive c. continuous d. interval e. partial

The correct answer is E. If a reward is predictable (e.g., every 10 minutes, or every 10 behaviors) but does not occur, the organism will give up quickly. In partial (intermittent) reinforcement, the reward is unpredictable. Since the organism knows that a reward will come eventually, it continues the behavior in order to get the reward.

Systematically applying principles of operant conditioning to influence and change behavior is referred to as a. observational learning. b. mind control. c. classical conditioning. d. psychotherapy. e. behavior modification.

The correct answer is E. In behavior modification, behavior is changed by altering the rewards and punishments that are maintaining the behavior.

Of the following, the most common cause of learned helplessness is a. lack of interest. b. punishment. c. inconsistent reinforcement. d. classical conditioning. e. failure.

The correct answer is E. In learned helplessness, people learn that there is no relationship between their actions and their outcomes. All actions produce the same (negative) results—failure. Therefore, the person—or other organisms—stops trying.

In his experiment with a boy named Albert, John Watson paired Albert's touching of a white rat with a. a toy bunny. b. the smell of food. c. a bell. d. a man dressed like Santa Claus. e. a loud noise.

The correct answer is E. In this experiment, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus, and the rat became the conditioned stimulus.

The myelin sheath serves the function of a. providing nutrients to the cell. b. protecting the axon of a nerve cell. c. stimulating hormone production. d. eliminating the need for synapses. e. increasing the speed at which nerve impulses travel.

The correct answer is E. Myelinated axons allow the electrical signals within the cell to travel faster by insulating them.

The basic sounds of a language are called a. morphemes. b. semantics. c. syntax. d. vocabulary. e. phonemes.

The correct answer is E. Phonemes are the basic sounds, not necessarily meaningful in isolation, that form the building blocks of language.

The psychodynamic approach to the treatment of psychological disorders is based on the assumption that maladaptive behavior a. is learned, and therapy should teach the client more adaptive behavior. b. is caused by imbalances in biochemical functioning of the brain. c. occurs when the client no longer feels that life is meaningful. d. is the result of problems in living. e. is related to unresolved childhood conflicts.

The correct answer is E. Psychodynamic (Freudian) treatment relies heavily on understanding early life experiences and conflicts, and uncovering the roots of unconscious motivation.

Cones, unlike rods, will respond to a. movement but not color. b. color but not movement. c. movement but not brightness. d. brightness but not movement. e. both movement and colo

The correct answer is E. Rods respond to light; cones respond to color and motion.

Benjamin Whorf suggested that a. language and perception are unrelated. b. language is tailored to human thinking. c. all humans perceive and describe the world in much the same way. d. perception is not possible without language. e. language shapes our view of the world.

The correct answer is E. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the words we use (or hear) influence the way we think.

It has been estimated that the number of individual items stored in adult long-term memory is probably a. a few thousand. b. about a hundred thousand. c. about one million. d. about 10 million. e. virtually unlimited.

The correct answer is E. The brain's ability to store information is virtually unlimited.

Stimulation of salivary glands and digestion are functions of the a. sympathetic nervous system. b. central nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. hypothalamus. e. parasympathetic nervous system.

The correct answer is E. The parasympathetic system calms the body back down, slows heartbeat, reduces blood pressure, and brings digestion back "on-line." Digestion is taken "off-line" during times of stress or fear by the sympathetic system, which arouses the body.

James is sound asleep when the sound of a creaky floorboard startles him awake to find a burglar in his home. Which part of the brain was responsible for waking him up? a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala c. Cerebellum d. Frontal lobe e. Reticular activating system

The correct answer is E. The reticular activating system monitors alertness and determines which sensory messages are important and which are not. Messages are then passed on to the thalamus, which controls which parts of the brain receive which messages.

The theorist who claimed that he could make any dozen healthy babies into anything he wished through conditioning was a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Carl Rogers d. B. F. Skinner. e. John Watson.

The correct answer is E. Watson was an extreme behaviorist.

The correct answer is E.Transsexuals feel that they are in the wrong body.

The correct term for people who feel that their physical bodies are at odds with their psychological identity are called A) heterosexual. B) bisexual. C) transvestites. D) homosexual. E) transsexual.

The correct answer is A.Sexual orientation is the attraction felt towards persons of a given sex.

The direction taken by the motive for sex defines our A) sexual orientation. B) sexual attitudes. C) lack of inhibition. D) sexual energy. E) erotophilia.

The correct answer is B.Anorexia nervosa is characterized by dramatic weight loss and by reduction in eating.

The eating disorder characterized by dramatic reduction in eating and loss of weight, as well as continual efforts to lose even more weight, is known as A) obsessive consumption disorder. B) anorexia nervosa. C) bulimia. D) neurotic eating disorder. E) the disorganized eating syndrome.

Which of the following illustrates that our behavior can change our attitudes?

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Provide a wealth of information from a variety of resources

The goal of a case study is to

The correct answer is A.Humanistic theorists emphasize that the natural tendency for humans is towards healthy growth and self-actualization (fulfillment of potential).

The idea that human behavior is directed toward growth, self-expression, and fulfillment BEST characterizes A) humanistic psychology. B) cognitive psychology. C) Freudian psychology. D) behavioral psychology. E) physiological psychology.

The correct answer is C. In group think, critical decision-making is sacrificed in favor of maintaining group harmony.

The main reason why group think occurs is that people want to be A) secure B) right. C) in agreement. D) unique. E) superior.

The correct answer is D.Dendrites receive information from neurotransmitters, which are produced by other neurons to convey information.

The neuron receives messages from other neurons through its A) axon. B) nucleus. C) cell body. D) dendrites. E) myelin.

Plato's belief that it is in born, the result of nature

The notion that experience or nurture plays a role in how we acquire knowledge contradicts

The variable the researchers or manipulating

The only difference between the experimental and control groups should be

The correct answer is C.According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, our visual sensation of color results from three types of cones and rods. Each pair is turned on by one color and turned off by the opposite color. It is the particular pattern of impulses that determines what we see.

The opponent-process theory suggests that color vision is determined by A) three color receptors in the retina. B) rods and cones directly opposite each other on the retina. C) cells for blue-yellow, red-green, and white-black in the thalamus. D) the variable transmission of light waves to the brain. E) the angle at which the image falls on the retina.

The correct answer is B.The optic nerve leaves the eye and travels to the brain. Information from the right and left fields of vision cross over to the other side of the brain at the optic chiasm; this crossing over creates a slight blind spot.

The optic nerve leaves the retina at the A) fovea. B) blind spot. C) macula. D) iris. E) optic chiasm.

The correct answer is A.Females are genetically XX. They contribute an "X" chromosome to all of their offspring. Males are XY. They contribute an "X" to 50% of their children, on average, and a "Y" to the other 50%.

The sex of a child is determined by the genetic contribution of A) the father. B) the mother. C) any ancestor. D) either parent. E) both parents.

Lead to bias responses

The wording of surveys can

Many of psychology subfields

This cycle analyst big perspective is used in

ID, Ego, and Superego. (Coined by Sigmund Freak) Look at the pic...

Three parts of Human Personality

Detailed reports of their subjective experiences

Titcheners patients provided

Conducted through observation and measurement

Titchner demonstrated that psychology studies could be

Some sort of manipulation or treatment done by the experimenter, these groups are equivalent

To identify a particular cause of an outcome we assign research participants to two or more groups and with the exception of

A scale that indicates the degree to which they agree or disagree he, or the degree to which they have had experience

To obtain more precise responses, researchers often ask people to respond to statements using

The correct answer is B. In a token economy, objects given as rewards can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers. Reinforcement is central to operant conditioning.

Token economy programs involve principles of A) punishment. B) operant conditioning. C) classical conditioning. D) biofeedback. E) latent learning.

The correct answer is D.According to behavior therapists, the symptom IS the problem; it is not necessary to delve into cognitive factors.

Tom tells his therapist that he believes his compulsive gambling is a symptom of his unconscious hostility toward his family. His therapist, however, says "No, Tom, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is gambling." Tom's therapist is probably a A) Gestalt therapist. B) person-centered therapist. C) reconstructive therapist. D) behavior therapist. E) psychoanalyst.

By which process is stimulus energy converted into neural messages?

Transduction

The label of the arousal you are feeling (the person who aroused you, and how they did) decides the emotion.

Two-Factor Theory

After having three cups of strong coffee, you find that you're more angry than usual after being cut off in traffic, but you're also more scared than you would otherwise be when you hear someone walking behind you. Which theory of emotion explains why?

Two-factor theory

A stimulus that produces a response without making connections first (such as the meat powder in Pavlov's experiment) .

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that produces a response even without conditioning *Dogs automatically salivate in response to food

Unconditioned Stimulus

Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||In this example, cat fur would be a...

Unconditioned stimulus

How well a test measures what it was meant to measure.

Validity

Jeff won money in the state lottery after buying five tickets, then after buying six more tickets, then four more tickets (that is, after every fifth ticket, on average). Which reinforcement schedule maintains Jeff's ticket-buying behavior?

Variable ratio

Veronica is strongly in favor of serving liquor at the campus cafeteria. As part of a class debate on the topic, though, she freely generates arguments against serving liquor at the cafeteria. According to cognitive dissonance theory,....

Veronica will now be less in favor of serving liquor at the cafeteria

Sally stopped hitting her brother when she saw a girl on a television show hit someone and then get in trouble for it. What type of learning on Sally's part does this illustrate?

Vicarious Learning

The correct answer is A.Babies as young as nine months old are reluctant to crawl on a pane of glass that looks down over a cloth several feet below.

Visual cliff experiments on children suggest that depth perception is A) at least partially an inborn ability. B) related to the rule of closure. C) learned at a very young age. D) a function of both size and brightness constancy. E) closely related to the sense of touch.

Depicts the intensity or force with which air strikes the ear (loudness)

Wave Amplitude

A measure of how rapidly a wave oscillates. The higher this value, the greater the amount of energy in the wave.

Wave Frequency

The belief that any given difference is harder to notice with more intense, powerful stimuli than with weaker ones. (The difference of 20 watts seems greater between the 40-watt, and the 60-watt bulb, than a 90-watt and 70-watt.)

Weber's Law

Tina has a box of CD's that's twice as heavy as Gary's. Tina's box would have to have eight more CDs in it before it would feel heavier, whereas Gary's would have to have only four more CDs in it in order for it to feel heavier. This illustrates....

Weber's Law

The site in the auditory cortex located where acoustical codes are decoded and interpreted is known as...

Wernicke's area

The correct answer is A.Defense mechanisms such as repression are used by the ego to protect against feelings of anxiety resulting from unacceptable impulses. When repressed impulses come to the surface during therapy, the client may become resistant to the therapy that unleashed them.

When repressed impulses reach a client's consciousness, the client is likely to show A) resistance. B) transference. C) extinction. D) aversion. E) aggression

These variables are related to each other in someway

When researchers collect data on many variables it can be useful to determine if

There may be no relationship at all between the variables

When the correlation coefficient is very close to zero

The correct answer is E.Infants appear to be biologically preprogrammed to develop motor skills at about the same age, regardless of early experience.

Which is NOT true of early physical growth? A) Newborn babies have all the muscle fibers they will ever possess. B) The skeleton at birth is largely composed of cartilage that is softer and more pliable. C) Some of the fibers of the nervous system develop protective sheaths that make them faster and more efficient conductors of nervous impulses. D) As the child grows, unused synapses in the brain are "pruned." E) The process of maturation can be speeded up to a great extent by exercise and stimulation.

The correct answer is E.Self-esteem, personal control, and extroversion are factors that researchers have found to be related to optimism and happiness.

Which of the following combinations is related to optimism and happiness? A) self-esteem, enthusiasm, personal control B) personal control, extroversion, self-efficacy C) self-efficacy, personal control, and self-actualization D) extroversion, self-actualization, personal control E) self-esteem, personal control, extroversion

The correct answer is B.The door-in-the-face technique of persuasion begins by making a large request that is likely to be rejected followed by a smaller request which will seem more acceptable by comparison.

Which of the following compliance techniques starts with a large request followed by a small request? A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) lowballing D) social comparison E) social facilitation

The correct answer is B.Most psychologists agree that there is no biological basis for difference in IQ scores between different races. In this society, race is often entwined (confounded) with socioeconomic status, which in turn correlates with differences in intellectual development.

Which of the following does NOT explain the gap in IQ scores between blacks and whites? A) environmental stressors in poor neighborhoods. B) heredity and biologically-based differences. C) differences in average levels of nutrition. D) differences in socioeconomic status. E) differences in levels of criticism in the early years at school

The correct answer is A.The communication between neurons is a never-ending chain. Any point on the neuron could be considered the starting point as long as: a) dendrites always receive messages, b) the cell body always decodes information gathered by the dendrite, c) the axon always receives and forwards messages from the cell body, and d) the axon sends messages - via neurotransmitters - to the dendrites of the next neuron.

Which of the following represents the correct order of transmission of a neural impulse? A) The message is received by the cell body, passed down the axon, where it jumps across the synaptic gap and activates the dendrite. B) The message avoids axons altogether, and passes from cell body to dendrite back to cell body. C) The message is received by the axon, and is passed to the cell body and then to the Dendrite. D) The message is received by the dendrite, jumps across the synaptic gap to the axon, and is then passed to the cell body. E) The message is received by the dendrite, is passed to the axon, and then jumps across the synaptic gap to the cell body.

The correct answer is C.Somatoform disorders are also called conversiondisorders or hysteria because psychological factors are converted to physical symptoms. Examples include "glove anesthesia" and hysterical blindness.

Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders? A) There is no physical basis for these disorders, and persons suffering from them do not generally require medical attention. B) They are a form of hypochondriasis. C) They are physical disorders in which emotions are believed to play a central role. D) They are believed to be of two primary types, ulcers and heart disease. E) They are disorders that are entirely psychological with no involvement of bodily processes.

The correct answer is C.Phillip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment investigated the effect of role-playing on attitudes and behaviors.

Who conducted the mock prison experiment? A) Asch B) Milgram C) Zimbardo D) Zajonc E) Sherif

Began the first experimental psychology lab in 1870 at the University of Leipzig, Germany

Wilhelm Wundt

Set up the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

Functionalism

William James Study of how the mind adapts us to our environment. Influenced by Charles Darwin. Felt conscious experience is adaptive and always changing.

Offered first psychology class in the US at Harvard University and was granted $300 for laboratory and classroom demonstration equipment

William james

The correct answer is E. All of the choices are correct.

Women going through menopause A) cease menstruating. B) may have hot flashes. C) may experience mood swings. D) are, on average, in their early 50s. E) all of the choices are correct.

Meticulous accounts of his physiological experiments and methods providing details of this new study area

Wundt created an edited the first psychological journal and publish numerous books, including

Complete 10,000 "introspective observations" prior to data collection

Wundt required all participants to

Which of the following sequences of prenatal development stages is correct?

Zygote, embryo, fetus

humanistic psychology

_______ suggest that human nature is by and large positive

informed consent

_________ is the process through which research participants acknowledge their understanding of their role in a study

descriptive research

__________ is primarily useful for studying new or unexplored topics.

inferential statistics

___________ allows us to make inferences and determine the probability of certain events occurring

theory

a ________ synthesizes observations to try to explain phenomena and we can use it to help make predictions

Karen insists that her boyfriend was late getting to her house because he never pays attention to what time it is. Karen's explanation of her boyfriend's behavior is an example of...

a dispositional attribution

transposed to another

a melody in 1 key can be

A need is...

a physiological condition that triggers motivation

case study

a researcher interested in learning more about the effect of isolation might choose the Chilean miners as a(n) __________ which is a type of descriptive research invaluable for studying rare events

tendency to make assertions so broad and vague that they cannot be refuted

a tell tail feature of a pseudopsychology is its

sympathetic

activates body for emergencies - releases adrenaline

Social facilitation involves..

an individual performing better at a task when others are around.

A circadian rhythm is

any pattern of biological functioning that happens over (roughly) a 24-hour cycle.

scientific psychology's 2nd goal is to explain, approaches are the major ways to explain behaviors

approaches

Systematic desensitization would involve...

associating relaxation with anxiety-arousing situations

uses a chart of the heavens called a horoscope to predict everything from the weather to romantic relationships

astrology

The emotional bond that infants feel toward caregivers is called...

attachment

If you would enjoy roaming around the world but would also enjoy the rewards of settling down, you are experiencing a(n) a. bi-dimensional conflict. b. approach-approach conflict. c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. d. approach-avoidance conflict. e. double approach-avoidance conflict.

b. approach-approach conflict.

often occurs in university laboratories, focuses on collecting data to support or refute theories

basic research

The scientific study of observable behavior

behaviorism

more than any other school

behaviorism influenced american psychology

After meeting Dave at a party, you decide he is shy. At several subsequent meeting, though, Dave is very outgoing. The idea that you're likely to continue believing Dave to be shy is called...

belief perseverance

genes, endocrine system, brain and nervous system determine behavior

biological approaches

knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes

biological perspective

Explains behavior through the interaction of biological, physiological, and social factors

biopsychosocial perspective

these factors are highly interactive

biopsychosocial perspective suggest that

Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||In this example, sneezing would be...

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

Psychologists who are interested in behavioral similarities and differences between species are a. biological psychologists. b. experimental psychologists. c. comparative psychologists. d. animal psychologists. e. physiological psychologists.

c. comparative psychologists.

founded humanistic psychology

carl rogers and abrahm maslow-

A type of descriptive research that closely examines one individual or small group

case study

theory of evolution, principals of natural selection

charles darwin

collecting the most useful data

choosing the right research design or type of scientific study is crucial for

5 great thinkers and ideas

clasical school of psychology

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

classical conditioning

thought causes behavior and emotions

cognitive approach

When our behavior is inconsistent with our attitudes or values, we feel a tension called...

cognitive dissonance

explores physiological exxplanations for mental processes, searching for connections between behavior and human nervous system especially the brain

cognitive neuroscience

examines mental processes that direct behavior, focusing on concepts such as thinking, memory and language

cognitive psychology

A type of extraneous variable that changes in sync with the independent variable making it difficult to discern which one is causing changes in the dependent variable

confounding variale

The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable this is the comparison group

control group

An association or relationship between two or more variables

correlation

The statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

correlation coefficient

A type of descriptive research examining the relationship among variables

correlational method

The process of weighing various pieces of evidence synthesizing them and evaluating and determining the contributions of each

critical thinking

to explain the pseudophychologies

critical thinking is absent from the pseudo theories used

thinking beyond definitions, focusing on underlying concepts and applications, and being open-minded and skeptical at the same time

critical thinking processes

making a decision on the validity of material

critical thinking requires one to consider the source of information and the quality of evidence before

the presumed universal nature of no all races being the same

cross- culture research began to uncover differences that called into question

The knowledge and verbal skills that one has acquired over one's life are referred to as...

crystallized intelligence

evolution, survival of the fittest

darwin

Share information with participants after their involvement in a study has ended including the purpose of the studying and deception used in it

debriefing

In an experimental design the characteristics or response that is measured to determine the effect of the researchers manipulation

dependent variable

specific and concrete

descriptions of behavior should be

Research methods that describe and explore behaviour although the findings cannot definitively state cause and effect relationship

descriptive research

relationships among variables

descriptive research is invaluable to psychologists at the beginning stages of a study, some forms of descriptive research can provide information on

According to Erikson, the primary task of adolescence is to....

develop an identity

somatic division (also, efferent and afferent)

division of peripheral carries messages inward to the central nervous system from sensory organs (afferent or sensory neurons) and outward (efferent or motor neurons) to the muscles for action.

Type of study and which neither the researchers who are administering the independent variable nor the participants know what type of treatment is being given

double-blind study

The major purpose of free association in psychoanalysis is to a. reveal important events of one's childhood. b. uncover unconscious conflicts that may be causing anxiety. c. establish rapport between the analyst and the patient. d. determine whether or not the patient is experiencing catharsis. e. allow the analyst to gauge the patient's creative capacity.

e. allow the analyst to gauge the patient's creative capacity. The correct answer is B. In free association, the patient is encouraged to lie back and say out loud any thought that enters his or her consciousness, in order to give the treating clinician a stronger chance of uncovering well-hidden, unconscious conflicts.

cause A leads to behavior B

elimination

data from systemattic observation or experiments

emperical evidence

corpus callosum

enormous communication network that connects left and right cerebral hemispheres

behaviors and mental processes are shaped by forces of evolution

evolutionary perspective

exploration of human sensory abilities, trauma and memory

examples of basic research

personality characteristics, cognitive characteristics, number of siblings in a family, gender, socioeconomic status

examples of variables

A controlled procedure that involves careful examination through the use of scientific observation and manipulation of variables

experiment

The members of an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable on manipulation by the researcher represents the treatment group

experimental group

A type of research that manipulates a variable of interest to uncover cause and effect relationships

experimental method

Researchers expectations that influence the outcome of the study

experimenter bias

hindbrain

extension of the spinal cord and oldest portion of the brain

A variable in the environment or of the participants that could unintentionally influence the outcome of the studying

extraneous variable

clinical/counseling, developmental, personality, experimental, cognitive, physiological, and industrial

fields of psychology

sugmund freud, patients reported symptoms but were not biologically ill

fifth school

Having a patient relax as much as possible and say whatever comes into his or her mind is central to the technique of...

free association

An early school of psychology that focused on the function of thought processes, feelings, and behaviors and how they help us adapt to the environment

functionalism

which could arise from recording problems or biases from different environmental factors

gathering data must be don in a very controlled fashion to ensure there are errors

school for psychology (1910)

gestalt

pattern or "organized whole" the whole is more than the sum of its parts

gestalt means

gather knowledge for sake of knowledge

goal of basic research

The reticular formation...

helps control arousal

A rule of thumb strategy for solving problems is called a...

heuristic

an integrated approach to explain its origins

human behavior is complex and requires

free will and responsibility

humanism emphasizes

some behavior is uniquely human, isnt due to environment at all

humanistic approach

An approach suggesting that human nature is by and large perspective and the human direction is towards growth

humanistic psychology

may take teh place of a formal hypothesis

hypotheses are difficult to generate for studies on new and unexplored topics, a general prediction

A statement that can be used to test predictions

hypothesis

patient believes they are ill but symptoms are imaginary

hysteria, somatoform disorder

eliminating sugar should control it

if sugar causes children to act out then

Remembering how to get from your house to a friend's house, without consciously knowing how to do it, is an example of...

implicit memory

central nervous system

in bone, responsible for processing information and directing actions.

a variety of characteristics pertaining to humans and other organizations

in psychological experiments, researchers study

must be objective

in the scientific method an observation

High school kids often believe that their own high school is better than any of the neighboring high schools. This illustrates...

in-group bias

In an experimental design the variable manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the independent variable

independent variable

goes beyond simply describing the data sheet, it is possible to make inferences and determine the probability of events occurring in the future

inferential statistics

Acknowledgement of study participants that they understand what their participation will entail

informed consent

Fixed and unlearned patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an entire species are called...

instincts

A committee that reviews research proposals to protect the rights and welfare of all participants

institutional review board

The examination of one's own conscious activities

introspection

autonomic division

involuntary functions. 2 branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic

The refractory period of the sexual response cycle...

is the time period following a male's orgasm during which he can be aroused to another orgasm.

Midbrain

it relays sensory information from the spinal cord to the forebrain. Where the upper portion of the RAS is located

the way they interact

its not just convergence of factors that matters but

study how mind works, focused on thinking, memory, and attention *not structure

james functionalism

established behaviorism, building on Pavalov's conditioning experiments

john b watson

started behaviorism, first president- american psychology association in 1915

john b watson- american

cerebrum

largest part of the forebrain; responsible for complex mental activities, 2 cerebral hemispheres, outer surface is the cerebral cortex. 4 major lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)

behaviors are learned through observation and reinforcement

learning approach

proposed that we must examine how social and cultural features in childrens lives influence their cognative development

lev vygotsky

The fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away is referred to as...

linear perspective

temporal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum; contains auditory cortex

occipital lobe

lobe of the cerebrum; contains visual cortex

frontal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum; controls voluntary movement, includes motor cortex

parietal lobe

lobe of the cerebrum; somatosensory area that manages skin senses

tested to find the right "one"

many possible explanations of behavior must be

focuses on simple sensations was wrons, melody isnt just a bunch of notes, melody is the pattern itself not individual notes

max wertheimer- germany

Achievement tests...

measure learned skills or knowledge

As a general rule, performance at a task is best when arousal is...

moderate

based on systematic observation

modern psychology

academics formed different schools

modern psychology started when

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

monitors the general level of activity in the hindbrain and maintains a state of arousals, keeps the brain awake even during sleep. Part of reticular formation which extends to the upper border of midbrain

Forebrain

most developed part of the brain, also the largest

B.F. Skinner

most famous behaviorist

eclectic

most psychologists are

The process through which inherited traits is given a population either increase in frequency because they are adaptive or decrease in frequency because they are maladaptive

natural selection

A type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

naturalistic ovservation

astronomy and astrology

nearly half of college science majors could not tell the difference between

peripheral nervous system

nerves no encased in bone, main function to carry messages to and from central nervous system 2 divisions: somatic and autonomic

reactions to what came before

new developments are often

Individualistic cultures are likely to promote...

non-conformity

a master healer

numerologists consider the number 33

differ from one person to the next based on beliefs or opinions

observations that are truly objective do not

Errors introduced into the recording of observations due to the researchers value system implications or attitudes

observer bias

mental events

old study of psychology

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion...

one must be aware of one's physiological arousal in order to experience emotion.

an equally likely chance of being picked to participate

one way to pick a random sample is to make sure every member of the population has

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

operant conditioning

The precise manner in which a variable of interest is defined and measured

operational definition

4 principles of psychology

organism, motivation, cognition, competence

cerebral cortex

outer surface of the brain surrounding the cerebral hemispheres. Small grooves (sulci) and large grooves (fissures) and bulges (gyri). Processes all perceptions and complex thoughts (most recently developed)

limbic system

part of forebrain, controls emotion, motivation, memory amygdala and hippocampus

hypothalamus

part of forebrain; major role in biological drives, hunger thirst, body temperature regulates pituitary gland

thalamus

part of forebrain; relays and translates information from all of the sense except smell to higher parts of the brain

medulla

part of the hindbrain, an oblong structure at the top of the spinal cord that controls many vital life-support functions such as breathing. heart rate, and blood pressure

pons

part of the hindbrain; located above the medulla, connects the lower brain regions with the higher, important for sleep, dreaming, and arousal

cerebellum

part of the hindbrain; located at the rear of the brain and controls movement, coordination, balance, muscle tone, and learning motor skills

notoriously meticulous, helps provide us with more certainty that findings from research can be trusted, but it isnt foolproof.

peer review processes

The somatic Nervous system is part of the....

peripheral nervous system

study basic processes to understand human behavior

physiologists use animals to

An inert substance given to members of the control group the fake treatment that has no benefit but is administered as if it does

placebo

All members of an identified group about which a researcher is interested in

population

An approach that focuses on the positive aspects of human beings seeking to understand their strengths and uncover the roots of happiness creativity humor and so on

positive psychology

An aptitude test that is supposed to measure how well people will do in sales and marketing jobs successfully predicts how well those who take it will do as real estate agents. This test has a high degree of...

predictive validity

Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control group ensures that...

prior to the experimental manipulation, the two groups of subjects would be equivalent with respect to the dependent variable.

An approach to explaining and predicting behavior in events that appear to be psychology, but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it

pseudopsychology

favor the biological approach

psychiatrists and physiologists

make unconscious conscious

psycho analysis is also a therapy

understand the present through teh past to understand the adult study the child

psychoanalysis

focus on understanding troubled people

psychodynamic

Scientists who study behavior and mental processes

psychologists

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

psychology

by critical thinking

psychology is driven

critical thinking

psychology is driven by ________ but pseudopsychology is not

therapy

psychology is often associated with

behavior, mental processes

psychology is the study of ________ and ________

variables

psychology studies focus on __________ which are characteristics that vary or change over time or across people

unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses conflict with morals

psychonanalytic or psychodynamic approach

it allows other researchers to replicate the experiment

publishing an article is a crucial part in teh scientific process because

parasympathetic

quiets the body and conserves energy - decrease heart rate

consciousness is not important

radical behaviorism

This process of appointing participants in a research study to the experimental or control groups ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either

random assignment

A subset of the population chosen through a process that ensures all members of the population has an equally likely chance of being selected to participate in the study

random sample

When given a list of words to remember, older adults..

recall fewer, but recognize as many as younger adults.

Laura is an outgoing woman, so she goes to lots of social events. Being at social events, she's encouraged by others to be outgoing. This pattern of expressing a trait and then having its expression reinforced by others, illustrates....

reciprocal determinism

the result of a bias in one particular experiment

repetition is necessary to ensure that the inital findings were not just a fluke or

To repeat an experiment generally with a new sample and or other changes to the procedures the goal of which is to provide further support for these findings of the first study

replicate

A subgroup of a population selected so that its members have characteristics that closely reflect those of the population of interest

representative sample

motivated forgetting unconsciously doesnt work if you know you are doing it

repression

The idea that the behavior of people who are hypnotized is controlled by normal, conscious processes is part of the theory that says hypnosis entails...

role playing

A subset of a population chosen for inclusion in an experiment

sample

The process scientists use to conduct research which includes a continuing cycle of exploration critical thinking and systematic observation

scientific method

describe, explain, predict, control behavior

scientific psychology

The nervous system's ability to detect and encode energy from stimuli is called...

sensation

Lucy whines when she doesn't get her way. Last monday, her mother refused to give in to her whining for five minutes before finally giving Lucy what she was demanding. On tuesday, her mother reisisted for 10 minutes before giving in. On Wednesday, she resisted for 20 minutes. Lucy is being taught to whine for longer and longer periods of time through...

shaping

The fundamental attribution error refers to the fact that people tend to underestimate the extent to which other's behavior is influenced by...

situational factors

suggest that we must examine the influences of social interactions and culture, including the roles we play

social culture perspective

much behavior is due to society and culture

sociocultural approach

emotional problems epressed as physical symptoms

somatoform disorder

picture in our minds what we seek to understand

sometimes it is necessary to create a model to help clarify a complex set of observations, as a model frequently allows us to

Each person who completed a 14-item personality test is given a total score for ratings of odd-numbered items, as well as a total score for even-numbered items. The correlation between those two sets of scores is then computed. This procedure would be used to assess...

split-half reliability

Which of the following is involved in classical conditioning and operant conditioning, respectively?

stimulus-stimulus pairings..stimulus-response pairings

An early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the structure and most basic elements of the mind

structuralism

basic sensations which make us see the picture

structuralist study

A type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data

survey method

A child saying "doll" while holding her hand out, as if expecting to be given the doll, would be an example of...

telegraphic speech

Neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons through chemicals released from their...

terminal buttons

independent, dependent

the _____ variable is what the researcher manipulates, and the ______ variable is the response the researcher measures

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time it's presented is called..

the absolute threshold

cause and effect relationship

the experimental method can provide findings on the ________ of variables

the scientific method

the goal of ________ is to provide empirical evidence or data based on systematic observation or emperimentation

are naturally inclined to grow and change for the better

the humanistic perspective suggests that human nature is essentially positive and that perople

A researcher wants to know whether failure at a task causes aggression. As part of her study, some subjects are told they have failed at a task, whereas others are told they have succeeded. Failing or not failing the task would be...

the independent variable

positive correlation

the longer a miner has worked for a mining company the more money he makes. this is and example of a _____________

experimental group

the members of the _____ include those participants who receive the real treatment as opposed to a plocebo

The most commonly occurring score in the distribution of scores is called..

the mode

confidence we can have in those findings

the more a study is replicated and produces similar finding the more

When a series of lights on a movie marquee are turned on and off, one after the other, in succession, it appears that a single light is moving around the marquee. This illustrates...

the phi phenomemon

Charlie felt good about getting a C on his physics test until he found out that the average grade was a B. This change in the intensity of Charlie's happiness illustrates...

the relative-deprivation principle

From Carl Rogers' humanistic perspective, the most important aspect of personality is...

the self

Synthesizes observations in order to explain phenomena and God predictions to be tested through research

theory

often rests on a sturdy foundation of scientific evidence

theory is a well-established body of principals that

The an accounting for characteristic of participants or environment that explains changes in the variable of interest

third variable

eliminate cause A predict it will control behavior B

to test explinations

Relatively unique patterns of behavior are...

traits

Tina wants desperately for her therapist to tell her that he'll take care of her and make sure she's always alright. These are things she wanted from her father, too, but was never able to tell him. Tina's fellings illustrate...

transference

descriptive, inferential

two basic types of statistical analyses

represented bad childhood memories sexual and agressive urges

unconscious

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving...

uncontrollable attacks of intense sleepiness

Measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people

variables

still objects can appear to move enough separate arrows and movement is smooth

wertheimer

reflex arc

when an afferent message travels to the spinal cord and an efferent message for action immediate returns to the muscle, bypassing the brain

american psychologists, psychology is the science of mental life so study thinking, memory, perception

william james

fascinated by wundt's work, first american lab, 1st textbook, famous family- brother novelist henry james

william james- harvard university

double-blinded

with a ______ study neither the researchers nor the participants know who is getting the treatment or who is getting the placebo

first psychological laboratory in Leipzig founded first school of structuralism

wundt

hue or color, brightness, saturation

wundt 3 basic visual sensations

find relationship of each group of sensations, find relationship producing each complex exeperience

wundt goal

founding psychology, first scientific psychology

wundt is credited for

elemental sensations that combine to form human consciousness

wundt studied

raw sensations

you cant explain whats seen by