clep test prac
subjectivist
A _____ psychologist would be more interested in people's subjective interpretations of their experiences than their observable actions
pre-conventional
A cashier gave Ken $10 too much in change, but Ken gave it back because he was afraid he might get caught and punished if he tried to keep it. Ken is in which of Kohlberg's moral stages?
babbling stage
A child's ability to recognize speech sounds that aren't used in the language begins to disappear during which stage of launguage development?
concrete operational thought
According to Piaget's theory, if you can form a complete mental representation of the route to the grocery store, you have displayed
schemes
According to Piaget, children actively experiment with the world and create "theories" or _____ about how the physical and social worlds operate.
superego
According to psychoanalytical theory, the part of your personality that steers you toward socially acceptable behavior, even if it doesn't satisfy any needs, is called
Relative Deprivation Theory
Actions of groups that are oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy. ex. Civil Rights Movements//Charlie felt good about getting a C on his physics test until he found out that the average grade was a B. This change in the intensity of Charlie's happiness illustrates
2 factor theory
After having three cups of strong coffee, you find that you're more angry than usual after being cut off in traffic, but you're also more scared than you would otherwise be when you hear someone walking behind you. Which theory of emotion explains why?
left cerebral cortex
After suffering a stroke, Dorothy's speech is not understandable. She has probably suffered damage to her
Cross-sectional
Age being confounded with cohort will necessarily be a problem for which type of study?
cross-sectional study
Age being confounded with cohort will necessarily be a problem for which type of study?
non conformity
Individualistic cultures are likely to promote
memory
The glutamate NMDA receptor is different from other known receptors because it requires two successive signals to be activated. First the membrane must be sensitized, then glutamate can activate the receptor. The NMDA receptor plays a role in hypotheses about
mode
The most commonly occurring score in a distribution of scores is called
the genetics versus learning debate
The nature-nurture debate might be envisioned as
spinal cord
The nerve fibers running from the brain to and from various parts of the body are gathered together in the
with too much emphasis on salient situational causes
The overjustification effect is when people go overboard and explain their own behavior
absolute refractory period
The period during which the neuron cannot fire is described as which of the following?
Is the time period following a male's orgasm during which he can't be aroused to another orgasm
The refractory period of the sexual response cycle
are difficult to study by direct observation
The survey method is useful for investigating phenomena that
Assimilation
Three-year-old Tim, who sees lots of horses on his family's farm, saw a zebra at the zoo and thought it was a horse. Which of the cognitive processes described by Piaget does this illustrate?
assimilation and accommodation of schemata
Thumbing through a picture book, identifying a wide variety of zoo animals would be good exercise for a child to practice
both unconditional and conditioned
Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her. In this example, sneezing would be
classical conditioning
Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her. What type of learning does this illustrate?
The sensory systems of the newborn
are all functional at birth, but vary in their degree of development.
A stage theory of development proposes that
all individuals go through the same stages, in the same order
action of a neurotransmitter
also depends on the different receptor types of post-synaptic neurons
A normal male has
1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome
gender identity
A firm sense of themselves as either male or female is described as a child's
split-half reliability
A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared.
biological
A psychologist who studies visual perception by recording the activity of nerve cells in the appropriate region of the brain is using the _____ approach.
independent variable
A researcher wants to know whether failure at a task causes aggression. As part of her study, some subjects are told they have failed at a task, whereas others are told they have succeeded. Failing or not at the task would be
develop an identity
According to Erikson, the primary task of adolescence is to
dissaciative fugue
Archie has been working at a car wash in Chicago for a month. He has a number of documents that say his real name is Luther Hunt and that he lives in Pittsburgh, has a wife and two kids, and has a job as a stockbroker. Archie remembers none of this. Which disorder does Archie have?
moderate
As a general rule, performance at a task is best when arousal is
first increase and then decrease
As the intensity of the brightness of a light is increased, the sizes of the action potentials of the neurons involved
theory of mind
At around 4 years-of-age, a child begins to understand that people's thoughts and beliefs affect their behaviors. This is the beginning of the child's development of
hypothalamus
Because the _____ also influences the pituitary gland, it could be considered to be the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine gland system.
Positive reinforcement
Bob gets a dollar for every magazine subscription he sells. What type of operant-conditioning consequence is maintaining Bob's selling?
Their symptoms are due to changes in acetylcholine containing neurons
Botulism and Alzheimer's disease have what in common?
study the brain without causing the patient distress or damage.
CT scans, MRI, and PET scans have in common that they allow researchers to
receptive; expressive
Damage to Wernicke's area is associated with _____ aphasia, a deficit in the comprehension of words. Damage to Broca's area is associated with _____ aphasia, a difficulty in enunciating words.
medulla
Damage to your _____ would put you in the most immediate danger because it controls breathing
developmental
Dr. Fisher is studying the effects of entering puberty earlier or later than one's peers on adolescent self-esteem. Dr. Fisher is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
stage 1
During which stage of sleep are hynogogic sensations most likely to occur?
negative
In its resting state, the inside of a neuron carries a _____ charge with respect to the outside.
self
From Carl Roger's humanistic perspective, the most important aspect of personality is
the release and diffusion of chemicals
In most cases, signals are sent across the synaptic gap from one neuron to another by
the left hemisphere
In most people, the language areas of the brain is located in
ego
Homer loves his wife deeply, but he also can't stand the fact that she leaves their car dirty whenever she drives it and he wants to tell her about his anger. According to the pyschoanalytic theory, which part of Homer's personality can help him resolve the conflict between loving his wife and being angry at her?
the people you interact with and your responses to them
If a scientist tried to analyze your social life based on the behavioral perspective, the analysis would focus on
can discriminate between the two stimuli
If an infant stops responding to a stimulus after several presentations and begins paying attention again when a new stimulus is presented, it is reasonable to conclude that the infant
dependent
If you were to perform an experiment analyzing the statement "If you drop out of school, you're damaging your future," your future is the _____ variable.
personality
Katie wants to combine her interests in art and psychology. She is interested in understanding what characteristics about an artist such as Van Gogh or Picasso might account for their particular style of art. Katie should consider taking a course in _____ psychology to begin to explore her interest in the individual differences of artists.
cognitive developmental
Kevin tells his mother, "I am a boy, so I want to do boy things." Which theory of gender identity development is best represented by Kevin's statement?
reciprocal determinism
Laura is an outgoing woman, so she goes to lots of social events. Being at social events, she's encouraged by others to be outgoing. This pattern of expressing a trait and then having its expression reinforced by others, illustrates
myelin sheath
Most of the axons of a human's motor neurons are covered by an insulating substance called
terminal buttons
Neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons through chemicals released from their
psychoanalytic
Of the following schools of thought, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes?
social
One important variable in an athlete's recovery from injury is having a strong network of friends for emotional support. What type of psychologist would be likely to study this variable?
related to the role of unconscious processes
One of the earliest debates concerning human psychology
mind and behavior can be subject to scientific investigation
One of the original ideas upon which psychology was founded is that
moral realism.
Piaget referred to a child's belief that rules are permanent and handed down from some higher authority who will exact a punishment for any transgression as
involves the increasing ability to organize domain-specific knowledge bases
Proponents of knowledge-acquisition approaches to cognitive development would argue that cognitive development
measurement
Psychologists typically assign numbers representing quantities to the variables they are studying. This process of assigning numerical values to variables is called
it utilizes the scientific method to study mental and behavioral processes
Psychology is a science primarily because
prior to the experimental manipulation, the two groups of subjects would be equivalent with respect to the dependent variable.
Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups ensures that
implicit memory
Remembering how to get from your house to a friend's house, without consciously knowing how to do it, is an example of
develops in the uterus
Research has show that an infant's memory for specific word sounds
our genetic endowment
The "nature" component of the "nature-nurture" question refers to
cognitive
The _____ approach to the study of psychology focuses on the active processing and transformation of information
cortex of the cerebrum
The _____ is primarily involved in higher mental processes.
neuron
The _____ is the basic unit of the nervous system // transmit neural impulses
observational
The _____ method is important in beginning the study of a psychological phenomenon, prior to conducting precisely controlled studies.
similar for all infants across all cultures and types of child-rearing practices.
The age at which distress over separation from the caregiver appears
involved in the unconscious regulation of internal organs and glands.
The autonomic nervous system is
the nature-nurture debate
The debate about human psychology that suggests human capacities are either inborn or acquired is called the
linear perspective
The fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away is referred to as
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
The field of Psychology is defined as the
situational factors
The fundamental attribution error refers to the fact that people tend to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by
phi phenomenon
When a series of lights on a movie marquee are turned on and off, one after the other, in succession, it appears that a single light is moving around the marquee. This illustrates
thalamus
Which area of the brain acts as a relay station, directing most incoming sensory information to a proper region of the cerebral cortex?
Endorphins
Which chemicals are responsible for the "runner's high" and important for controlling pleasure/pain properties?
objects exist even if they are out of sight
Which concept is an important discovery made by the infant during Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
biological
Which of the following approaches is used by a psychologist who studies depression by examining levels of a certain neurotransmitter in the brains of depressed and non-depressed people?
myelin sheath
Which of the following greatly speeds up the transmission of signals through a neuron?
convergence
Which of the following is a binocular cue for perceiving distance?
functionalism
Which of the following is the philosophical approach to studying human behavior that emphasizes the purpose or usefulness of behavior?
crying when dog leaves the room
Which of the following would illustrate a child's lack of object permanence?
educational
Which specialty is best known for teacher training and research on teaching methods?
cones
Which type of cell allows us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
According to Piaget, an operation is
a mental routine for transforming information
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
Sensation
detection of the external stimuli around us
According to Piaget, children's thinking is
qualitatively different at different stages
Accommodation
modifying existing schemata in light of new information
circadian rythym
ny pattern of biological functioning that happens over (roughly) a 24-hour cycle
webers law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been criticized for
underestimating the abilities of young children.
behavioral
used by a psychologist who emphasizes the power of rewards and punishments to influence behavior