Ap Environmental Science: Forestry
what removes all or almost all the trees in an area?
clear cutting
where is an example of clear cutting?
(nw) oregon (douglas fir)
commercial timber operations: -_____ percent privately owned -allowed to _____ in exchange for a royalty that is a percentage of revenues -gov spends more money on management that it receives in royalties (so logging is effectively _____)
73, harvest, subsidized
industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging? a. more carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change b. farmers will be able to utilize more land, resulting in a decrease in the number of floods c. less oxygen will be used by the trees, so more oxygen will be in the atmosphere for humans and other animals to use d. the regulating services of the area, such as nutrient cycling and water regulation, would increase with fewer trees in the landscape
a
which of the following changes to the local hydrological cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear cutting? a. transpiration of water from vegetation will increase b. evaporation of water from the soil will increase c. runoff from watersheds will decrease d. siltation of local streams will decrease
b
effects of clear cutting: 1. reduction in _____ -fast growing, direct sunlight species are favored when replanted -less valuable species may have been harvested also -habitat destruction and fragmentation 2. increase in wind _____, loss of soil _____ 3. stream sedimentation due to increased soil _____ 4. _____ 5. increased water _____ due to loss of shade of trees
biodiversity, erosion, nutrients, erosion, mudslides, temperatures
the cutting and burning of trees releases _____ and contributes to _____
carbon dioxide, climate change
_____ can be economically advantageous but leads to soil erosion, increased soil and stream temperatures, and flooding
clearcutting
sustainable use of forests in the us would likely be encouraged by a. clear cutting old growth forests to allow for secondary succession b. allowing road building in wilderness areas so that older, clear cut forests have time to regenerate c. logging on steep slopes in designated wilderness areas d. cutting small groups of medium and large sized trees in uneven aged forests
d
prescribed burns: -_____ biomass builds up when fires are suppressed -if _____ controlled burns don't occur, _____ wildfires may rage out of control -1988: 1/3rd of yellowstone burned
dead, small, large
benefits of clear cutting: -_____, usually most _____ -often stands are _____
easiest, economical, replanted
fire management -_____ is a natural process -nutrient cycling- liberate _____ tied up in dead biomass -regeneration- openings provided for early successional species
fire, nutrients
what is the land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging?
forest
methods to protect forests from pathogens and insects include _____ and the _____ of affected trees
integrated pest management (ipm), removal
mitigate deforestation: methods to protect forests from pathogens and insects include -_____ -_____ removal of affected trees
integrated pest management, selected
more logging conflicts due to selective cutting: northern spotted owl -30-168,000 logging jobs projected to be _____; timber industry used owl as an example of environmental excesses -jobs were already being lost due to decline in old growth and automation -scientists call it important indicator species
lost
what are 2 examples of logging conflicts?
marbled murrelet and red cockaded woodpecker
some of the methods for _____ include reforestation, using and buying wood harvested by ecologically sustainable forestry techniques, and reusing wood
mitigating deforestation
federal regulations since 1982: -require uses to provide habitat for _____ and _____ communities while meeting multiple use goals -no specifications of how this should be achieved or quantified
plant, animal
forests contain trees that absorb _____ and store _____
pollutants, carbon dioxide
_____ is a method by which forests are set on fire under controlled conditions in order to reduce the occurrence of natural fires
prescribed burn
what is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted, usually through deforestation or growing more trees?
reforestation
mitigate deforestation: -_____ wood instead of _____ down new trees
reuse, cutting
what is the removal of single trees or small amounts of trees?
selective cutting
tree plantations: -clear cut and quickly replanted with _____, _____ growing species -will never mature into _____ ecosystems; nutrient _____ from soil
single, fast, diverse, depletion
clearcutting can be economically advantageous but leads to _____, increased _____ and stream ______, and _____
soil erosion, soil, temperatures, flooding
logging conflicts (selective cutting): -_____ vs _____ -ex. marbled murrelet that nests in old growth coastal redwood forests -red cockaded woodpecker here in louisiana. the species declined drastically as its original habitat was cut down, and the species was listed as endangered in 1970
timber production, maintaining biodiversity
mitigate deforestation: -______ and _____ wood harvested by ecologically sustainable forestry techniques such as best management practices -______ protected areas to conserve biodiversity -use tree plantations to conserve natural forest reduced impact _____ -do not use mechanized logging _____ that may harm trees not being harvested -use _____ to pull the logs out of the forests. their hooves don't compact soil like vehicles and have less carbon emissions
use, buy, establish, logging, machines, animals
selecting cutting: -_____ seedlings grow next to established old-growth trees -optimum growth amount shade tolerant species -less _____, loss of biodiversity -however, many drawbacks occur such as _____
young, erosion, logging roads
