clinical and counseling

_____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the variable manipulated by the researcher.

. Dependent

In the United States, what is the most up-to-date, prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals?

. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition

. _____ is how an interviewer is with clients, while _____ is what an interviewer does with clients

. Rapport, technique

what is the practitioner-scholar model

...Same as vail model. All on practice and less research

what is a post doctoral internship

1 to 2 year internship occurring after the doctoral degree in clinical psychology is granted that consists of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting, often with specialized focus

Why are fewer and fewer clinical and counseling psychologists working in private practice? List at least three reasons.

It is difficult to make a living in private practice paperwork time can be extensive insurance companies give very low reimbursement rates loneliness, or lack of coworker support

The concept of Defusion in ACT teaches clients what?

That your thoughts don't have to impact your behavior.

In _____, the therapist's primary task is to identify the "script" that the client appears to be unknowingly following, which is likely to be based on previous important relationships, and to refuse to enact that script in the therapeutic relationship

Time limited dynamic therapy

what is the categorical approach to diagnoses

an approach to diagnoses based on the notion that an individual either has or does not have a particular disorder

_____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.

assertiveness training

The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is _____.

catastrophizing

According to "Overcoming Depression: A Cognitive Therapy Approach," questioning the evidence is a technique used to:

challenge maladaptive cognitive patterns

The main dialectic in DBT is

change vs. acceptance

what is the thematic apperception test

clients create stories in response to ambiguous interpersonal scenes projective

what is an intake interview

determine whether or not to intake the client to the setting where the interview is taking place

what is the dimensional approach to diagnoses

diagnoses based on the issue of severity of an individual's symptoms on a continuum or dimension, rather than the presence or absence of disorder

_____ is a short-term humanistic therapy that emphasizes the expression, acknowledgement, and healing power of emotions in the present moment.

emotionally focused therapy

What is a predoctoral internship

year long internship occurring near the end of graduation training in clinical psychology that consists primarily of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting

what is the vail model

focus is practice rather than research PsyD programs

what is the bolder model

focus on both research and practice

3. Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to

focus on the client's current problems

what is contingency management

form of behavior therapy. based on operant conditioning in which the consequences following selected behaviors are changed to produce more desired behavior

When a patient is asked to engage in _____, the patient's task is to verbalize any thought that comes to mind, no matter how nonsensical, inappropriate, illogical, or unimportant it may seem

free association

displacement

you put your anger or bad feelings onto something or someone who is not the problem

List three techniques (discussed in your textbook) that you see the interviewer using in the video

• Open ended questions • Closed questions • Directive style • Clarification • paraphrasing

what are objective personality tests

include unambiguous test items, offer clients a limited range of responses, and are objectively scored

The targets (goals) of DBT are hierarchically ordered. What is the primary target of DBT?

increasing skillful coping behaviors

DBT consists of which mode of treatment?

individual therapy group therapy phone contact

All of the following are DBT skills modules, EXCEPT: distress tolerance mindfulness insight interpersonal effectiveness

insight

what is a between group design

participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments

what is the examination for professional practice in psychology

standardized exam used by states and provinces as a criterion for licensure

According to "Overcoming Depression: A Cognitive Therapy Approach," thought stopping is used to:

stop depressing thoughts that can have a snowball effect

what is nondirective

style allows the client to pick the pace

What are the two main concerns that DBT was first aimed at treating?

suicidal individual and Borderline Personality Disorder

_____ are considered leaders in the cognitive therapy movement.

Aaron beck and Albert ellis

List two advantages and two disadvantages to working in clinical psychology practice:

Advantages: fulfillment, challenge, diverse work opportunities, high need/job opportunities Disadvantages: large amounts of paperwork which is time consuming and the job is mentally demanding and can take a toll (e.g., burnout).

5. All of the following are ways in which psychologists relate to research, EXCEPT: a. As researchers b. As consumers c. As judges d. As reviewers

As judges

According to Carl Rogers, the therapist's _____ determine(s) the success of therapy.

Attitude toward the client

Honore receives psychological testing. Although her intelligence falls in the low average range, a discrepancy is still identified between her achievement and intelligence test scores (such that achievement falls significantly below expectations based on intelligence). This discrepancy will likely be the basis for a diagnosis of _____.

B. specific learning disorder

In a(n) _____ design, participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments

Between-Group

DBT is derived from which of the following models?

Biosocial

What are the two main concerns that DBT was first aimed at treating?

Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder

Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning?

Contingency Management

_____, according to psychodynamic psychotherapists, is the therapist's unconscious tendency to interact with clients as if the client is very similar to an individual from the therapist's own personal history.

Countertransference

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality traits measured by the NEO Personality Inventory? A. Neuroticism B. Conscientiousness C. Openness D. Eclecticism

Eclecticism

1. In short, the _____ of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab," where it is practiced according to manualized methods.

Efficacy

According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the part of the mind that generates defense mechanisms.

Ego

According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist-client relationships. _____ is among these three essential therapeutic conditions.

Empathy

For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.

Exposure and response prevention

There are consequences to professionals who do not follow EBP standards

False

what is fluid and crystalized intelligence

Fluid: ability to reason when faced with novel problems crystal: the body of knowledge one has accumulated a s result of life experiences

Spearman created the concept of _____, an individual's general intelligence or global, overall intellectual ability.

G

Josephine is an undergraduate student who wants to increase her odds of getting into a clinical psychology graduate program. Based on recommendations provided in the textbook, which of the following is the best advice you could provide to Josephine?

Get to know your professors. Build a positive, professional relationship with them so they can write meaningful and persuasive letters of recommendation.

Behavior therapy

Ivan pavlov attempts to change a persons behavior patterns observable behavior change

1. Evidence-based Practice (EBP) includes all of the following, EXCEPT: a. Research findings b. Clinical expertise c. Client preference d. Legal standards

Legal standards

_____ authorizes a psychologist to practice independently.

Licensure

who was the first and strongest opponents to spearmint singular theory of intelligence.

Louis thurstone

Which of the following is an example of an objective personality test? A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory B. Rorschach Inkblot Method C. Thematic Apperception Test D. Person-Tree-House Technique

Minnesota multiphase personality inventory

Psychologists are becoming more demographically diverse, however, prior to 1980 most health service psychologists (i.e., psychologists in clinical practice were) of what race and gender?

Most of them were White/Caucasian and Male.

The practice of using a collection of different assessment instruments (e.g., interview data, direct observation, etc.) to examine an individual's personality is known as _____.

Multimethod assessment

Which of the following lists Freud's psychosexual stages in the correct order?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

All of the following are true statements about the differences between PsyD programs and PhD programs, EXCEPT: A. PsyD programs offer significantly more funding to students than do PhD programs. B. PsyD programs tend to emphasize research less so than PhD programs. C. PsyD programs tend to enroll a much larger percentage of applicants than do PhD programs. D. PsyD programs tend to take fewer years to complete than PhD programs.

PsyD programs offer significantly more funding to students than do PhD programs

Dianne has been accepted into a clinical psychology graduate program that adheres to the Vail Model of training. upon graduation from the program, Diane is most likely to earn a ___ and work in a ____

PsyD, Clinical Setting

Differences between PsyD and PhD programs

PsyD: less emphasis on research accept and enroll larger classes accept students with lower GRE scores Accept more masters students graduate in a briefer time frame graduate clinic or practice related fields

Loraine is a clinical psychology graduate student conducting her first clinical interview with a client. While her client describes reasons for seeking treatment, Loraine finds herself distracted by internal thoughts such as, "What questions should I ask next?" and "When is the project due for my linear regression class?" In this instance, Loraine has the opportunity to improve which general skill of clinical interviewing?

Quieting yourself

Elise's psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happen her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise's psychologist is likely treating her with _____.

Rational emotive behavior therapy

An individual's _____ is how the person actually is at present; the _____ is what a person could be if he or she fulfilled his or her potential.

Real Self, Ideal Self

Gloria clearly wants a direct answer from Dr. Rogers regarding whether or not she should inform her daughter that she lied to her. Rather than provide her with a direct answer, Dr. Rogers uses what technique?

Reflection

_____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.

Relaxation training

Ron is a psychotherapy client who senses that certain unconscious material will soon be exposed. This makes him anxious, so he abruptly changes the subject and then misses his next appointment. Ron's psychodynamic psychotherapist is likely to understand Ron's actions as _____.

Resistance

Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is _____.

Self Actualization

A good example of Gloria's movement from remoteness of emotional experience to immediacy of emotional experience in her session with Dr. Rogers is when she ____________.

Sheds a tear

_____ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a numerically significant difference between two groups. It is measured quantitatively.

Statistical

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with _____.

Steven Hayes

According to CPT, thoughts related to traumatic events, that keep people from the people, places, and activities they used to enjoy are called:

Stuck points

Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning?

Systematic desensitization

2. T/F EBP is a set of best practices or standards used to determine most effective treatment for a given client with a given disorder.

True

When a psychodynamic therapy patient does not immediately accept his analyst's interpretation, the analyst may need to repeat the interpretation across multiple sessions before it is fully accepted. This process is known as _____.

Working through

what is abnormality

also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or more broadly psychopathology .

The Boulder Model of training is characterized by

a joint emphasis on practice and research

what is the hierarchical model of intelligence

a model of intelligence in which specific abilities play an important role but are all at least somewhat related to one another and to a global overall general intelligence

what is interpersonal therapy

a specific annualized, contemporary form of psychodynamic psychotherapy that emphasizes interpersonal relationships and has received empirical support for the treatment of depression

what is the five factor model of personality

a theory of personality thought by many to identify the fundamental, shared traits of human personality on which a dimensional approach to diagnosis may be based; also the basis of the NEO-PI-R personality test

What is a quasi experimental design

a type of research design used when truly experimental design is not feasible

2. List two benefits of the Thematic apperception test

a. Can be helpful in building rapport b. Can provide information into the subjective experience of the client's inner world c. Can create fodder for therapy

1. List two criticisms of the Thematic apperception test

a. Validity concerns b. Subjective - each psychologist might interpret results differently c. Can be time consuming

sublimation

allowing the id to do what it wants, and in the process, the others are helped rather than harmed

what are projective personality tests

based on a fundamentally different assumption. People will project their personalities if presented with unstructured ambitious stimuli.

The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client

behavioral activation

4. The author's survey suggests graduate training programs in psychology are doing best covering which of the three legs in the three-legged EBP stool?

c. Research evidence

Positive working relationships with clients

can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect.

Michael's career goal is to become a clinical psychologist who researches the treatment effectiveness of new psychotherapy interventions for bipolar I disorder. He envisions his work setting in academia or at a national research institute. When selecting clinical psychology graduate programs to which he will apply, Michael should focus on programs that adhere to the _____ model of training.

clinical scientist

A growing emphasis in clinical psychology graduate training is specific _____, or outcome-based skills that a student must be able to demonstrate in areas such as assessment, research, and ethics.

competencies

Million clinical multiracial inventory

comprehensive personality test in a self-report pencil to paper true/false format. emphasis on the personality disorders

What is the wechsler individual achievement test

comprehensive test for clients aged 4-50. Administered face to face and one on one reading math written language and oral language

based on the discussion in the textbook, a good definition for clinical psychology should

contain reference to the science, theory, and practice of this broad field

what techniques rely on operant conditioning

contingency management extinction token economies shaping

projection

convincing ourselves that the negative or bad feelings belong to someone else

what is a mixed group design

design that combines aspects of between group and within group

Dr. Murphy, a clinical neuropsychologist, is conducting a clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to assign a label from the current DSM to the patient. In other words, Dr. Murphy is conducting a _____.

diagnostic interview

Empirical examinations of humanistic therapy A. have determined that it is universally ineffective. B. discovered that its main elements—empathy, positive regard, and genuineness—play an important role in therapy success. C. found that humanistic techniques only work when used by therapists who identify as humanists. D. do not exist in the psychotherapy literature.

discovered that its main elements—empathy, positive regard, and genuineness—play an important role in therapy success.

what are the three essential therapeutic conditions to humanistic psychotherapy

empathy unconditional positive regard genuineness

What is the scientist practitioner model?

emphasis on both empirical research and training in clinical psychology resulting in PhD

what is the clinical scientist model

emphasizes empirical research over practice

what is humanistic therapy

emphasizes the tendency toward healthy growth within each individual Carl Rodgers

what is evidence based assessment

emphasizing those methods that have strong psychometrics, clinical utility, and normative data and are sensitive to issues of diversity such as age gender race and ethnicity

What techniques are based on classical conditioning

exposure therapy systematic desensitization assertiveness training

what factors can listening or attending behaviors be broken into

eye contact body language vocal qualities verbal tracking referring to the client as the proper name

Prior to his session with Gloria, Dr. Rogers explains that, with the necessary therapeutic environment, he expects Gloria to make all of the following movement, EXCEPT: A. From repression to insight B. From fear-relating to direct-relating C. From disapproving of self to acceptance of self D. From unreal to real within herself

from repression to insight

what is a directive style

get exactly the information they need by asking the client directly

what are other common factors for success in psychotherapy

hope, attention, three stage sequential model of common factors

According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from

illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives

what is working through

interpretations are reconsidered and reevaluated again and again

what does it mean to be self aware

interviewers ability to know how he or she tends to affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him or her

what is an analogue design

involves an approximation of the target client or situation as a substitute for the "real thing"

what is shaping

involves reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior

What is a within group design

involves the comparisons of participants in a single condition to themselves at various points in time.

What do graduate schools prefer

know your professional options take and earn high grades in the appropriate undergraduate courses good letters of recommendation research experience clinically relevant experience maximize your GRE score select graduate programs wisely effective personal statements

The type of clinical interview that is most often conducted in medical settings for the primary purpose of quickly assessing a client's current level of functioning is the _____.

mental status exam

Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as _____.

meta-analysis

Minnesota multiphase personality inventory

most popular and psychometrically sound objective personality test used by clinical psychologists

_____, developed by William Miller, is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism

motivational interviewing

Dr. Young, a clinical psychologist, is conducting an assessment of a client who experienced a head injury in a car accident. She uses the Halstead-Reitan battery to determine impairment of the functioning of specific components or structures of the brain. Dr. Young is conducting _____ testing.

neuropsychological

What are the five factors of the Neo personality inventory revided

neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

The main goal of behavior therapy is

observable behavior changes

A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's

observable behaviors

what are social workers

obtain masters degrees and whose work emphasizes the social and environmental factors that contribute to an individual's problems

What is the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science

organization of graduate programs subscribing to the clinical scientist model of graduate training in clinical psychology

. Whereas a _____ echoes the client's words, a _____ echoes the client's emotions.

paraphrase, reflection of feeling

Josefina, a psychotherapy client, is depressed about a recent breakup with her boyfriend. She believes that the breakup is entirely her fault, and that if she had done things differently, she would not be alone now. This belief best exemplifies the cognitive thought distortion known as _____.

personalization

In the Big Bang Theory video clip, Sheldon uses chocolate as a ___________________ to affect change Pennys behavior

positive reinforcer

In the Token Economies video we see that students receive:

praise in addition to a token each time they engage in a target behavior

what are psychiatrists

professionals with some similarities to clinical psychologists but who are medically trained, able to prescribe medication, and emphasize the biological aspects of client's problems.

what are professional counselors

professionals with some similarities to clinical psychologists but who attend masters programs in professional counseling. Typically have relatively high admissions rates, and whose activities emphasize counseling and deemphasize assessment and research

The DSM is primarily authored by _____.

psychiatrists

all of the following are ways in which a psychologist differs from a psychiatrist, except: A. Psychiatrists prescribe medication and psychologists do not. B. Psychiatrists go to medical school and psychologists do not. C. Psychiatrists have a professional/doctorate degree and psychologists do not. D. Psychiatrists emphasize biological bases of mental health concerns, whereas psychologists also consider behavioral, cognitive, and emotional bases.

psychiatrists have a professional/doctorate degree and psychologists do not

what is quieting yourself

rather than the interviewers speech, what should be quieted is the interviewers internal thoughts.

what is latent content

raw thoughts and feelings

what is internal validity

reders to the extent in which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable

The targets (goals) of DBT are hierarchically ordered. What is the primary target of DBT?

reducing suicidal behaviors

what is rapport

refers to a positive comfortable relationship between interviewer and the client

what is transferrence

refers to clients tendency to form relationships with therapists in which they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like the important people in the client's past

what is effectiveness

refers to studying the technique in clinical settings

what is external validity

refers to the generalizability of the results

what is efficacy

refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular criteria

what is existential psychotherapy

related to humanistic centers on the premise that each person is essentially alone in the world, and that realization of this fact can cause overwhelming anxiety

what is gestalt therapy

related to humanistic approach, emphasizing a holistic approach to enhancing the client's current experience and often relying on the use of role play techniques during therapy

what is extinction

removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.

what is aversion therapy

represents an example of the clinical use of punishment. In which an unwanted behavior brings about an aversive stimulus.

what is the dodo bird verdict

research finding that different forms of psychotherapy are roughly equally effective

what is emotionally focused therapy

short term humanistic therapy that has garnered significant empirical evidence and popularity in recent years. emphasizes the expression, acknowledgment, and healing power of emotions

what are school psychologists

some relation to clinical psychologists who work primarily In schools and often perform psychological and educational testing and conduct interventions with students

What is repression

sweeping the feelings under the rug

what is reflection

takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the clients statements in a way that highlights the clients feelings or emotions

what is assertiveness training

targets clients social anxieties elements of exposure therapy and systematic desensitization facing interpersonal fears.

what is manifest content

the actual plot of the dream as we remember it.

what is harmful dysfunction theory

the definition of disorder should include aspects of harmfulness and dysfunction.

what is clinical utility

the extent to which a technique benefits the clinician and ultimately the client in a meaningful way

inkblot methods

would ask clients what they saw in the inkblots

The cognitive triad of depression is a theory that people who are depressed have negative views of all of the following, EXCEPT: A. the past B. the self C. the world D. the future

the past

the real self

the self they really are

the ideal self

the selves they could be if they fulfilled their own potential

what is time limited dynamic psychotherapy

the therapist's primary task is to identify the "script" that the client appears to be unknowingly following, which is likely to be based on previous important relationships, and to refuse to enact that script in the therapeutic relationship

what is therapeutic relationship, therapeutic alliance, and working alliance

therapeutic relationship, alliance, and working alliance: an established common factor in psychotherapy outcome researcher coalition or partnership between two allies (client and therapist) working in a trusting relationship toward a mutual goal

The term third-wave therapies is most often applied to _____.

therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance.

what is behavior activation

therapy designed to help with depression .in day to day life of depressed people there is a shortage of positive reinforcement. The goal is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client

what is the goal of humanistic therapy

to foster self actualization

The primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is

to make the unconscious conscious.

Why do clinical psychologists do research

treatment outcome

what is confrontation

used when they notice discrepancies or inconsistencies in the clients comments

"It makes sense that you're scared to begin a new relationship after the hurt you experienced in your past relationship," is an example of what type of therapist strategy used in DBT?

validating

what is technique

what the interviewer does with the clients

reaction formation

when we have these bad feelings or desire we do the opposite