Clinical Families Midterm

d

A sound theory is _____, which means that it generates predictions about behavior that can be confirmed when the relevant empirical data have been collected. a. empirically valid b. stimulating c. parsimonious d. verifiable

feedback loops

SYSTEMS Those circular mechanisms by which information about a system's output is continuously reintroduced back into the system, initiating a chain of subsequent events.

c

Which of the following is a common type of malpractice suit? a. inaccurate therapy records b. practicing in another country without a license c. failure to obtain or document informed consent d. inappropriate hospitalization of clients in emergency situations

second-order cybernetics

-A postmodern model that conceives of the therapist and family as one unit. -Objectivity is not possible. -The treatment unit is a meaning system to which the treating professional is an equal and active contributor. -The system does not create a problem; the problem creates a system. -Clinician's presence alters system in some way -There are multiple perspectives and even contradictory ones are not wrong -Stories define the family

triangle

-Bowen theorized that when emotions become too intense in a dyad or when balance cannot be found, they will bring in a vulnerable third person to restore balance -often produces tension and high stress for third person -if third person is no longer enough to diffuse the tension, others, even agencies, may be involved in forming interlocking triangles -A three-person system, the smallest stable emotional system; according to Bowen, a two-person emotional system, under stress, will recruit a third person into the system to lower the intensity and anxiety and gain stability.

splitting

-Fairbairn term According to object relations theory, a primitive process by which an infant makes contradictory aspects of a mother or other nurturing figure less threatening by dividing the external person into a good object and a bad object and internalizing the split perception.

self psychology

-Kohut -broke from tradition of concentration on drives and impulses and focused more on the relationship between the self and outside influences -worked with narcissistic personality -infants and children have narcissistic traits -an adult w/ the traits has not successfully developed a reality-oriented self -promoted mirroring to teach empathic response -An object relations-based theory, advanced by Kohut, that emphasizes the role of narcissism in forming an authentic and coherent sense of self.

Developmental task area

-Part of McMaster model developed by Epstein that addresses how family deals with problems that arise as a result of change over time

flexibility

-ability to permit changes in its role relationships, family leadership, and relationship rules -one of the three Circumplex model dimensions - involves balancing stability and change - 5 levels from inflexible/rigid to overly flexible/ chaotic

Virginia Satir

-believed that the "presenting problem" was rarely the issue -instead how the client responded to it became the problem

communication/problem-solving processes

-clear, consistent, and congruent interactions that facilitate climat of mutual trust and open expression among its members -key for resiiliency- one of the three factors along with organization and share belief systems

peer review

-clinical work and professional writing a process of assessing another therapist's professional procedures or intended procedures; under managed care contracts, such as evaluations in a case-by-case procedure are performed by a case mgmt coordinator representing a third party payor

defense mechanisms

-freud process we still use today -According to psychoanalytic theory, the process, usually unconscious, whereby the ego protects the individual from conscious awareness of threatening and therefore anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

genogram

-graphic depiction of family member's perception of factors that influence the family -typically three or more generations - gender, marital status, relationships in degrees of closeness

licensure

-helps consumers choose practitioner -protects public by establishing standards -increases likelihood of competence -mh services more affordable as clinicians are recognized by ins. com -allows profession to give self definition

intrapsychic

-inner world within the mind -Freud's focus

Moreno

-introduced psychodrama in 1910 using a stage to allow clients to reinvent significant life events in front of audience -FIRST GROUP therapy

family environment scale

-self report questionnaire widely used in family research since introduction by Rudolph Moos -proven reliable and valid -composed of three dimensions and ten subscales A]Personal Growth a. cohesion b. expressiveness c. conflict B]Relationship a. independence b. achievement orientation c. intellectual/ cultural orientation d. active recreational orientation e. moral-religious emphasis C]System Maintenance a. organization b. control

content

-signifies linear causality -one event led to another -too simplistic for system as large as a family

continuing education

-stay current with research voluntarily or increasingly mandated, post grad training usually in the form of workshops and in-service training programs

psychodynamic

: -The interplay of opposing forces within an individual as the basis for understanding that person's motivation -Sigmund Freud -emphasizes insight, motivation, unconscious drives and conflict, early attachments

systemic thinking

A cognitive reorientation that uses a systemic paradigm to organize thinking in therapeutic problem solving. Systemic therapists develop mental habits that enhance their ability to identify systemic elements and intervene effectively in systems.

psychoanalysis

A comprehensive theory of personality development and set of therapeutic techniques developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s.

family ledger

A concept and therapeutic technique from transgenerational models of therapy that denotes a multigenerational accounting system of what has been given and who, psychologically speaking, still owes what to whom.

d

A concept that originated in object relations theory, the _____ environment, refers to the safe and nurturing environment provided by the mother to her infant that supports good-enough psychological development. a. emotional b. relational c. feedback d. holding

metarules

A family's unstated rules regarding how to interpret or, if necessary, to change its rules. SYSTEMS

feminist family therapy

A form of collaborative, egalitarian, nonsexist intervention, applicable to both men and women, addressing family gender roles, patriarchal attitudes, and social and economic inequalities in male-female relationships.

systems theory

A generic term in common use, encompassing general systems theory and cybernetics, referring to the view of interacting units or elements making up the organized whole.

b

A genogram is a diagram of a family that encompasses at least _____ generations in order to examine the emotional processes and patterns in the system. a. two b. three c. five d. four

Suprasystem

A higher level system in which other systems represent component parts and play subsystem roles.

Binuclear Family

A post-divorced family structure in which the former spouses reside in separate households and function as two separate units; in living separately, their nuclear family is thus restructured, but remains intact.

d

A primary goal of gender-sensitive therapy is to _____. a. help understand women and women understand men b. educate both men and women about their appropriate roles c. assist men and women in accepting their roles d. liberate and empower both women and men

resistance

A psychoanalytic concept that accounts for the unconscious opposition to therapeutic change.

transgenerational

A technique in ____________ model wherein after therapy within the nuclear family, parents are encouraged to visit families of origin alone as an observer. Idea is to restore connectedness in a healthy way

two-person psychology

A term from more contemporary forms of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy that recognizes the mutuality—unconscious and conscious—in the therapeutic dyad that leads to co-constructed therapeutic gains.

strategic

A therapeutic approach in which the therapist develops a specific plan or strategy and designs interventions aimed at solving the presenting problem.

structural

A therapeutic model directed at changing or realigning the family organization or structure in order to alter dysfunctional transactions and clarify subsystem boundaries.

d

According to Bowen, what is a common way for a two-person system under stress to attempt to achieve stability? a. differentiation b. fusion c. enmeshment d. triangulation

b

According to Combrinck-Graham, which situation characterizes a centripetal period? a. A new child is born at an inconvenient time and other family members are unable to visit. b. A family member becomes ill and family members work together to prepare meals. c. A child starts school and family members express anxiety about how quickly he is growing up. d. A family member starts a new career and family members are proud of her.

selfobject

According to Kohut, unconscious images or representations of another person or object viewed by infants as extensions of themselves while they are in the process of gaining self-esteem.

b

According to the text, which social factor is the primary determinant of whether a person's experience of work is fulfilling or demoralizing? a. gender b. social class c. family structure d. ethnicity

d

According to the textbook, Virginia Satir argued that _____. a. rules are not used by dysfunctional families b. rules were an impediment to effective family functioning c. dysfunctional families exhibited a systemic confusion about rules d. dysfunctional families followed dysfunctional rules

a

According to the textbook, the most significant milestone in a family's life cycle is usually _____. a. having children b. deciding to marry c. choosing a career d. deciding on a life style

b

Activities undertaken by families to overcome conflicts occurring at various stages in the family life cycle are called _____. a. developmental obstacles b. developmental tasks c. first-order cybernetic systems d. second-order cybernetic systems

a

Adopting a relationship outlook shifts attention from _____ to _____. a. content; process b. process; content c. family; society d. society; family

d

All family therapists engage in _____ assessments. a. formal b. brief c. standardized d. clinical

Ecomap

An appraisal tool designed to graphically depict a family's connections with outside agencies and institutions, enabling the therapist to examine pictorially those relationship bonds that connect the family to these systems.

experiential-humanistic

An approach to family therapy that accounts for the unique conflicts and behavior patterns of each family from a psychodynamically informed or Gestalt perspective.

d

An ethical code violation, such as inappropriate advertising of one's services, is likely to be met with a(n) _____ -level sanction by an ethics committee. a. expulsion b. reprimand c. censure d. educative

symbiosis

An intense attachment between two or more individuals, such as a mother and child, to the extent that the boundaries between them become blurred, and they respond as one.

self psychology

An object relations-based theory, advanced by Kohut, that emphasizes the role of narcissism in forming an authentic and coherent sense of self.

projective identification

An unconscious defense mechanism whereby certain unwanted aspects of oneself are attributed to another person (e.g., a spouse), who is then induced or incited to behave according to the first person's projected but split-off feelings.

a

As a mental health practitioner on a panel of providers for a managed mental healthcare program, you may be required to _____. a. be available for emergencies on a 24-hour basis b. carry out utilization reviews to determine how to best manage a case c. move to a different geographic area every two years at a minimum d. continue therapy at no cost to the client when the managed-care organization denies a claim

undifferentiated family ego mass

Bowen's term for an intense, symbiotic nuclear family relationship; an individual sense of self fails to develop in members because of the existing fusion or emotional "stuck-togetherness."

c

Check My Work According to Constantine, which statement describes an "enabled" family? a. Its dysfunction is not fully understood by its members. b. It is enmeshed within its membership and through generations. c. It balances the needs of the family with those of its individual members. d. Its members are primarily influenced by community standards.

a

Children of gay and lesbian parents tend to be generally ____. a. less gender stereotyped than children of heterosexual parents b. less likely to be gay and lesbian than children of heterosexual parents c. less open to new experiences than children of heterosexual parents d. less physically fit than children of heterosexual parents

c

Clara has a client with whom she is experiencing serious and irresolvable conflicts in values. What course of action should Clara take? a. Refer the client for psychotropic medication. b. Advise the client that therapy is an inappropriate treatment for the problem. c. Refer the client to other therapists. d. Consider the client as the identified patient in the family system.

family interactive patterns.

Collaborative, purposeful, and recurring patterns of interaction that are jointly engaged in, and highly predictable. These transactional patterns are generated by all family members on cue, as though each participant feels compelled to play a well-rehearsed part.

c

Core competencies for family therapists help to _____. a. maintain uniform treatment practices b. perpetuate antiquated ideas about the practice of psychology c. ensure adequately trained professional practitioners d. distribute wealth equally among psychologists

b

Corinne cannot handle the emotional stress of interacting with her parents so she stops talking with them for a year. This is an example of _____. a. self-differentiation b. emotional cutoff c. family projection d. triangulation

life cycle perspective

Critiques of ________ ________ ____________ -more descriptive than explanatory - difficulty taking into account the difference in families -too much focus on intact families and does not account for different types of them

SEVEN

Current trends favor eclecticism and integration in family therapy, as therapists borrow concepts and techniquest that cross theoretical boundaries. However, distinguishing theoretical constructs remain beteen traditional schols and controversy remains regarding the possibility of ever creating an integrated supertheory of family therapy The psychodynamic viewpoint originally focused on drive theory and the interplay of opoosing forces within an individual. While treatment based on this model appears to be exclusively concerned with the personality of the single individual patient, the role of family context in personality formation an essential element of the theory. Nathan Ackerman, a family therapy pioneer, attempted to inegrate psychoanalytic theory with systems theory. He viewed family dysfunction as a failure in role complementarity between members and as the product of persistent unresolved conflict and prejudicial scapegoating. His therapeutic efforts were aimed at disentangling such interlocking pathologies. The psychoanalytic position today is largely based on more relationally oriented perspectives that include object relations theory, self psychology, , intersubjectivity, and relational psychoanalysis. The emphasis of object relations is on the infant's primary need for attachment to a caring person, and the analyst of those internalized psychic representations-objects-that continue to seek satisfaction in adult relationships. Framo et al provide two examples of object relations therapeutic approaches. He believed that insoluvle intrapsychic conflict, derived from the family of irigin, is perpetuated in projections onto current intimates such as a spouse or chilren. He focused on working through and removing these introjects; his process inclded comples alone, then in a couples' group and separate sessions with each partner and the members of his or her family of origin. Scarff and Scharff use a psychoanalytic therapeutic approach to create a bholding environment, evoke unconscious material, make interpretations, and provide insight, relying on transference and countertransference to help familiies learn how past internalized objects intrude on family current family relationships. The goal is for family members to support one another's needs for attachment, individuation, and personal growth. Kohut's work with self-psychology focused on early infant relations with a caretaker mother, particularly the view of the mother as an extension of the child [a selfobject]. Kohut emphasized the development of a core self, mirrored by parents; he viewd both processes as essentiona to forming an autonomous self. At the forefront of today's psychoanalytic/dynamic theories are intersubjectivity and relational psychoanalysis. Moving beyond intrapsychic experience, these theories include the impact of actual relationships on the development of personality. Intersubjectivity extends the self-other relationship of self-psychology to one that sees core relationships as mutually informing within an intersubjective field of unconscious and conscious interactions that lead to the establishment of organizing principles that shape the participant's way of experiencing and understanding their inner and outer lives. Relational psychoanalysts note the impact of external, interpersonal, or social relations and internal relations among a person's varied self-states and object relations. Both intersubjective and relational analysts eschew one-person psychology in favor of two-person model. While intersubjectivists rely on self-psychology theories and techniques such as mirroring and idealization, relationalists argue that these techniques limit access to feelings and thoughts that one might find difficult or impossible to mirror. In their efforts to explore the interpersonal dynamics between themselves and their clients, they may selectively employ self-disclosure. By including the ongoing impact of others on personality, contemporary analytic theory becomes closer to similar emphases by family therapists. Attachment theory explores the impact of early infant-caregiver interactions on the capacity of individual to relate with others. Secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles result from varied attachment experiences. Attachment informs the development of internal object relations.

projection

DM attribute own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person

reaction formation

DM beyond denial act in the exact opposite way they feel

denial

DM blocking thoughts form awareness

sublimation

DM displace thoughts and feelings into constructive activity

regression

DM move back in time when we did not face stress

displacement

DM redirection of impulse onto a powerless subject

repression

DM represses thoughts to avoid guilt

c

Defending against anxiety by externalizing unwanted parts of oneself onto others is called _____. a. mutual introspection b. rationalization c. projective identification d. splitting

b

Developmental tasks refer to _____. a. activities and projects that family therapists must complete in order to obtain their degrees b. activities or experiences that need to be mastered at various stages in the family life cycle to enable the family to move to the next developmental stage c. activities or experiences that children must master in order to prove that they are worthy of being part of the family d. individual activities or experiences that serve as distractions in family life, preventing the family from moving to the next stage

a

During the decade following World War II, the _____ was a factor that helped set the stage for the emergence of family therapy. a. child guidance movement b. invention of the television sitcom c. spread of communicable diseases d. decrease in marriages

c

Early marital counseling focused on the _____. a. couple's future plans, putting aside current concerns b. history of the couple's arguments c. here and now d. profound unconscious conflicts of each partner

FIVE

Five seemingly independent scientific and clinical developments together set the stage for the emergence of family therapy: SYSTEMS THEORY-exploring how relationships among parts of a system make up and integrated whole, SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH- helped establish the role of the dysfunctional family in schizophrenia and setting the stage for studying interaction patterns in other kinds of families, MARITAL/PREMARITAL COUNSELING- bringing couples into conjoint treatment to resolve interpersonal conflicts rather than treating them separately, CHILD GUIDANCE MOVEMENT- focusing on intervention with entire families, and GROUP DYNAMICS/THERAPY- employing small group processes for therapeutic gain and providing a model fro therapy with whole families Stimulated by research-oriented study of families with schizophrenic members, the family therapy movement gained momentum and national visiblity in the fifties. However, technique continued to outpace theory and research well into the seventies. Innovative therapeurtic techniques were introduced, includding behavioral approaches to family-related problems. By then, the field was growing at a rapid rate, and a number of efforts aimed at self-awareness, and self-evaluation were undertaken. Most noteworthy, was the feminist critique of family therapy, challenging family therapy tenets that reinforced sexist views and stereotypical sex roles. In the eighties, marital and family therapies became an all but unified field. Practitioners from a variety of disciplines made "family therapist" their primary professional id when joining interdisciplinary teams. A new epistemology, challenging the early cybernetic notions, gained attention. Medical family therapy was introduced, increasing collaborative efforst with physicians. Psychoeducational programs, especially with schizophrenics and their families, gained prominence, as did efforts to develop cultural competence in working with diverse ethnic groups. The trend, begun in earnest in the nineties, was away from strict adherence to "schools" of family therapy and toward integration. Today, the constructivist paradigm concerns itself more with helping familiies examine their belief systesm than with intervening to change underlying structure or behavior patterns. At the same time, managed care has imposed limitations on the customary wasy of practicing family therapy. Todays family therapists are paying closwer attention to gender and cultural issues and to ecosystemic analysis as well as spiritual and religious considerations in the lives of their clients. Researchers, practitioners, consumers, and ins. companies payers are seeking evidence-supported interventions in an effort to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of clinical services. Core competencies help ensure professional remain fully able to practice and help field gain and deepen professional status and influence.

Spousal, parental, sibling subsystems

Most enduring subsystems

c

Severely disturbed families with centrifugal interactive styles often produce _____ children. a. schizophrenic b. neurotic c. sociopathic d. borderliney

d

The broad social and cultural forces that have the most widespread influence on the individual are referred to as the _____. a. mesosystem b. microsystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem

isolated, defeated

What could families in poverty potentially feel?

Psuedomutuality

a homeostasis-seeking between and among family members that gives a surface appearance of being open, mutually understanding, and satisfying, when it is not.

enabled families

balance the needs of the individual members of the family while balancing the needs of broaders society [Constantine]

individual

early 1900s primary focus was on the ___________

family

social system with evolved set of unique properties

linear causality

the view that one event causes the next in unidirectional stimulus-response fashion

closed system

-A self-contained system that is not affected by changes in its external environment. -Likely to experience entropy and lose its ability to control itself -impermeable boundaries firmly set - resistant to change - thus prone to increasing disorder

Contextual Family Therapy

-A theory and therapeutic model developed by Boszormenyi-Nagy based on the ethical dimension of family relationships. -The family maintains invisible, intergenerational loyalties, which members hold in their personal ledgers. -Problems in relationships are thought to result either from an attempt to maintain or change the balance sheet of what members owe to one another. -Fairness/relational

negative feedback

-ATTENUATING or reducing -new info is fed into system and triggers changes that serve to put system back "on track" -the flow of corrective information from the output of a system back into a system in order to attenuate deviation and keep the system functioning within prescribed limits -slows down a process -helps maintain steady state SYSTEMS

differentiation of self

-According to Bowen, the separation of one's intellectual and emotional functioning; -the greater the distinction, the better one is able to resist being overwhelmed by the emotional reactivity of his or her family, thus making one less prone to dysfunction. -degree to which a person can think and manage their own beliefs and values particularly when under stress, w/o emotional cues from others- -degree to which adult can separate from parents emotionally -goal is not complete detachment, but rather balance and self definition -those w/ extreme fusion are more likely to engage in automatic/involuntary emotional reactions even during times of minimal stress

ecomap

-An appraisal tool designed to graphically depict a family's connections with outside agencies and institutions, -enabling the therapist to examine pictorially those relationship bonds that connect the family to these systems.

social regression

-Bowen argued that the more social resources are depleted, the more family togetherness we will see -Bowen's notion that society responds emotionally in periods of stress and anxiety, offering short-term "Band-Aid" solutions, rather than seeking more rational solutions that lead to greater individuation.

life cycle perspective

-Duvall and Hill late 1940s [perspective] -effort to account for regularities in family life over time -plots the stages through which families typically pass, and attempts to predict approximate time each is reached -goal to reestablish family's developmetnal momentum, using the family's previously unused strengths -useful organizing framework for understanding family conflict and negotiations, flexibilty, appearance of problematic behavior, -major value in establishing a template for family difficulties, revealing linkages over generations, and focus on family resiliency and continuity

detriangulated

-Framo term The process of withdrawing from a family role of buffer or go-between with one's parents so as to not be drawn into alliances with one against the other.

schizophrenogenic mother

-Fromm-Reichmann's term for aggressive, rejecting, and domineering mothers -usually married to inadequate, passive husband -behavior towar son thought to be determining factor in schizophrenic behavior -

mirroring

-Kohuts idea -the acceptance by one person of another ---person's narcissistic self that the person being mirrored may experience self-acceptancce -goal is to help client negotiate self needs with the needs of others -A psychoanalytic technique in which aspects of the client's inner life are reflected back in a nonjudgmental way to strengthen a sense of self and encourage self-esteem. Mirroring is not empathy, as the former is used to normalize behavior rather than simply understanding it.

-consists of three dimensions Basic task area

-Part of Mcmaster model developed by Epstein that addresses how family deals with problems of providing food, money, transportation shelter

contextual

-Pertaining to circumstances or situations in which an event took place; as a therapeutic approach, - an emphasis on the relational determinants, entitlements, and indebtedness across generations that bind families together.

Carl Whitaker

-Referred to as "irreverent" "turned up the emotional temperature" in therapy -questionable techniques -Oakridge TN families-plant that produced atomic bomb

sibling position

-The birth order of children in a family, which influences their personalities as well as their interactions with future spouses. -oldest is most responsible -middle most sensitive -youngest most creative

multigenerational transmission process

-The process, occurring over several generations, in which poorly differentiated persons marry similarly differentiated mates, -ultimately resulting in off spring suffering from schizophrenia or other severe mental disorders. -chronic anxiety in family transmitted over multiple generations -most likely when partners come from similar famliy structures

attachment

-The quality of the relationship between infant and principal caregiver that affects a person's sense of self and relationships with others. -when attuned between mother and child will likely lead to relatively stable senses of self and others - misattuned or traumatized attachments may lead to disturbed senses of self and relationships with others.

negentropy

-The tendency of a system to remain flexible and open to new input, necessary for change and survival of the system. -maximum order -can adjust as needed

schizophrenia

-a group of severe mental disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions -no definitive cause -evidence of genetic link -environmental and crisis events can lead to psychosis -substance abuse/ substance-induced

double bind

-a situation in which an individual is given two different and inconsistent messages. -Bateson -negative statement from primary person with a contradictory act -powerless to confront problem

Adler

-began to break from traditional Freud and focus on social factors as opposed to just unconscious -techniques birth order siblings relationship to and between parents family climate physical conditions academic achievement sexuality and gender social development and childhood

Mcmaster model

-developed by Epstein to assess family structure and organization as well as transactional patterns -consists of three dimensions a. Basic task area-how family deals with problems of providing food, money, transportation shelter b. Developmental task area- how family deals with problems that arise as a result of change over time c. Hazardous task area- how families deal with crises that arise as result of illness, accident, loss of job, etc..

Adler

-emphasized social factors -sibling rivalry -family constellation -birth order -style of life -family experiences play key role in adult behavior -GOAL to promote change in individual and family as a whole -TECHNIQUES Family Constellation stuuf Early recollections- EIGHT stories Typical day Encouragement Pardoxical intention [presenting prob as homework[ Family meetings Logical Consequences for children Confrontation

emotional cutoff

-extreme emotional distancing -can reflect, solve, and create a problem -reflects the inner conflict in the family -solves the feelings of anxiety associated with family -creates a problem of isolation and unresolved conflict -The flight from unresolved emotional ties to one's family of origin, typically manifested by withdrawing or running away from the parental family or denying its current importance in one's life.

John Bell

-first psych to apply group techniques to the clinical treatment of families

overt

-narcissicist characterized by grandiose, attention-seeking and entitlement, with an inflated sense of self which is commonly expected of them. -arrogant -preoccupied with fantasies of being successful with wealth and power -strong desire to be admired -expect respect and admiration -often shallow -lack empathy -often socially charming, successful, and hard-working

communication

-one of the three Circumplex model dimensions - involves the family's skill level in listening to each other and either facilitates or impedes family movement in the other two dimensions

cohesion

-one of the three Circumplex model dimensions -involves balance between enmeshment and disengagement -5 levels between ^

Identified patient

-one person in the family with the "presenting problem" -may be representative of what is happening in family -may be representative of others infamily -may represent stressors in family

interpersonal

-originate within the relationship [not intrapsychic] -regards all behavior as part of a sequence of ongoing, interactional, recursive, or recurring events with no beginning or end

subsystems

-parts of system designed to carry out specific functions; -has its own function as well as specified role in system -a member can belong to more than one -spousal, parental, sibling

nuclear family emotional system

-people form families similar to their family of origin -when couple comes from highly fused family a. physical or emotional dysfunction b. overt, chronic, unresolved marital confict c. psychological impairment of child -An unstable, fused family's way of coping with stress, typically resulting in marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse, or psychological impairment of a child; their pattern is likely to mimic the patterns of past generations and to be repeated in future generations.

object relations theory

-psychodynamic model diverse in terms of practice but common themes is images from the past influence current interactions with people -infant experiences with mom and other caregivers is foundation for adult personality

cybernetics

-representative of systems in family therapy -examination of how families/systems self-regulate and maintain stability -examines patterns, communication styles, and feedback and ways to improve -intent is to stay away from linear causality- the "WHY" -problems not caused by past situations, but rather by ongoing, interactive, mutually influencing family processes -caution against dismissing client narrative, but help to see past cannot be changed, how one reacts CAN -families have multiple perspectives and no one is wrong

belief system

-shared system of beliefs and values that systematically define a way of perceiving the social, cultural, physical and psychological world and offer guidelines for meaning and future action. -consistency is key for resiiliency- one of the three factors along with organization and communication/problem-solving

Ivan Boszarmenyi-Nagy

-theorized systems and intergenerational dimensions of individuals and families

pluralistic

-view of family -inclusion is about more than birth, adoption, or marriage -pay attention to narrative to learn about rules, roles, etc... -reality is subjective

paradigm

-when one set of attitudes, philosophies, viewpoints, methodologies, and procedures dominates scientific thinking -solutions are sought within the perspective of that school of thought

multiple impact therapy

A crisis-focused form of intervention in which members of a single family are seen all together, or in various combinations, for intensive interaction with a team of professionals over a two-day period.

family crisis therapy

A crisis-oriented therapeutic approach in which the family as a system is helped to restore its previous level of functioning; in some cases, as with schizophrenia, rehospitalization can be avoided.

marital skew

A disturbed marital situation in which one partner dominates the family to an extreme degree, and in which the marriage is maintained at the expense of the distortion of reality. -one spouse has mental illness but other ignores problem-denial of reality leads to psych distortion in children

c

A dynamic psychological system made up of the reciprocally interacting and differently organized subjective worlds of parent and child (or client and therapist) is called a(n) _____. a. interactive matrix b. conflict between drive and object c. intersubjective field d. system of projective identification

a

A fellow family therapist tells you that she is concerned that a client will sue her if she reports suspected child abuse. What can you tell her regarding this issue and her concerns? a. States provide immunity from civil lawsuits for reporting suspected abusers. b. Make sure that she gathers as much evidence of abuse as possible prior to any report. c. Her concerns are founded and she needs to talk with an attorney prior to any report. d. The police will testify on her behalf during any legal proceedings that may occur.

suprasystem

A higher-level system in which other systems represent component parts and play subsystem roles.

b

A metaphoric line of demarcation that separates an individual, a subsystem, or a system from outside surroundings is called a(n) _____. a. division b. boundary c. meridian d. equator

a

A premise of attachment theory that relates to couples therapy is that in their personal relationships, people tend to _____. a. maintain the type of attachment relationship to which they are accustomed b. reject the type of attachment relationships that they had with their parents c. mimic the attachment relationships that they are exposed to socially and culturally d. take on new roles in order to explore the self through relationship

holding environment

A psychoanalytic concept referring to a therapeutic space analogous to the mother-infant environment that allows the patient to safely explore feelings and thoughts often with a sense of play

system

A set of interacting units or component parts that together make up a whole arrangement or organization.

joint legal custody

A term used in the law to denote the rights of divorced parents to share in certain major decisions (e.g., religious upbringing or choice of schools) regarding their children.

Joint Legal Custody

A term used in the law to denote the rights of divorced parents to share in certain major decisions regarding their children

Structural Approach

A therapeutic approach directed at changing or realigning the family organization or structure in order to alter dysfunctional transactions and clarify subsystem boundaries.

Strategic Approach

A therapeutic approach in which the therapist develops a specific plan or strategy and designs interventions aimed at solving the presenting problem.

d

A typical family system is characterized by _____. a. a disorganized power structure b. the sole use of overt forms of communication c. the lack of assigned and ascribed roles for its members d. an evolved set of rules for itself and its members

b

According to Zilbach (1989), a family stage marker is a(n) _____. a. therapist who facilitates each family member's awareness of change b. life event that demands change and adaptation in a family c. object that represents developmental change for a family d. family member who draws attention to the major milestones achieved by a family

counter-transference

According to psychoanalytic theory, the analyst's unconscious emotional responses to a patient that are reminiscent of feelings he or she experienced with a person in the past. -still used

ego

According to psychoanalytic theory, the mediator between the demands of the instinctual drives (id) and the social prohibitions (superego); thus, the rational, problem-solving aspect of personality.

c

According to the text, African American families tend to view its members as made up of _____. a. mothers, fathers, and children, i.e., not anyone outside the immediate family b. mothers, fathers, children, uncles, aunts, and cousins, but not close friends c. mothers, fathers, children, and a wide network of kin, close friends, and community members d. mothers, fathers, children, and grandparents, but not community members

a

According to the text, most people who seek help for their marriage are _____. a. responding to a crisis b. attempting to further improve an already satisfying marriage c. motivated by several minor annoyances d. interested because their colleagues are engaged in therapy

d

According to the text, when a couple have lived together before marriage and have established a satisfying and fulfilling sexual pattern, the transition to becoming marital partners ____. a. is a relief to the couple's parents b. is noticeable, but involves only minor adjustments c. is a negligible and smooth transition d. still represents a significant milestone

b

Ackerman was among the first family therapists to appreciate the _____. a. inapplicability of psychoanalysis to family therapy b. unconscious interactions among family members in therapy c. relative unimportance of the individual family member when conducting family therapy d. value of object relations theory in determining the identified patient in the family Hide Feedback

c

Boszormenyi-Nagy's notion of relational ethics in family therapy focuses on the _____. a. setting aside of individual needs for the sake of the needs of the family b. sacrifice of parents being understood and acknowledged by their children c. oscillating balance of fairness among family members d. notion that children should honor their mothers and fathers

d

Bowen family systems therapy is governed by two basic goals: the management of anxiety and relief from symptoms, and a(n) _____. a. decrease in each participant's level of differentiation to minimize conflict. b. decrease in each participant's level of individualization to facilitate family bonding. c. increase in each participant's level of differentiation to optimize emotional cutoff. d. increase in each participant's level of differentiation to improve adaptiveness.

a

Bowen referred to a family's way of coping with stress and maintaining stability as its _____. a. nuclear family emotional system b. fusion-differentiation c. system of family obligations and entitlements d. undifferentiated family ego mass

d

By "tickling the defenses," Ackerman referred to _____. a. stripping members of all their defenses against anxiety b. forcing members to expose their defensiveness c. exposing dysfunction in a family's interactions with the social world d. catching members off guard and exposing their self-justifying rationalizations

ONE

Chapter summary A family is a natural social system that occurs in a diversity of forms today and represents a diversity of cultural heritages. Embedded in society at large, it is shaped by a multitude of factors, such as its time and place in history, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, and number of generations in this country. The way it functions-establishes rules, communicates, and negotiates differences among members- has numerous implications for the development and well-being of its members. Families display a recurring pattern of interactional sequences in which all members participate. Those considered to be enabled families succeed at balancing the needs of their members and the family systems as a whole. Gender roles and ideologies, cultural background, and social class considerations play a decissive roles behavioral expectations and attituudes. The meanings, understandings, and assupmtiona af amily makes about the world reflect the narratives and stories it has created about itself. Its relational resilliency may enable it to confront and manage disruptive experiences; that resiliency is forged through adversity , not despite it. Adopting a relationship perspective, family therapists do not negate the significance of individual intrapsychic processes but take the broader view that individual behavior is better understood as occurring within the primary network of a family's social system. Such a paradigm shift from traditional ways of thinking about a persons' behavior call fro a system epistemology in which feedback mechanisms are seen to operate to produce both stability and change. The circular causality involved in what transpires between peooole within a fammily forces the family therapist to focus on understanding family processes rather than to seek linear explanations.

Feedback loops

Circular mechanisms whose purpose is to introduce information about a system's output back to its input, in order to alter, correct, and ultimately govern the system's function and ensure its viability. Feedback loops help to mitigate against excessive fluctuations. Think about how the air conditioner kicks on when a door is left open in the summer.

systems

Critiques of _____________ theory -fails to take into account power differentials particularly between sexes -too much focus on problems in family and doesn't consider social, economic, or political context - homeostasis doesn' consider change is inevitable - too mechanical and outdated - too much focus on family flaws- need to help make new concepts of selves

ethnicity vs race

Cultural features vs biological features - every family of a particular ethnic group will not be the same - familles may have a public and private side

a

Cynthia is an adult client who finds herself wishing that she could rest her head on her female therapist's lap while she discusses the stressful events from her day. This is an example of _____. a. transference b. interpretation c. countertransference d. resistance

a

Evidence-based questions in outcome research refer to _____. a. what technique works best with what presenting problem b. how best to code family interaction c. how best to rate family interaction d. whether all forms of family therapy work

family resiliency

Factors that AID _________ ___________ [Therapists can facilitate if these don't already exist] -shared positive belief they can overcome adversity -families organizational abilities -good communication and problem-solving skills

d

Families that have developed effective collaborative ways of coping with adversity and hardship have _____. a. cooperative resilience b. group hardiness c. collaborative hardiness d. relational resilience

c

Family therapist DeAnn suspects that the parents of a family she works with are abusing one of their children. Which course of action should DeAnn take? a. Seek evidence of the suspected abuse so that she has proof of its existence. b. Work out the problem with the family without reporting it to the proper authorities. c. Report it immediately to the police or child welfare agency. d. Deliberate on whether to report it, depending on circumstances.

d

Family therapist Todd has searched the marriage and family literature for information regarding the termination of therapy. What is the most likely conclusion that Todd will come to after his research? a. The field of marriage and family therapy has established standards for practice regarding termination. b. It is unethical to move toward termination at the beginning of treatment. c. Evidence-based practice identifies a detailed approach to terminations. d. There is no universal agreement about how to handle terminations.

b

Family therapists are likely to be professional-managerial class in their _____. a. neither viewpoint nor background b. viewpoint, but not background c. background, but not viewpoint d. both viewpoint and background

a

Family therapists describe first-order cybernetics as _____. a. patterns of structure and feedback control that govern systems b. early therapeutic interventions c. family paradigms d. birth order of family members

b

For Bowen, the term "multigenerational transmission process" refers to the transmission of _____ from one generation to the next. a. resiliency b. chronic anxiety c. family values d. differentiation

object relations theory

Framo et al The theory that the basic human motive is the search for satisfying object (human) relationships and that parent-child patterns, especially if frustrating or unfulfilling, are internalized as introjects and unconsciously imposed on current family relationships.

a

Freud's therapeutic efforts concentrated on the family of origin as the client unconsciously internalized it and stressed restructuring _____ phenomena. a. intrapsychic b. interpersonal c. divisional d. transactional

a

Fromm-Reichmann argued that male schizophrenia develops from a combination of a schizophrenogenic mother and a(n) _____ father. a. passive, detached, and ineffectual b. boisterous, manic, and powerful c. angry, domineering, and abusive d. anxious, controlling, and compulsive

TWOThe

Generations within a family have an enduring, reciprocal, life-shaping impact on one another as they move through the family life cycle stages. In the multigenerational view, continuity and change characterize family life as the family system progresses through transitions in time. While the progression is generally orderly and sequenced, certain discontinuous changes may be particularlu disruptive. Sociaeconomic status and cultural background influence the options, opportunities, and resources available to families for coping with unforeseeable demands for adaptation. The appearance of symptomatic behavir in a family member at transition points in the family life cycle may signal that the family is having difficulty in negotiating change. The family life cycle perspective- dividign family development into a series of stages through which each family inevitably passes- offers an organizing theme for vieweing the family as a system moving through time. Specific devellopmental tasks are expected to be accomplished at each stage en route. Family therapists, particularly structuralist and strategis, are especially intersested in how families navigate transitional periods between stages. Passing expected milestones as well as dealing with unexpected crises may tmporarily threaten the family's usual developmental process, causing realighnments in the family's organiztion. Among immigrant families, migration presents an especially stressful set of circumstances that may be traumatic and negatively affect family life cycle development. Intact families typically proceed chronologically through a series of family growth phases-coupling, expansion, and later contracting. Old hieracrchihcal boundaries between parents and children are likely to be replaced by a greater peer relationship as the children reach middle age. Retirement, grandparenthood, widowhood, and chronic illness/ caregiving all represent majjor adaptational challenges for the family systems as parents reach old age. Single parent or stepfamilies inevitable experience disruptions in the family life cycle before resuming their orderly development. Famililies led by gay or lesbian coulples are likley to experience life cycle stresses and trassitions similar to those of heterosexual families, in addition to those unique to their marginalized status in society.

contraction

Gerson- period of "launching children and moving on"

b

Gregory Bateson and his colleagues redefined schizophrenia as _____. a. an intrapsychic phenomenon resulting from child abuse b. an interpersonal phenomenon emerging within a family c. the result of cold and distant mothering d. cold and distant fathering

b

Group therapy is sometimes advantageous over individual therapy because ____. a. group therapy highlights the person's sense of isolation and depression b. group therapy promotes greater feelings of support and caring from others c. group therapy tends to be conducted by more experienced therapists d. group therapy increases self-esteem, whereas individual therapy decreases it

marriage

HX of __________ therapy -primarily performed by clergy until 1940s - attempt to repai damaged relationship -not alot of evidence-based practice - originally designed to explore any hidden neurosis that might exist

Negative/ Attenuating Feedback loops

Help to maintain the system's steady state.

transactional

In 1950s, new focus on family in psychology; a functioning ____________ system. Focus on system instead of individual directs attention to transaction patterns taking place in family.

a

In Bowen's view, the opposite of self-differentiation is _____. a. fusion b. complementarity c. family triangles d. enmeshment

invisible loyalty

In contextual family therapy, a child's unconscious commitment to help the parents, as in becoming the family scapegoat.

relational ethics

In contextual family therapy, the overall, long-term preservation of fairness within a family, ensuring that each member's basic interests are taken into account by other family members.

feedback

In cybernetics, the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

double-bind

In cybernetics, view that an individual who recieves important contradictory msgs at different levels of abstraction-about which they cannot comment or escape-is a no-win {Bateson schizophrenia stuff]

transgenerational

In family therapy, these models accent how current family patterns, alliances, and boundaries are embedded in unresolved issues from the families of origin.

c

In his theorizing, Bowen sought to balance two life forces, _____, which he believed to be the core issue for all humans. a. family systems and family structure b. anxiety and arousal c. family togetherness and individual autonomy d. detriangulation and differentiation Hide Feedback

d

In the family projection process, poorly differentiated parents focus their attention on their most infantile child, who _____. a. becomes fused with the most individuated child in the family b. receives their own unconscious strengths with the goal of being rescued by her or him c. becomes a scapegoat and the identified patient when the family enters treatment d. receives the parents' own low levels of differentiation

b

In which situation would you, as a therapist, be allowed to breach confidentiality? a. The adult daughter of seventy-year-old Maurice asks you for her father's diagnosis. b. A previous client initiates litigation against you because she does not agree with your diagnosis. c. Eighteen-year-old Stephen informs you that he smokes marijuana every day after work. d. The parents of thirteen-year-old Emma ask you to keep them informed about her sexual behavior.

b

Individuals with the greatest _____ between their thoughts and feelings function most poorly and tend to become dysfunctional even under low levels of anxiety. a. emotional cutoff b. fusion c. regression d. differentiation

c

Integration represents a paradigm shift and calls for an extensive combining of discrete parts of theories and treatment processes into a higher-level model that crosses theoretical boundaries and uses intervention techniques in a unified fashion. Lebow notes four types of integration, including _____, which reflects the absorption of other models into a host model. a. common factors b. theoretical integration c. assimilation d. technical eclecticism

a

Kohut viewed narcissism as _____. a. a normal stage of development b. disappearing after adolescence c. concern for the welfare of others d. a pathological condition of self-absorption

d

Licensure of marriage and family therapists provides several advantages. What is one of these? a. Licensure ensures the competency of practitioners and specifies which client problems they are competent to work with. b. Licensure requires that practitioners seek additional training and supervision before undertaking clinical work in a new modality. c. Licensure guarantees that practitioners will receive the highest possible reimbursement for services rendered. d. Licensure helps consumers choose practitioners more judiciously and increases the likelihood that practitioners are competent.

transgeneration

MODELS IN PRACTICE -evaluation interview -the genogram - therapeutic goal of Bowen theory - back home visits - family therapist as coach

a

Men's studies seek to _____. a. extend feminist explorations by attending to role restrictions in men's lives b. reclaim authority previously held by men in family therapy c. explain the effectiveness of masculine rituals on improving male self-esteem d. help men prove their masculinity by understand threats to it

d

Most present-day therapists _____. a. view themselves as experts who can identify and change family behaviors b. strive to change family systems to achieve new outcomes c. focus on making definitive diagnoses and follow up with recommendations d. believe that change occurs when families successfully reexamine belief systems

c

Negative feedback, or _____ feedback loops, helps to _____ the system. Positive feedback, or _____ feedback loops, are about _____ the system. a. attenuating; change; amplifying; maintaining b. amplifying; change; attenuating; maintaining c. attenuating; maintain; amplifying; changing d. amplifying; maintain; attenuating; changing

introjects

Object relations theory concept Imprints or memories from the past, usually based on unresolved relationships with one's parents, that continue to impose themselves on current relationships, particularly with one's spouse or children.

d

Once it has been broken down into its component parts, ____. a. a system can be more easily understood b. a system's network of power can be better explained c. a system is easier to explain d. no system can be adequately understood

a

One difficulty in process research is that some therapy approaches are easier to test using traditional research methodology than other treatment methods. For research purposes, which treatment approach is the least well-defined? a. social constructionist therapies b. cognitive therapies c. functional family therapy d. behavioral therapies

c

One of the unique aspects of Boszormenyi-Nagy's outlook is his concern with _____. a. insight and action b. structure and process c. values and ethics d. dyads and triads

Subsystem

Parts of the overall system assigned to carry out particular functions or processes within the system as a whole.

cognitive

Pertaining to mental processes, such as thinking, remembering, perceiving, expecting, and planning. models emphasize skills and behavioral change.

c

Philpot proposed gender-sensitive family therapy that _____. a. seeks to identify stereotypes that are distressing to clients and to relieve their distress b. uses a team approach involving both a female and a male therapist c. attempts to overcome confining sex-role stereotyping by therapists in clinical interventions. d. accepts that some stereotypes have a basis in fact and supports them.

ethnic

Possible ___________- related problems -difficulty with larger society - younger gens "americanized" - partners from different groups - social isolation - differences in expectations

constructivism

Postmodern idea based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences

Developmental tasks

Problems to be overcome and conflicts to be mastered at various stages of the life cycle, enabling movement to the next developmental stage.

c

Process research refers to the study of interaction between _____. a. grandparents, parents, and children b. adults and their families of origin c. patient and therapist systems d. parents and children subsystems

a

Professional competencies for therapists working from the perspective of social justice include _____. a. understanding and sharing knowledge about indigenous healing processes b. actively seeking to promote acculturation in professional settings c. disavowing their privileged position with respect to their clients d. focusing on the needs of the clients rather than social change

a

Psychotherapy research definitively shows that family therapy is _____. a. effective for virtually every type of disorder and for various relational problems in children, adolescents, and adults b. inferior in achieving outcomes to every other approach in mental health care c. effective for targeted disorders and relational problems in children, adolescents and adults d. superior in achieving outcomes to every other approach in mental health care

redundancy principle

Repetitive behavioral sequences within a family. SYSTEMS

c

Research conducted by Boyd-Franklin (2002) found that, unlike dominant cultural norms, _____ are more likely to adhere to cultural values that stress a collective identity, family connectedness, and interdependence. a. recent immigrants b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. the U.S.-born children of immigrants

a

Rituals can best be described as ____. a. symbolic actions that help families adapt to change b. beliefs that reframe a family's past history c. beliefs that make it difficult for family members to embrace change

boundary

SYSTEMS -metaphoric line that separates individuals -abstract delineation between parts of a system or between systems typically defined by implicit or explicit regarding who may participate and in what manner

entropy

SYSTEMS -the tendency of a closed system to go into disorder -if unimpeded can reach disorganized and undifferentiated state

marital quid pro quo

SYSTEMS An initial rule arrangement or bargain between husband and wife regarding the ways in which they intend to define themselves vis-a-vis one another in the marital relationship.

family rules

SYSTEMS established patterns of expectations and limitations

organization

SYSTEMS the notion that the components of a system relate to each other in some consistent fashion and that the system is structured by those relationships

c

Systems theory focuses on ____. a. how whole systems interact with each other without looking at their internal parts b. each part of a system rather than looking at the whole system c. the relationship among parts, such that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts d. the whole system as an integrated unit without independent parts

family systems theory

TRANSGENERATIONAL MODEL -The theory advanced by Bowen that emphasizes the family as an emotional unit or network of interlocking relationships best understood from a historical or transgenerational perspective. -his work w/ schizophrenia -family emotional system -family's place in nature as a living system -distance and closeness -symbiosis/enmeshment

Negentropy

Tendency toward maximum order. A family system that is able to alter its pattens in response to new information calling for change in family rules, and to discard those established responses that are inappropriate for the new situation

centrifugal

Tending to move outward or away from the center; within a family, forces that push the members apart, especially when the family organization lacks cohesiveness, so that they seek gratification outside, rather than within, the family.

centripetal

Tending to move toward the center; within a family, forces that bind or otherwise keep the members together so that they seek fulfillment from intrafamilial rather than outside relationships.

a

The "identified patient" is the family member _____. a. with the presenting problem or symptom b. who initiated family therapy c. with the most insight into how to resolve a conflict d. who is most willing to describe his or her role in a given problem

d

The McMaster Model focuses on three dimensions of family functioning identified by research as having the most impact on the emotional and physical well-being of family members. Which dimension assesses how families handle crises that arise? a. basic task area b. developmental task area c. competence task area d. hazardous task area

Constructivism

The belief that an individuals knowledge of reality results form his or her subjective perceiving and subsequent constructing or inventing of the world, rather than resulting from how the world objectively exists. [postmodern]

b

The child guidance movement was based on the assumption that ____. a. early identification of socially skilled children could enable them to become therapists to their families b. early identification and treatment of emotionally disturbed children could prevent later psychopathology c. early identification and separation of mentally ill children could protect their healthier peers d. early identification of gifted children could contribute to later scientific breakthroughs

d

The definition of evidence-based practice from the APA contains three components, which are clinical expertise, patient characteristics, and _____. a. social influence b. quantitative analysis c. therapeutic interaction d. research evidence

d

The encounter group (part of the human potential movement) made a dramatic impact on the therapy scene in the 1960s and attracted large numbers of people, mostly from the _____. a. top 1% b. ghetto c. lower class d. upper middle class

c

The family therapist who joins a family and engages in a dialogue rather than observing from outside is probably an advocate of _____. a. gender-based therapy b. Adlerian psychotherapy c. second-order cybernetics d. first-order cybernetics

c

The husband-wife dyad characterizes which type of subsystem? a. parenting b. romantic c. executive d. couples

a

The idea that families interact in repetitive behavioral sequences is known among systems family therapists as ____. a. the redundancy principle b. systems pathology c. the repetition compulsion d. the eternal return

schizoid

The inability to form social relationships or to concern oneself with the desires, needs, or feelings of others.

c

The instrument that rates families according to (a) their interactive style and (b) their degree of competent family functioning is the _____. a. Circumplex model b. Family Environment Scale c. Beavers Systems model d. McMaster model

intersubjective field

The interactive space that involves both the therapist and client in which both parties are implicated in unconscious or psychodynamic intimacy, exploration, and change.

family group therapy

The intervention technique developed by Bell based on social-psychological principles of small-group behavior.

fusion

The merging of the intellectual and emotional aspects of a family member, paralleling the degree to which that person is caught up in and loses a separate sense of self in family relationships.

drive theory

The psychoanalytic theory that instinctual forces such as sex or aggression create tension states that motivate the individual to take action to lessen the tension.

c

The relationships in which members of an individual's microsystem take part are referred to as his/her ____. a. exosystem b. macrosystem c. mesosystem d. intersystem

Family Life Cycle

The series of longitudinal stages or events that mark a family's life, offering an organizing schema for viewing the family as a system proceeding through time.

family life cycle

The series of longitudinal stages or events that mark a family's life, offering an organizing schema for viewing the family as a system proceeding through time.

a

The standard systemic couples therapy approach to intimate partner violence has been criticized for _____. a. blaming the victim b. empowering men c. overemphasizing gender differences d. encouraging women to be violen

Positive/amplifying feedback loops

The system will change and look fundamentally different. For instance, the family needs to figure out how to live at 75 degrees instead of 70 degrees. A family in crisis will want to maintain, but this is not realistic (they will need to modify).

c

The technique of the "family ledger" is meant to help family members _____. a. learn how to clear emotional debts b. deepen a sense of self-worth c. see the psychological giving and receiving occurring within the family d. appreciate economic pressures on multigenerational family systems

c

The term _____ refers to shared, learned knowledge, attitudes, and behavior transmitted from one generation to the next. a. values b. norms c. culture d. standards

a

The term _____ refers to the fair and equitable distribution of advantages and disadvantages within a society to all people, regardless of their status. a. social justice b. socialism c. socioeconomic equality d. nonbiased culture

Object relations theory

The theory that the basic human motive is the search for satisfying object (human) relationships and that parent-child patterns, especially if frustrating or unfulfilling, are internalized as introjects and unconsciously imposed on current family relationships.

Circular Causality

The view that causality is nonlinear, occurring instead within a relationship context and through a network of interacting loops; any cause is thus seen as an effect of a prior cause, as in the interactions within families.

behavioral

The viewpoint that objective and experimentally verified procedures should be the basis for modifying maladaptive, undesired, or problematic behaviors.

b

Theodore Lidz differed from other early family therapists by asserting that _____. a. there is an epigenetic relationship between the schizophrenic patient and pathological parenting b. pathological fathering contributed to the development of schizophrenia c. cruelty by siblings contributed to the development of schizophrenia d. the 'schizophrenogenic mother' contributed to the development of schizophrenia

transgenerational

Therapeutic goal of ______________ model -management and relief from symptoms -increase in each family member level of differentiation

coach

Therapist as __________ [Transgenerationalj] -repeated warnings from Bowen that the therapist NOT become entangled in the family conflict - show empathy but not become part of problem - encourage "I" statements

reactors

Therapist whose style is subtle and indirect, and who prefers to observe and clarify the family process rather than serve as an active, aggressive, or colorful group leader.

e-therapy

Therapy that involves the use of the Internet.

c

To be evaluated using the Circumplex Model, a family would complete which self-report instrument? a. ENRICH b. PREPARE c. FACES IV d. the Family Environment Scale (FES)

c

To be fully competent, a therapist must _____. a. be able to identify how age, race, ethnicity and similar factors relate to diagnoses b. understand that he or she is simply not qualified to treat individuals from very different backgrounds c. take into account his or her own cultural and sociodemographic characteristics d. have taken and passed certifications related to cultural competence and diversity

evaluation interview

Transgenerational Model Concept _________ _______- -each family member phone interviewed -history -presenting problem -symptoms -impact

c

Useful paper-and-pencil assessment devices for diagramming a family's connection to larger social systems are called _____. a. resource maps b. sociograms c. ecomaps d. genograms

Entropy

Usually happens with more closed off systems- gradually regress, decay because of insufficient input, and thus are prone to eventual disorganization and disorder, particularly if faced with prolonged stress.

patterns

What develops for those that live together for any length of time? Repeatable, preferred _________ for negotiating and arranging their lives to maximize harmony and predictability.

community support

What is needed for families who are depleted due to excess external and internal stress?

c

What is one of the main areas of professional practice included in the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy Code of Ethics? a. human relations b. furtherance of social justice c. professional competence and integrity d. record keepin

c

What is one of the three dimensions of the Family Environment Scale (FES)? a. cohesion b. communication c. personal growth d. flexibility

d

When working from a cultural-specific perspective, a family therapist is most likely to _____. a. recognize that acculturation has little impact on issues like expected roles in the family b. assume different families from the same cultural background with be largely homogenous. c. minimize attention to gender to better clarify the cultural dimensions of family experience d. refrain from minimizing unusual behavior by simply attributing it to cultural difference

a

Which characteristic is an interpersonal factor? a. family strengths b. intelligence c. sexual identity d. psychobiology

a

Which event illustrates a centrifugal period? a. A family member starts a new job. b. A family member gets married. c. A family member is diagnosed with cancer. d. A family member dies.

d

Which event would be considered a family gain as described by Hoffman (1988)? a. Family members overcome poverty and move to the suburbs. b. A daughter wins the lottery and shares the money with her parents. c. A son wins a prestigious citizenship award. d. Parents acquire new children through remarriage.

b

Which experience is most useful in managing the transition from families of origin to coupling with a partner? a. parental permission b. commitment to each other c. shared interests d. a desire to have children

d

Which family's protocol is an example of a covert, unstated rule? a. Our family does not marry outside our religion. b. We, as your parents, decide on your bedtime. c. One of your chores as a family member is to hang up your clothes. d. Our father is distant because he's gone so much, so we talk to mom about problems.

c

Which of the following is NOT a key process in a family's resilience? a. a family's organizational processes b. clear and consistent communication and problem-solving processes c. rapid assessment of the most vulnerable family members d. a consistent and positive belief system

b

Which of the following is an example of professional peer review? a. reading professional journals b. peer-consultation groups c. continuing education d. oral licensing exams

d

Which of the following regulates who may practice by defining educational and experience criteria and by stating the conditions under which a license may be revoked? a. family therapy training programs b. APA guidelines c. certification laws d. state licensing laws

a

Which of the following would be considered a horizontal stressor? a. untimely death b. ethnic loyalties c. family secrets d. family expectations

c

Which of the following would be considered a vertical stressor? a. chronic illness b. financial setbacks c. family secrets d. revelation of a teenage pregnancy

c

Which outlook is best characterized by the belief that there is no "true" reality, only the family's collectively agreed-upon set of constructions, created through relational language and knowledge? a. pantheoretical b. inclusive c. postmodern d. organic

d

Which psychoanalytic perspective on therapy rejects classical drive theory and replaces it with a relational conceptualization of personality formulation? a. intersubjective theory b. object relations theory c. relational theory d. self psychology

d

Which statement best describes how gender differences emerge? a. Girls are indoctrinated into appropriate gender roles early in life whereas boys are socialized into their gender roles during puberty. b. Gender roles are primarily determined by biological factors. c. Boys and girls are both socialized into appropriate gender roles primarily during puberty. d. Boys and girls are indoctrinated early in life into different socially-based gender roles in the family.

d

Which statement best describes today's average American family? a. The average American family is White, has two children, and lives in the suburbs. b. The equitable distribution of wealth across the U.S. population makes today's families more similar than dissimilar. c. There are essentially three typical American families: White, with divorced parents and two children; African American, with divorced parents and three children; and Latino, with married parents and three children. d. We can no longer make global statements about the average American family.

d

Which theorist is known for his development of familial concepts such as sibling rivalry, family constellation, and birth order? a. Bowen b. Freud c. Sullivan d. Adler

b

Which type of published outcome research study is conducted under controlled conditions and seeks to discover whether a particular treatment works under ideal situations? a. effectiveness studies b. efficacy studies c. process studies d. qualitative studies

d

Women who divorce later in life are _____. a. typically strong and resilient b. generally delighted to be freed from the relationships c. remarkably happy to be living alone d. less likely to remarry than men

positive

Would a child turning age 16 and gaining more independence be an example of negative or positive feedback?

c

Wynne's concept of a rubber fence refers to _____. a. closed family systems b. easy access to a psychiatric hospital c. shifting boundaries around a family d. locked hospital wards

pseudohostility

Wynne's term for superficial bickering that masks pathological alignments, avoids tenderness, and covers up deeper feelings, often of greater underlying hostility

c

_____ refers to a set of thinking rules used by groups of people to define reality or "how we know what we know". a. Epidemiology b. Sociology c. Epistemology d. Phenomenology

core competencies

_______ __________ in Family therapy -learn core information -ongoing evaluation of the material -apply academic knowledge to professional field -mentorship and supervision -experience a capstone event that demonstrates professional ability

informed consent

________ _________ : things to consider - patient rights - confidentiality - fees - emergency procedures - cancellation policy - signatures

family system

________ __________ properties 1. An evolved set of rules 2. Many assigned and ascribed roles for its members 3. An organized power structure 4. Intricate overt and covert forms of communication 5. Numerous ways of negotiating and problem solving that permit various tasks to be performed effectively

gender

___________- related family problems - male seen as too passive- Masculine mystique - female seen as too aggressive/ assertive - emotional responsiveness - financial concerns - fidelity - household duties - care of children

divorce

____________ as a process - decision to do it -planning breakup of system -separation -divorce Post -single parent-custodial -single parent-non-custodial -shared parenting

confidentiality

_______________ exceptions - informed consent to disclose - therapist court -appointed capacity - risk of harm - client suing therapist - client lacks capacity to care for themselves due to mental illness - client under sixteen victim of crime - hospitalization - third party billing - fee collection

confidentiality

a clinical standard aimed at protecting client privacy by ensuring that info recieved in a therapeutic relationship will not be disclosed without prior client consent

marital schism

a disturbed marital situation characterized by disharmony, self-preoccupation, the undermining of the spouse, and frequent threats of divorce by both partners -parents consumed with own problems and neglect children

homeostasis

a dynamic state of balance or tendency toward achieving equilibrium in effort to support stable environmnet SYSTEMS

Encounter group

a group experience that emphasizes intensely interpersonal, honest, interchanges among participants in order to produce insight, personal growth, and sensitivity to the feelings and experiences of others

gender

a learned set of culturally assigned attitudes or behaviors presumed to be masculine or feminine associated with but distinct from the biological status of men and women

malpractice

a legal concept addressing the failure to provide a level of professional skill or render a level of professional services ordinarily expected of professionals in a similar situation

narcissistic personality disorder

a pattern of outlandish and exhibitionistic recognition-seeking in which the individual attempts to evoke attention and admiration from others but is himself or herself unable to empathize with their needs or desires

narrative therapy

a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. -therapist and client construct new stories about their lives that encourage the possiblilty of new experience

certification

a statutory process established by a gov't agency usually a state or province granting permission to persons having met predetermined qualifications to call themselves a particular title and prohibiting the use of that title w/o a certificate

licensing

a statutory process established by a gov't agency usually a state or province granting permission to persons having met predetermined qualifications to practice a specific profession

managed care

a system in which third party payors regulate and control the cost, quality, and terms of treatment of medical [including mental health] services

conductors

a type of family therapist who is active, aggressive, and charismatic, openly and directly confronting the family's dysfunctional interactive patterns

resiliency

ability to thrive and maintain relatively stable psychological functioning even in adverse conditions

rubber

as composed by Wynne, a shifting boundary around a family that attempts to protect them from outside contact, arbitrarily permitting certain acceptable bits of information to penetrate but not others

ethnicity

characteristic of a social group sharing national origin, traditions, and culture

nuclear family

composed of husband, wife, and their offspring live together as a unit

disabled families

considered depleted; they lack the "resources needed" SW challenge is helping them identify their strengths [Constantine]

Kohut

developed self psychology -broke from tradition of concentration on drives and impulses and focused more on the relationship between the self and outside influences -worked with narcissistic personality -infants and children have narcissistic traits -an adult w/ the traits has not successfully developed a reality-oriented self -promoted mirroring to teach empathic response

chronosystem

evolution of interaction among environments over time

malpractice

examples of common ____________ issues - failure to obtain informed consent - misdx - practicing outside scope of practice - negligence - abandonment - physical/sexual contact - failure to prevent harm - failure to consent or refer - failure to supervise students or assistants

family relationship framework

framework -possess evolved set of rules -assigned and ascribed roles -power structure -overt and covert communication -methods of negotiation and problem solving -families exist and function within other systems economic, political, education, religion/spiritual ALSO CONSIDER -race -ethnicity -socioeconomics -cultural diversity

epistemology

how one goes about obtaining knowledge and drawing conclusions in their world -family therapists use this word to indicate a conceptual framework or system -rules used to make sense of an experience and the descriptive language used to interpret incoming information

conjoint

involving two or more family members seen together in a therapy session

exosystem

larger systems that effect the individual

gaslighting

manipulate (someone) by psychological means into questioning their own sanity

Circumplex model

model assessment grounded in systems theory and based on a family's degree of flexibility, cohesion, and communication

Child Guidance Movement

movement early 1900s [Adler based on work of Freud] -1922 focus on emotional/ behavioral problems in children -1933 focus on prevention of juvenile delinquency -Now focus on family as a system instead of child or parents -was highly influential in the history of family therapy. -clinics were established on the premise that psychological problems begin in childhood and early intervention is the best way to prevent the future occurrence of mental illness.

positive psychology

moving away from deficits or pathology in families in favor of seeking strengths and potentials; therapists study nature of effective functioning and adaptation and pay close attention to human capabilities and adaptive systems in individuals and families

postmodern outlook

no "true" reality; only family's collective agreed upon set of constructions, created through language, and knowledge that is relational and generatively based, that the family calls reality

Family stage marker

predictable events or phases that demand change and a new adaptation in a family life cycle

intersubjective field

represents a dynamic psychological system made up of the reciprocally interacting and differently organized subjective worlds of parent and child (or client and therapist).

culture

shared behaviors, meanings, symbols and values passed from generation to the next

monad, dyad, triad

single individual _______- two individuals ___________ three individuals ________

intersubjectivity

sometimes considered synonymous with self psychology, but while the two theories share some key ideas, there are important differences between them. Both reject the concept of drives in favor of an emphasis on relationships; both feature the analyst's use of empathy and introspection as a guiding principle of the therapy (Trop, 1994), as well as the co-construction of the client-therapist relationship. Intersubjectivity departs from the self-psychological assumption that analyst and patient are separate psychic entities even while appreciating the importance and inevitability of the patient's selfobject and selfobject transferences. Whereas the traditional self psychologist will eventually interpret the patient's selfobject transferences with the goal of helping him gain an enhanced sense of an independent self that can relate to others, the intersubjective analyst appreciates that every interaction, whether between child and parent or client and therapist, takes form within an intersubjective field

Closed

system with Impermeable boundaries; fail to interact with the outside enviroment, resistant to change and thus prone to increasing disorder.

Open

system with Permeable boundaries with the outside environment. Social transactions that are bidirectional.

goal

the ______ in family therapy is to help the family replace their self-defeating negative interactive patterns with positive means of interaction and understanding, open communication, better problem-solving skills

informed consent

the legal rights of patients or research subjects to be told of the purpose and risks involved before agreeing to participate

wholeness

the system's view that combining units, components, or elements produces an entity greater than the sum of its parts

Bateson

theorized -communication patterns and contradictions between levles of msgs -what is communicated and how it is qualified - double blind -child senses contradiction and feels anxiety, panic, and fear - learns not to trust own feelings and deal w/ relationships in distorted manner

Lidz

theorized -father as pathology behind schizophrenia -rigid, hostile, paranoid, or passive and submissive -schizo is a "deficiency" disease -caused by marital schism -parents consumed w/ own problems and fail to support kids OR -marital skew-one spouse has mental illness but other ignores problem-denial of reality leads to psych distortion in children

WWII

therapy developments after ________ -? link between schizophrenia and family - emergence of premarital/ marital therapy - child guidance movement - growth in research of group dynamics and therapy -family therapy was seen as a specific type of group -goals were to promote interaction -clarify group process -interpret interpersonal dynamics

Bowen

with NIMH studied -relationship between mothers and schizophrenia -developed concept of "emotional divorce" -proposed schizo takes at least three generations to develop

complementarity

-Ackerman term for when change and growth within the system become constricted -The degree of harmony in the meshing of family roles, as between husband and wife; to the extent that the roles dovetail satisfactorily, the partners both are able, together, to provide and receive satisfaction from the relationship.

open system

-a system with more or less permeable boundaries -information flows in and out -permits interaction between components or subsystems and outside influences

family projection process

-bowen argues that parents do not respond to each child the same way -in this process, one child is singled out and is more fused into the family dynamic than the others -intensity of projection process is determined by a] degree of immaturity of parents and b]level of stress family is experiencing -parents become stablized around a "disturbed" child -The mechanism by which parental conflicts and immaturities are transmitted, through the process of projection, to one or more of the children.

process

-focus on this rather than content in family therapy -allows us to view multiple events at a time -every action by every member has impact on family -"problems not caused by past situations.... but by ongoing, interactive, mutually influencing family processes"

gender-sensitive family therapy

-help client recognize labels and be aware of stereotypes -a therapeutic perspective, regardless of theoretical persuasion, that examines the impact of gender socialization on the outlooks, attitudes, behaviors, and interpersonal relationships of men and women; its aim is to empower clients to make sexist-free role choices rather than be limited by roles determined by their biological status as male or female

organizational processes

-how effectively the family organizes its resources - key for resiiliency- one of the three factors along with shared belief systems and communication/problem-solving

covert

-narcissist usually characterized as fragile, vulnerable and introverted -sensitive to criticism of others -imagine themselves having grandiose achievements or high status -but often not overtly expressed -unable to reach full potential of achieving goals and ambitions -in result they feel depressed, hurt, and self-pity - unable to fully trust or depend on others -are envious of others' possessions or talents - similar to overt, often exhibit disregard for others

horizontal stressors

-stressors experienced by the family as it moves through time -divorce, death, etc [HOR=rible experiences] -stressors that according to family systems theory are stress-producing events that occur over time

vertical stressors

-stressors that are patterns of relating and functioning transmitted historically through generations -myths, secrets, legacies [children of prisoners more likely to go to prison] -bring past and present issues to bear on the family

information processing

-the gathering, storing, organizing, distilling, and retrieving of info through a system or between it and larger ones -helps form foundation of the system -if faulty the system suffers SYSTEMS

John Bowlby

-theorized attachment -argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment -patterns of family interaction involved in both healthy and pathological development -attachment difficulties may be passed through generations

psychodrama

A form of group therapy in which participants role-play themselves or significant others in their lives to achieve catharsis or to resolve conflicts and gain greater spontaneity.

medical family therapy

A form of psychoeducational family therapy involving collaboration with physicians and other health care professionals in the treatment of people with medical problems.

multiple family therapy

A form of therapy in which members of several families meet together as a group to work on individual as well as family problems.

network therapy

A form of therapy, typically carried out in the home of a patient (for example, a schizophrenic recently discharged from a hospital), in which family members, friends, neighbors, and other involved persons participate in treatment and rehabilitation.

genogram

A schematic diagram of a family's relationship system, in the form of a genetic tree and usually including at least three generations; used in particular by BOWEN and his followers to trace recurring behavior patterns within the family.

a

A therapist's discussion with a client about whether or not to participate in e-therapy should include _____. a. the therapeutic risks and benefits of using e-therapy b. a discussion of fee adjustment for working off-site c. an agreement to limit treatment to this format d. information about the compatibility of the hardware and software involved

first order cybernetics

A view from outside the system of the feedback loops and homeostatic mechanisms that transpire within a system.

c

According to the therapists of the Women's Project in Family Therapy, traditional models of family therapy _____. a. provided for the needs of women and children, but do little to address the concerns of men in families b. remain appropriate for heterosexual couples and single-parent families, but not for same-sex couples c. relied on outdated blueprints of male-determined, stereotypic sex roles, and gender-defined functions within families d. assumed an uncharacteristically egalitarian view of family roles, especially with respect to parenting

b

Bowen's notion of emotional divorce within a family with a schizophrenic child can be described as the _____. a. complete termination of communication between the parents b. distancing of emotions between two parents to avoid anxiety and achieve "peace at any price." c. unpredictable arguments between parents who typically separate at some point d. complete emotional denial by either parent

EIGHT

Bowen family systems theory has a transgenerational outlook based on a natural systems perspective in which human behavior is seen as the result of an evolutionary process and as one type of iving system. Bowen conceptualized the family as an emotional relationship system and offered eight interlocking concepts to explain the emotional processes taking place in the nuclear and extended families over generations: Differetiation of self Triangles Nuclear Family Emotional Process Emotional Cutoff Family Projection Process Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Order Social Regression. Chronic anxiety as seen as an inevitable part of nature, transmitted from previous generations as families attempt to balance togetherness and differentiation. Family evaluation interviews stress objectivity and neeutrallity, as therapists make an efffort to remain outside and not trinagled into the family's emotional network. Genograms offer helpful pictorial depictions of the family's relationship sysstem over at least three generations. Therapeutically, Bowenians work with marital partners in a calm and careful way, attemptin to resolve the fusion between them; their goals are to reduce anxiety and resolve symptoms and unltimately to maximize each person's self-differentiation within the nuclear family system-and from the family of origin. Coaching inidvidual family members to dredefine themselves and detriangulate from parents is a prominent part of contemporary practice. Contextual family therapy, developed primarily by Boszormenyi-Nagy, focus on relational ethics and transgenerational legacies, exploring how infulences from the past have a bearing on present day functioning in all lmembers. In this view, familyies have invisible loyalties-obligations rooted in past generations.-and unsettled accounts must be balanced. Contextual therapy attempts to rebuild responsible, trustworthy behavior, taking into account the entitlements of all concerned. Its goal is to help dysfunctional families rebalance the give-and take and emotional ledgers between members and develop a sense of fairness, turst, and accountability in interactions with one another.

transgenerational models

EIGHT INTERLOCKING THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF THE ______________ ___________ - differentiation of self - triangles - nuclear family emotional system - family projection process - emotional cutoff -multigenerational transmission process - sibling position - societal regression

Nathan Ackerman

FOCUSED ON INTERGENERATIONAL TIES AND CONFLICTS IN THE FAMILY -Forerunner in promoting family therapy -GRANDFATHER of FAMILY THERAPY -Unique in that he focused both on family relationships and individual considerations -Believed family therapy required input from multiple sources -unique personalities of each member considered -understanding dynamics of family role adaptations -acknowledge family values -failure of complementarity-occurs when change and growth within a system become constricted -behavior of family was in context of social unit -Therapy including provoking families to address issues commonly avoided (such as sex and aggression)- usually danced around in family therapy "He never lost sight of the self in the system."

unique constraints

Families are subject to _______ __________ -Even when a family member experiences a temporary or permanent sense of alienation from the family, he or she can never truly relinquish family membership. -A family member can never truly be replaced because a new person can never completely replace in the same way the lost parent's personal and emotional ties/

b

Families with centripetal styles tend to _____. a. experience dysfunction within the family b. experience satisfaction from relationships within the family c. have schizophrenic children d. be overwhelmed by anxiety

d

Family life cycles occur ____. a. through the same process for every family b. through discrete and predictable stages c. through a series of random events d. through periods of transition and change that are not always predictable

c

Family patterns that are cultural-specific are _____. a. common to a variety of families b. unique to a particular family c. common to a specific group d. common to virtually all families

nuclear family emotional system

From Bowen, a fused family that is unstable and unable to cope with stress. Characterized by conflict and dysfunction which are transmitted across generations.

b

Gender-sensitive family therapy is best described as _____. a. pursuing nonsexist goals b. being action-oriented c. establishing traditional roles d. being more helpful to women than men

organizing principles

In intersubjective psychoanalysis, the mutually informing unconscious patterns established by client and analyst that structure their experiences together.

a

In object relations theory, the term "object" refers to _____. a. an internalized representation of another person b. the therapist in a therapeutic situation c. a person's self-perception d. instinctual drives

interpretation

In psychoanalysis, a primary tool for solving psychical symptoms by which unconscious conflicts are made conscious via verbal expression. To be effective, the analyst must time it to the point when the client can receive and process it.

blank screen

In psychoanalytic therapy, the passive, neutral, unrevealing behavior of the analyst, onto which the patient may project his or her fantasies.

transference

In psychoanalytic treatment, the unconscious shifting onto the analyst of a patient's feelings, drives, attitudes, and fantasies, displaced from unresolved reactions to significant persons in the patient's past. -still used

b

In relational psychoanalysis, the analyst is seen as _____. a. an outside authority on the client b. an equal participant in the client-therapist interaction c. the interpreter of the client's inner object world d. the object of projective identifications

a

Lidz viewed the marital schism as _____. a. a disharmonious situation in which each parent, preoccupied with his or her own problems, fails to create a satisfactory role in the family b. a seemingly harmonious system in which each participant secretly detests the other c. a seemingly harmonious system in which husbands unconsciously feel pushed aside by a domineering wife d. a disharmonious situation in which parents and children, each preoccupied with their own problems, becomes withdrawn and uncommunicative

d

Lidz's notion of marital skew holds that ____. a. one psychologically disturbed child negatively affects the sense of reality of the other family members b. one psychologically disturbed parent convinces everyone in the family that everything is okay c. two psychologically disturbed parents abandon their children wholeheartedly, albeit unknowningly d. one psychologically disturbed parent dominates the other and the dominated parent supports a family-wide denial of the disturbed reality of their situation

positive feedback

SYSTEMS -speeds up a process AMPLIFYING -about changing the system -new info enters and leads to further change by accelerating initial deviation -the flow of information from the output of a system back into a system to amplify deviation from the state of equilibrium, thus leading to instability and change -more join a network the more big it already is -addiction- addictive behavior leads to more addictive behavior [feedback loop]

c

Therapists who are sued for malpractice will _____. a. be required to take a series of continuing education courses b. have their professional licenses revoked c. be judged in terms of actions appropriate to other therapists with similar qualifications and duties d. likely have their professional license suspended and be required to make reparations

rituals

These Help families adapt to change rather than struggle against it. Reaffirm group unity in dealing with a life transition. Anchor family members to the past, while at the same time implying future interactions.

b

To develop a multicultural framework, the family therapist must _____. a. help men from patriarchal societies learn that their power in the family is irrelevant in the diverse and egalitarian American culture b. expand their cultural attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills to become more culturally literate and culturally competent c. help new immigrants to gently put aside their family traditions to better acculturate to US culture d. expand their cultural attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills to better help unify an increasingly diverse and inharmonious U.S. population

c

Which event is an example of contraction? a. having children b. getting divorced c. launching children and moving on d. getting married

plurastic

What is the 21st Century view of the family?

c

What key factor stimulates humans' emotional system and overrides the cognitive system, leading to behavior that is automatic or uncontrolled? a. differentiation b. projection c. anxiety d. anger

c

Which of the following is an example of an open system? a. members of ethnic groups who only associate with people of the same ethnic background b. a religious cult with strict rules that prevent the flow of information from the outside world c. an immigrant family that immediately begins learning the language and customs of a foreign land d. a totalitarian country that does not allow foreign newspapers

c

Which statement about families is FALSE? a. Families are influenced by their community. b. Family members are irreplaceable. c. Family membership is subject to termination at any point. d. All families create and socialize new members.

d

Which statement is accurate regarding qualitative research methodologies? a. They are more likely to be funded and be preferred by some professional journals. b. They allow for the statistical analysis of resulting data. c. They describe and assess hypotheses and outcomes. d. They are frequently used for hypothesis generating research

c

Which statement is in opposition to how family therapists conceptualize gender roles in the family? a. Gender shapes our individual identity and expectations. b. Male and female roles are less clearly defined today than they were fifty years ago. c. Each member's type (male, female, gay, or straight) identifies a given family's power dynamic. d. Traditionally, White men have held a disproportionate amount of power in family systems.

d

Which type of assessment is the most widely used method for assessing family relations and processes? a. dyadic assessment b. observational methods c. personality assessment d. self-report measures

d

Which type of communication offers clients the most protection from forced disclosure of private matters discussed with their therapist? a. protected b. censored c. confidential d. privileged

relational psychoanalytic

nvolves the mutual impact of external, interpersonal, or social relations, internal relations among persons, varied self-states, and object relations. Within this intersubjective field, the older concept of analyst as outside authority gives way to one in which both analyst and patient are equals who participate equally. They experience a "meeting of the minds," resulting in a unique "co-constructed" psychic experience that can lead to healing for both. An analysis, then, becomes not the analyst's encounter of the patient's theoretically separate psyche so much as the occasion for two minds to meet and mutually influence each other in unique and manifold conscious and unconscious ways. -include selective self-disclosure in their approach to technique. -rejects the blank screen metaphor as reflecting a naive assumption that the analyst could ever be truly separate. -cornerstone is the premise that human beings are born with a primary need for relatedness and communication with other human beings.

Salvador Minuchin

theorized Structural Family Therapy: -uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques