Clinical Nutrition Chapter 1 (Connect)

How would you determine the answer to the following question? 9 is ___% of 85

(9/85) * 100

The prefix "micro-" means:

1/1,000,000

Match the calorie cost for each of the nutrients in the following food.

10 grams carbohydrates ↔ 40 kcal 5 grams fat ↔ 45 kcal 4 grams protein ↔ 16 kcal

How many calories are in a kilocalorie?

1000

My weight is 60 kilograms. What is my weight in pounds?

132

One kilogram is equal to how many pounds?

2.2

Carbohydrates provide the body with ___ kcal per gram.

4

Select all of the following volume measurements that are approximately equal to one liter.

4 cups 1 quart

What is 7% of 65?

4.55

What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal

A food contains 4 grams of fat, 2 grams of protein, and 6 grams of carbohydrates per serving. How many total kcal does this food have?

68 kcal

There are approximately ___ kilocalories in one gram of alcohol.

7

Fewer than ___ breaths per minute would indicate alcohol poisoning.

8

Lipids contain ___ kcal per gram.

9

Which of the following accurately describes the scientific method?

A testing procedure designed to detect and eliminate error.

Which of the following best describes a kilocalorie?

A unit describing the energy content of food.

Select all the diet trends that have contributed to better health for Americans over the last decade.

A wide variety of food products is available for health-conscious consumers. Choosing frozen instead of canned vegetables. Choosing low-fat or skim milk instead of whole milk.

Which of the following can influence health behaviors of college students?

Advertising Relationships Environment Academic stress

___ are nutrients that provide the body with a major source of calories.

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is the most likely source of protein for the average American?

Chicken

Which behaviors tend to lower risk of obesity?

Choosing whole grains instead of refined grains. Choosing plant oils instead of animal fats.

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals.

Critical review by other subject-matter experts. Subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published.

Healthy People 2020 includes which of the following objectives?

Decrease consumption of sodium Reduce iron deficiency among females of childbearing age Increase consumption of whole grains

___ is a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).

Diabetes

Name the process by which foods are broken down into smaller units that can be absorbed by the small intestine.

Digestion

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

Disaccharides Monosaccharides

Which of the following may be used in the creation of a hypothesis?

Disease patterns Dietary patterns Historical events

Which of the following are factors that might contribute to hypertension?

Excess salt intake Obesity Genetics

What can prevent many age-related disease?

Exercise Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables

Which of the following will help a student avoid unneeded weight gain?

Exercise regularly. Drink water instead of cola. Eat breakfast.

Which factors can affect our food choices?

Flavor Customs Advertising Economics

Which of the following are external factors that influence food choices?

Food marketing Food availability Lifestyle

Rank the following steps of the Scientific Method in order...

Form a hypothesis Conduct research experiments Analyze and interpret results Accept or reject the hypothesis

Which of the following foods are rich in phytochemicals?

Fruits Vegetables

What type of research provides the most convincing evidence about relationships between nutrients and health?

Human experiments

What is the term for the primarily physical drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating?

Hunger

How does a hypothesis become a theory?

If the results of many experiments and researchers support a hypothesis.

Which of the following are the two main causes of obesity among Americans today?

Inadequate physical activity Excessive calorie intake

Which of the following are goals of Healthy People 2020?

Increase quality and years of healthy life Eliminate health disparities

Which of the following is the largest?

Kilo

Match the term to the definition. Carefully, note whether calorie is capitalized or not as this will make a difference in the definition.

Kilocalorie ↔ The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water 1 degree Celsius. calorie ↔ The heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 grams of water 1 degree Celsius.

Which of the following nutrients can supply the body with calories?

Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins

Which of the following is an inorganic substance?

Minerals

Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?

Minerals Vitamins

What element do proteins have that carbohydrates lack?

Nitrogen

Which of the following statements are true about fiber?

Not digestible by human enzymes Adds bulk to the feces Type of carbohydrate

___ are substances obtained from food that are vital for growth and maintenance of the body.

Nutrients

Name the science that links food and health.

Nutrition

___ is a condition characterized by excess body fat.

Obesity

Which of the following are alternative names of lipids?

Oils Fats

Which of the following are direct benefits of minimizing alcohol intake?

Reduced risk of liver disease Reduced risk of accidents

Select each of the following statements that are defining characteristics of an essential nutrient.

Replacing an omitted essential nutrient from the diet before permanent damage occurs can restore normal biological functions. Omission of an essential nutrient from the diet leads to a decline in body functions. An essential nutrient has a specific biological function in the human body.

Which of the following occur after completion of an experiment?

Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals.

Which of the following are examples of risk factors?

Smoking Nutritional habits heredity

Which of the following are example of complex carbohydrates?

Starch Fiber Glycogen

Which of the following are considered healthy methods for cooking?

Steaming Baking Stir-frying

Which of the following are examples of limitations of human experiments?

The results of an experiment on men may not be applicable to women. It may be impractical to strictly control the dietary intake of human subjects. Withholding nutrients from a developing infant may be unethical.

Select the following statements that apply to a double-blind study.

The subjects participating in the study do not know if they are taking the treatment. The researchers are not aware of which group takes the treatment and which group takes the placebo. The subjects participating in the study do not know if they are taking the placebo.

Match the term to its correct definition.

Type 1 diabetes ↔ Involves insufficient or no release of the hormone insulin by the pancreas and requires daily insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes ↔ Results from either insufficient insulin release or the general inability for insulin to act on certain body cells and might not require insulin therapy.

Which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E

Which of the following are water-soluble vitamins?

Vitamin B-6 Vitamin C Vitamin B-12

___ are essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but participate in many chemical reactions that release energy from macronutrients.

Vitamins

Which of the following are major classes of essential nutrients?

Water Lipids Carbohydrates

Which of the following help to regulate body processes?

Water Some lipids Proteins

Which of the following statements are true about water?

Water is a solvent and lubricant. Water helps transport waste. Water acts as a medium for temperature regulation.

What of the following are strategies to prevent weight gain?

Work for an employer with a wellness program Find a workout partner Plant a garden

___ is the time when many health behaviors are formed and will likely persist throughout life.

Young adulthood

How many kcal does the mineral calcium provide?

Zero

The main function of vitamins in the body is to

aid chemical reactions that release energy.

In some cases, it is not feasible to obtain data from human nutrition research. For example, it would be unethical to design a controlled experiment in which human infants were not given an essential nutrient to determine the effects of that nutrient on infant growth. In cases like this, research in ___ models is useful.

animal

A(n) ___ is a linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons.

bond

Sugars, starches, and fibers are forms of

carbohydrates.

The medical term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system is ___ disease.

cardiovascular

The greatest increase in rates of overweight and obesity over the past decade has occurred among

children.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water are all

classes of nutrients.

15. The participants in an experiment who are NOT given the treatment being tested are known as the ___ group.

control

A stroke is a

decrease or loss of blood flow to the brain.

Poor diet and inadequate physical activity contribute to the development of ___.

diabetes hypertension obesity cardiovascular disease

When neither the researchers nor the study participants are aware of the identity of the study treatments, the experiment is

double-blind.

Because they are not readily excreted, excessive consumption of ___-soluble vitamins is likely to result in toxicity.

fat

The body can derive all the essential nutrients from:

foods and beverages

A(n) ___ provides the instructions for production of a specific body protein.

gene

The statement that low-calorie, high-fat diets lead to more weight loss over time than low-calorie, high-carbohydrate diets in a(n)

hypothesis.

Most ___ do not dissolve in water.

lipids

A benefit of not smoking is the prevention of

lung disease.

Eating disorders may lead to

menstrual irregularities thinning of bones heart abnormalities

Children who watch a lot of television and consume large amounts of fast food and sugary drinks are at risk for developing ___ as they grow older.

obesity

Regular physical activity reduces the risk of

obesity cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes

Generally, a fake medicine or treatment used to disguise to treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n) ___.

placebo

In an experiment, a fake medicine or intervention is called a(n)

placebo.

A ___ is composed of many simple sugar units.

polysaccharide

Heredity, lifestyle choices, and nutritional habits are all examples of

risk factors.

In contrast to oils, fats are ___ at room temperature.

solid

A ___ is a decrease or loss of blood flow to the brain that results from a blood clot or other change in arteries in the brain.

stroke

When a researcher observes a natural phenomenon, forms a hypothesis about that phenomenon, and then test the hypothesis using an experiment, she is using

the scientific method.

If the daily needs are less than 100 milligrams, the mineral is classified as a ___ mineral.

trace

The B vitamins and vitamin C are examples of ___-soluble vitamins.

water

When it comes to choosing a beverage, ___ is the healthiest choice.

water

Which non-energy-yielding nutrient acts as a solvent and lubricant, as a vehicle for transporting nutrients and waste, and as a medium for temperature regulation and chemical processes?

water

___ is the main 6-carbon simple sugar found in blood.

Glucose

Match the risk factor with the disease it is most likely to affect

Heart Disease ↔ High-fat diet Lung Cancer ↔ Smoking Skin Cancer ↔ Sun exposure

___ is a chronic disease characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure.

Hypertension

___ is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells.

Metabolism

Which is the smallest measurement?

Micro

Place the following terms in order from smallest (top) to largest (bottom).

Microgram Milligram Centigram Kilogram

Name the class of nutrients that includes structurally simple, inorganic substances, which exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms.

Mineral

What are structurally simple, inorganic substances, which exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms?

Minerals

Name the chronic disease characterized by decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetics, and poor diet.

Osteoporosis

Match the phytochemical to their food sources.

Phytosterols ↔ soybeans Indoles ↔ broccoli, cabbage, kale Flavonoids ↔ citrus fruits, onions, apples, grapes, chocolate Polyphenols ↔ blueberries, strawberries, raspberries

What are two factors that contribute to the development of obesity?

Poor diet Lack of physical activity

Which of the following are major contributors to the leading causes of death in the United States?

Poor diet Lack of physical activity Excessive calorie intake

The Food and Nutrition Board has issued recommendations on the proportions of total energy intake that should come from protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Match the appropriate range of total calories for each of the following macronutrients.

Protein ↔ 10% to 35% of total kcal Carbohydrates ↔ 45% to 65% of total kcal Fat ↔ 20% to 35% of total kcal

Which of the following is the main structural material in the body?

Proteins

Lipids are involved in which of the major functions of nutrients?

Providing energy Promoting growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues Regulating body processes

Which of the following are considered signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning?

Strong odor of alcohol Semi-consciousness Cold, clammy, and pale skin Slow respirations of 8 or fewer breaths per minute

Which of the following are terms used to describe a carbohydrate?

Sugars Fibers Starches

Sources of water for the human body include

drinks by-product of metabolism foods

Which of the following are nutrient classes that yield energy?

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study designed to investigate the tolerable upper intake level of calcium, which of the following groups are required?

The experimental group The control group

The building blocks of proteins are called

amino acids.

A compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction is

an enzyme.

When ___ is left out of the diet, health declines.

an essential nutrient

A theory is best defined as

an explanation of a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence by different researchers to support it.

An explanation of phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence by different researchers to support it is called a(n) ___.

theory