Clinical Psych Final
6. Thorndike is to _____ as Pavlov is to _____. A) operant conditioning, classical conditioning B) classical conditioning, operant conditioning C) motivational interviewing, interpersonal interviewing D) interpersonal interviewing, motivational interviewing
B
3. In the early 1900s, _____ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also. A) Edward Lee Thorndike B) Sigmund Freud C) John Watson D) Donald Meichenbaum
C
7. _____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while _____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning. A) Thorndike, Skinner B) Watson, Pavlov C) Pavlov, Skinner D) Thorndike, Watson
C
1. Forensic psychology is best defined as the application of psychological methods and principles A) within the legal system. B) to issues related to physical health. C) in an inpatient setting. D) in a private law firm.
a
11. According to Sageman (2003), forensic psychologists should possess specialized assessment skills, including A) skill related to litigation. B) neuropsychological acumen. C) mastery of projective assessment scoring. D) training in interpretation of the Rorschach.
a
11. _____ has been defined as the process of managing demands that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person. A) Coping B) Social support C) Detoxification D) Chronic stress
a
21. Medically supervised detoxification is most commonly a component of the treatment of _____. A) alcoholism B) smoking C) obesity D) chronic stress
a
23. The legal case Dusky v. United States (1960) set the standard used throughout most of the United States regarding _____. A) competency to stand trial B) NGRI evaluations C) the prediction of dangerousness D) child custody evaluation practices
a
24. Currently, between _____% and _____% of all felony defendants undergo evaluations to determine if they are competent to stand trial. A) 2, 8 B) 19, 22 C) 45, 50 D) 73, 81
a
24. For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support. A) exposure and response prevention B) motivational interviewing C) behavioral consultation D) humanistic psychotherapy
a
24. The purpose of _____ is to achieve control over the body via educating patients about bodily processes of which they are typically unaware. Technology is used to convert some physiological functions into sights or sounds the patient can monitor. A) biofeedback B) cognitive psychotherapy C) detoxification D) the ABCDS system
a
25. The process whereby a person is involuntarily hospitalized because it is determined that his behavior is likely to represent a threat to his own welfare or the welfare of others is known as _____. A) civil commitment B) functional evaluation C) actuarial prediction D) proactive restraint
a
25. Third-wave therapies A) have mindfulness as a core component of their treatment approach. B) include acceptance and remission therapy and metabehavioral therapy. C) have little empirical support. D) promote the religion of Buddhism.
a
25. _____ is a form of behavioral therapy in which therapists teach parents to use techniques based on conditioning to modify problematic behavior in their children. A) Parent training B) Adult rehabilitation C) Child modification D) Behavioral shaping
a
25. _____ represent(s) an economical and relatively quick alternative to biofeedback for pain management. A) Relaxation training B) Transdermal patches C) Detoxification D) The ABCDS system
a
5. _____ stress refers to a syndrome defined by stress levels that are consistently high and unremitting, often due to a hectic, fast-paced lifestyle. A) Chronic B) Congenital C) General D) Global
a
6. Cognitive therapists A) use the terms thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions to refer to cognitions. B) believe that psychopathology results directly from the things that happen to us. C) acknowledge the usefulness of the psychoanalytic technique of word association. D) attempt to "read" patients' thoughts by observing nonverbal behaviors.
a
6. The general adaptation syndrome hypothesis was developed by _____. A) Hans Selye B) Walter Cannon C) Albert Ellis D) Lightner Witmer
a
9. When assessing a child patient, A) a multisource, multimethod, multisetting approach is recommended. B) a holistic approach is recommended. C) an individual, internal, inclusive approach is recommended. D) a psychodiagnostic approach is recommended.
a
1. _____ examine the ways in which psychological processes influence physical well-being and illness. A) Forensic psychologists B) Health psychologists C) Counseling psychologists D) Social workers
b
2. _____ is an interdisciplinary field interested in the ways in which our minds influence our bodies. A) Health psychology B) Behavioral medicine C) Medical psychology D) Internal medicine
b
2. _____ promotes both the mental and physical health of children with medical conditions. A) Child clinical psychology B) Pediatric psychology C) Developmental psychology D) Abnormal psychology
b
21. In child custody evaluations, the primary role of the _____ is to make sure that the rights of the child are protected. A) forensic psychologist B) guardian ad litem C) voir dire D) none of the above
b
24. _____ is a form of therapy with children in which clients learn to "talk themselves through" situations in which their behaviors might be problematic. A) Narrative therapy B) Self-instructional training C) Solution-focused therapy D) Humanistic play therapy
b
26. A _____ is a paper-and-pencil method of creating a family tree that incorporates detailed information about the relationships among family members. A) histogram B) genogram C) histoplot D) genoplot
b
16. Projective/expressive childhood and adolescent instruments include the _____. A) AAHPERD Functional Fitness Test B) WIAT-III C) TEMAS D) WISC-IV
c
23. Self-instructional training is a form of psychotherapy with children that derives from the _____ approach to psychotherapy. A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) cognitive D) humanistic
c
23. The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is _____. A) all-or-nothing thinking B) catastrophizing C) personalization D) overgeneralization
c
25. _____, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. A) Exposure plus response prevention B) Behavioral consultation C) Systematic desensitization D) Contingency management
c
26. Clinical psychologists typically focus on four basic therapy tasks when providing treatment to forensic clients. Which of the following is NOT one of these four tasks? A) Crisis management B) Outpatient psychotherapy C) Interoceptive coping D) Targeted programs
c
27. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic functions of play therapy identified by Brems (2008)? A) The formation of important relationships B) Disclosure of feelings and thoughts C) Imitative relearning D) Healing
c
27. _____ is a cognitive technique that focuses on accepting internal psychological experiences, including emotions, thoughts, and sensations. A) Rational emotive behavior therapy B) Dialectical behavior therapy C) Acceptance and commitment therapy D) Metacognitive therapy
c
4. Hugo Munsterberg is most closely associated with the field of _____. A) health psychology B) pediatric psychology C) forensic psychology D) humanistic psychotherapy
c
1. Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy has NOT been adapted for use with group therapy clients? A) Behavioral B) Psychodynamic C) Cognitive D) All of the other listed choices have been adapted for use with groups.
d
10. According to experts in forensic psychology, _____ tend to be endorsed most strongly for use in forensic evaluations. A) Wechsler intelligence tests B) projective personality tests C) the TAT and RAT D) objective personality tests
d
10. Stephen finds the link between emotional stress and physical illness fascinating. In fact, he is a researcher who studies the interactions among behavior, the nervous system, and the immune system. Of the following fields, which is Stephen most likely associated with? A) Neurology B) Immunology C) Microbiology D) Psychoneuroimmunology
d
11. When naturalistic direct observation of a child is not practical, clinical child psychologists often conduct _____ to achieve the same purpose. A) sentence-completion tests B) intelligence testing C) achievement testing D) analogue direct observation
d
27. When serving as expert witnesses, clinical psychologists should A) provide information that will support the case of the party that hired them. B) accurately provide information based on available data, whether or not that information supports the case of the party that hired them. C) refuse to participate in the voir dire process. D) disregard the standards set forth in the APA ethical code.
b
28. Clinical child psychologists who practice _____ believe that a child's play communicates important unconscious processes occurring within the child's mind. A) self-instructional training B) psychodynamic play therapy C) humanistic play therapy D) parent training
b
28. The process by which an expert witness is approved for the court A) does not apply to clinical psychologists because they are exempt. B) is called voir dire. C) was established in 1945 by Dundlewood v. Georgia. D) is so costly that most clinical psychologists refuse to serve as expert witnesses.
b
29. One challenge for psychologists serving as expert witnesses is _____, in which they are asked to defend their statements while being questioned by an opposing attorney. A) voir dire B) cross-examination C) de novo D) impeachment
b
29. The diseases that cause the greatest danger for death within today's society A) include tuberculosis and pneumonia. B) feature behavioral components. C) are HIV and the zika virus. D) are treatment-resistant sexually transmitted diseases.
b
3. _____ is the psychological or physiological response to difficult or demanding internal or external circumstances. A) Vulnerability B) Stress C) Depression D) Hyperactivity
b
30. Cognitive psychotherapy A) has not yet been found efficacious in the treatment of any specific psychological disorders. B) emphasizes objective measures of psychotherapy outcome to a greater extent than psychodynamic psychotherapy. C) is less effective than many humanistic approaches. D) is not a recommended approach for the treatment of personality disorders.
b
1. In the first psychological clinic, founded by Lightner Witmer in the late 1800s, A) child clients were assessed but not treated. B) child clients were neither assessed nor treated. C) child clients were assessed and treated. D) parent training took place, but no direct treatment of children took place.
c
10. When implementing behavioral observation with a child client, the psychologist should be on the lookout for _____ in which the child's behaviors change simply because he realizes he is being watched by the psychologist. A) analogue motion B) naturalistic action C) reactivity D) modification
c
12. _____, an issue that can arise in forensic psychology, occurs when the person being evaluated exaggerates or "fakes" symptoms in order to achieve some external benefit. A) Confabulation B) Blindsiding C) Malingering D) Echopraxia
c
13. In forensic psychology, a method of predicting dangerousness that involves a statistical prediction based on objective variables, with little to no subjective data, is the _____ prediction method. A) clinical B) historical C) actuarial D) individual
c
14. Current estimates (e.g., Centers for Disease Control, 2008) indicate that about _____% of adult Americans are overweight or obese. A) 18 B) 40 C) 67 D) 91
c
25. The genogram is an assessment technique used most often by _____ therapists. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) group D) family
d
26. Health psychologists can increase compliance with medical regimens by doing all of the following EXCEPT A) serving as liaisons between the medical provider and the patient. B) thoroughly educating the patient on the proposed treatment. C) aiding the patient in bolstering his or her social support systems. D) applying the operant technique of positive punishment to inconsistent patients.
d
26. Parent training programs have been developed for _____. A) ADHD B) conduct disorder C) separation anxiety D) many disorders and problems, including those listed in the other answer choices.
d
27. Health psychologists may play a significant role in helping patients cope with stress associated with A) surgery. B) chemotherapy. C) deep brain stimulation. D) Health psychologists may assist patients with any of the other listed choices.
d
5. Which of the following statements about Hugo Munsterberg is NOT true? A) He wrote On the Witness Stand. B) He demonstrated how psychological science could be applied in the legal arena. C) He mentored the man who presented testimony in a case that created the first standard for expert testimony. D) He practiced family law before developing an interest in forensic psychology.
d
14. Regarding the prediction of dangerousness, it is generally TRUE that A) individuals with more extensive arrest records are more likely to be dangerous than individuals with less extensive arrest records. B) individuals with more social support are more likely to be dangerous than individuals with less social support. C) clinical prediction methods are more accurate than statistical prediction methods. D) past drug and alcohol abuse are relatively unimportant factors in predicting future dangerousness.
a
14. Which of the following is TRUE regarding self-report scales for children and adolescents? A) There is a version of the MMPI appropriate for use with adolescent clients. B) Self-report scales are used more commonly with young children rather than adolescents. C) There is not an adolescent version of the MCMI. D) Cultural competence is unimportant when administering self-report scales to children.
a
15. The House-Tree-Person test and the Roberts Apperception Test are examples of _____ used with child clients. A) projective/expressive techniques B) self-report scales C) achievement tests D) naturalistic observation techniques
a
16. A clinical psychologist conducting an NGRI evaluation is most interested in determining A) the mental status of the defendant at the time the crime was committed. B) the likelihood that the defendant will behave dangerously in the future. C) the current mental status of the defendant. D) the fitness of the defendant to stand trial.
a
17. _____ is a technique for promoting physical health in which patients write about what they value most in life. A) Values affirmation B) Healthful writing C) Narrative weight management D) Parable telling
a
18. _____ was the first legal standard for the insanity defense in the history of the American legal system. A) The M'Naghten test B) Voir dire C) The Munsterberg criteria D) The Daubet standards
a
20. In about half of U.S. states, a defendant can be found _____, a provision intended to provide a middle ground for jurors contemplating whether to assign criminal responsibility (and punishment) to defendants whose mental status is in question. A) guilty but mentally ill B) not guilty by reason of insanity C) partially insane D) unknowably guilty
a
20. _____ is a cognitive-behavioral technique for children in which therapists teach kids behaviors that improve their interactions with others. A) Social skills training B) Bravery Bingo C) Applied behavior analysis D) Self-talk therapy
a
29. The Rothberg family includes parents Mark and Tina and children David and Abigail. Mark and Tina take David to a clinical psychologist because "he is the cause of all problems in our family. If you fix him, everything will be great in our household." If the psychologist takes a family therapy approach to treatment, he will consider the possibility that, in this situation, David is A) an identified patient. B) diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. C) not Mark and Tina's biological child. D) in significant competition with his schoolmates.
a
30. The notions of family structure, subsystems, and boundaries are important components of the type of family therapy practiced by _____. A) Salvador Minuchin B) Murray Bowen C) Steve deShazer and Insoo Kim Berg D) Irvin Yalom
a
30. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the body of empirical research on the outcome of psychotherapy with children and adolescents? A) Psychotherapy with children and adolescents produces significant improvement. B) Psychotherapy with children produces significant improvement, but psychotherapy with adolescents produces no improvement. C) Psychotherapy with children and adolescents produces no improvement. D) Psychotherapy with adolescents produces significant improvement, but psychotherapy with children produces no improvement.
a
31. Most of the specific forms of psychotherapy that have demonstrated empirical benefits for specific disorders of childhood are _____. A) cognitive-behavioral B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) metacognitive
a
32. _____, in which multiple types of care are found in one centralized location, have been proposed as a solution for delivering higher quality and more cost-effective primary care. A) Patient-centered medical homes B) Primary care clinics C) Family-centered care houses D) Government-run medicenters
a
39. A therapist frequently asks clients these questions: "Are your problems present every hour of every day? When they are not so bad, what have you done to make them better?" These questions suggest that this therapist is most likely following which approach to therapy? A) Solution-focused B) Humanistic C) Interpersonal D) Metacognitive
a
12. Which of the following statements about stress and coping is NOT true? A) Researchers propose there may be a disease-prone personality that predisposes people to stress-related illnesses. B) An individual's subjective perception of stress has little impact on his ability to cope. C) Problem-focused coping emphasizes proactive, constructive attempts to take action about a stressful situation. D) Both nature and nurture factors contribute to how well someone is able to cope with stress.
b
12. _____ are standardized paper-and-pencil forms that parents, teachers, or other adults complete regarding a child's presenting problems. A) Pediatric questionnaires B) Behavior rating scales C) Developmental checklists D) Genograms
b
13. The Conners' Rating Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist are examples of _____. A) analogue direct observation B) behavior rating scales C) projective personality tests D) achievement tests
b
15. The prediction of dangerousness is particularly difficult because it happens so infrequently. This phenomenon is known as _____. A) the Daubert dilemma B) the base rate problem C) voir dire D) scarceness creep
b
16. _____ is currently the single greatest cause of preventable death in the United States. A) Stress B) Smoking C) Obesity D) Chronic fatigue
b
18. For both children and adolescents, the most commonly used specific assessment technique is the _____. A) Draw-a-Person technique B) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C) Rorschach Inkblot Technique D) MMPI-A
b
19. Currently, legal standards for NGRI vary from state to state, but they all require that _____ is present and operating at the time of the offense. A) schizophrenia B) a mental disease or defect C) intellectual disability D) intoxication with alcohol or another substance
b
19. When the ABCs of relapse prevention are applied to smoking, "B" represents _____. A) beliefs B) smoking C) benefits of smoking cessation D) physical exercise
b
23. A health psychologist who is using biofeedback with a patient is most likely treating _____. A) alcohol dependence B) smoking C) chronic pain D) obesity
c
30. Which of the following statements about the rights of patients who are involuntarily committed is TRUE? A) In 1975, the Supreme Court ruled that duly licensed psychiatrists can involuntarily commit an individual for up to two years. B) In 1982's Youngberg v. Romeo, the Supreme Court expanded the rights of involuntarily committed patients to include freedom from unreasonable bodily restraints. C) An involuntarily committed patient's right to refuse medication cannot be overridden in any circumstances. D) Until a ruling by a U.S. Appellate Court in 2007, lobotomies were performed on patients housed in most psychiatric facilities.
b
31. Lisa's family is very, very close. In fact, the degree of emotional closeness they have with each other is so great that no member of the family is particularly independent. They always have to be around each other and do things together. From Minuchin's perspective, this family is demonstrating A) disengagement. B) enmeshment. C) an undifferentiated ego mass. D) triangulation.
b
32. Two parents in conflict with one another each make efforts to recruit their child to support their position in the conflict. According to family therapists, this exemplifies _____. A) an undifferentiated ego mass B) triangulation C) extra-group socializing D) linear causality
b
33. Fitness-for-duty evaluations are most typically conducted by clinical psychologists A) on applicants to the police force who are seriously being considered for employment. B) on current police officers who have experienced a traumatic incident or who are struggling with a psychological disorder. C) on current police officers who are being considered for promotion to a higher rank. D) on current police officers whose weight has significantly increased in recent months.
b
35. A basic premise of _____ therapy is that by "editing" the "life stories" clients tell themselves, they can improve their mental health. A) solution-focused B) narrative C) structural family D) group
b
37. The Conflict Tactics Scale assesses _____. A) depression B) abuse and violence within families C) cognitive confrontation D) cognitive distortions
b
4. Some clinical child psychologists divide children's psychological problems into _____ disorders, such as ADHD, and _____ disorders, such as depression. A) internalizing, externalizing B) externalizing, internalizing C) specific, generalized D) generalized, specific
b
4. The fight-or-flight response A) probably hindered a more expedient evolution of primitive humans. B) occurs in response to a perceived threat. C) was first described by Hamermesh and Lee in 2007. D) occurs during the third stage of general adaptation syndrome.
b
7. The relationship between forensic psychologists and their patients is often described as _____. A) collaborative B) adversarial C) cooperative D) bifurcated
b
7. Which three factors did Grotberg (2003) suggest contribute to resilience in children? A) Child strengths, parental support, and community involvement B) External supports, inner strengths, and interpersonal problem-solving skills C) Peer relationships, educational commitment, and quality of life D) Social supports, psychological skills, and biological strengths
b
9. According to experts in forensic psychology, _____ tend to be considered unacceptable for assessments of defendants or criminals. A) Wechsler intelligence tests B) projective personality tests C) the MMPI-2 and MCMI-IV D) objective personality tests
b
17. Which of the following statements about intellectual tests for children is TRUE? A) The Spanish WISC-IV is generally a poor choice for assessing the intelligence of Puerto Rican children. B) The UNIT is a gender-fair intelligence test that may be administered to children. C) The Spanish WISC-IV was normed on children from multiple Spanish speaking countries. D) Robert's Apperception Test is commonly used to assess the intelligence of very young children.
c
18. _____ has been shown to be both a significant detriment to smoking cessation and a significant predictor of relapse. A) Use of nicotine gum or patches B) Social support C) The presence of smokers in one's social group D) An irregular exercise schedule
c
2. ______ psychologists can be involved in forensic psychology. A) Clinical B) Clinical and cognitive C) Clinical, cognitive, and social D) All specializations except clinical
c
21. _____ is a cognitive-behavioral technique that is highly supported and recommended for treating children with autism spectrum disorder. A) Social skills training B) Bravery Bingo C) Applied behavior analysis D) Self-talk therapy
c
22. Self-instructional training was originally developed by _____. A) Marsha Linehan B) Irvin Yalom C) Donald Meichenbaum D) Harry Harlow
c
28. When Lisa needs healthcare services, she goes to a facility where she has a personal primary-care physician who is responsible for arranging her care with all other professionals housed in the same complex. Depending on her needs, her primary-care physician sends her to a chiropractor, occupational therapist, clinical psychologist, etc. Lisa receives her care from a(n) A) HMO. B) private practice cooperative. C) patient-centered medical home. D) state-run clinic.
c
29. According to the Daubert standards, A) individuals can be involuntarily hospitalized if they represent a threat to themselves, but not if they represent a threat to others. B) testimony from an expert witness such as a clinical psychologist is admissible in court if it is generally accepted in the field, even if it is not reliable or valid. C) testimony from an expert witness such as a clinical psychologist is admissible in court if it is reliable and valid, even if it is not generally accepted in the field. D) the mental status of a defendant at the time of the trial is a more important factor than the mental status of a defendant at the time of the crime in NGRI evaluations.
c
29. In humanistic play therapy, A) interpretation of the child's actions is more important than in psychodynamic play therapy. B) the child and the therapist play directly with each other without any toys or other objects. C) the therapist reflects the child's feelings, which may be expressed indirectly through play activities. D) the goal is to make the child's unconscious processes conscious.
c
31. Health psychologists can help patients cope with medical procedures by A) distracting the patient from learning about the medical procedure. B) using cognitive-behavioral interventions to help the patient preemptively catastrophize possible negative outcomes. C) using relaxation training and cognitive techniques to help the patient think differently about the unpleasantness of the situation. D) maximizing child patients' separation anxiety so they quickly reattach to their parents following surgery.
c
32. To which of the following assessment tools the TEMAS is most similar in format? A) SCID B) MMPI-2 C) TAT D) WISC-IV
c
33. Exception questions, such as "When was this not a problem for you?" and "When was this not so bad?" and the formula-first session task, in which clients consider what aspects of their lives they want to remain the same, are important components of _____. A) narrative therapy B) humanistic therapy C) solution-focused therapy D) structural family therapy
c
33. The Spanish version of the WISC-IV A) has not yet been created. B) was normed exclusively on children whose parents are from Mexico. C) includes no change in item content in spite of linguistic translation. D) was normed exclusively on children whose parents are from Spain.
c
34. Using solution-focused therapy terms, the question "If your problem disappeared, how would your life be different?" is an example of a(n) _____ question. A) exception B) scaling C) miracle D) narrative
c
38. When providing psychotherapy services to a family, A) information related to the psychologist by one family member is always kept in confidence from all other family members. B) the clinician must provide the family with a systems-based DSM diagnosis. C) the ground rules for confidentiality should be established with all family members during the initial consultation. D) psychologists are encouraged to assign an individual diagnosis to one of the family members to facilitate reimbursement from insurance companies.
c
6. Clinical psychologists conducting assessments in forensic settings A) should build rapport by assuring the person being assessed that no information collected during the assessment can be used against him. B) are rarely asked to determine the mental status of a defendant pleading not guilty by reason of insanity. C) may be asked to assess for child custody, personal injury lawsuits, and workers' compensation hearings. D) must provide copies of the assessment report to the person being assessed, as well as a
c
6. Which statement best summarizes the research cited in the textbook about the importance of family on a child's mental health (e.g., Schleider et al., 2014)? A) A child is less likely to develop a mental disorder if his parents are diagnosed with ADHD or depression. B) A child is less likely to develop a mental disorder if he has cold, unloving relationships with his siblings. C) A child is more likely to develop a mental disorder if his parents are diagnosed with anxiety or personality disorders. D) A child is more likely to develop a mental disorder if he has warm, loving relationships with his siblings.
c
8. Dr. Rand, a clinical child psychologist, strives to understand his child patients' behaviors within the context of what can be expected of a child at that particular age. Dr. Rand is using a _____ perspective. A) holistic B) developmental C) client-centered D) bifurcated
c
8. When the client is a child, the clinical psychologist's interview process typically includes _____. A) the child B) adults who know the child well C) both the child and adults who know the child well D) administrators at the child's school
c
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true? When conducting a forensic evaluation, A) psychologists should make clear the limits of confidentiality. B) test data and results may become public, such as in the case of Mike Tyson. C) it is permissible to disclose test results to the public if the assessed individual works for a national organization, such as the National Football League. D) the person being assessed may not be entitled to see the results of the assessment.
c
9. The _____ controls the release of our body's stress hormone, cortisol. A) PTA axis B) ADA axis C) HPA axis D) LOU axis
c
13. Which of the following statements about social support is TRUE? A) Social support has no documented connection to psychological health or physical health. B) Social support in the form of friendships enhances physical health, but social support in the forms of family relationships and romantic relationships weakens physical health. C) Social support enhances psychological health but has no effect on physical health. D) Social support is the perception that one has relationships that can provide support in a time of crisis.
d
15. Which of the following is NOT a component of the ABCDS approach to weight loss? A) Activity increase B) Dietary change C) Social support D) Belief change
d
17. The not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) defense A) is used frequently. B) is successful in a majority of the instances in which it is used. C) results in the defendant being released if the defense is successful. D) was successfully used by John Hinckley following his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan
d
19. Which of the following statements about conducting psychotherapy with child patients is NOT true? A) The therapeutic alliance is just as crucial with children as it is in therapy with adults. B) The therapeutic alliance must be established with both the child and his or her parents. C) Adult interventions and techniques should be adjusted for children. D) Children can often be understood and conceptualized as miniature adults.
d
20. Rolland experiences negative symptoms, including headaches and irritability, when he does not consume alcohol. A health psychologist evaluating Rolland would describe this symptom as _____. A) abuse B) dependence C) tolerance D) withdrawal
d
22. Chronic pain is defined as pain that lasts at least _____. A) 1 week B) 1 month C) 3 months D) 6 months
d
22. More than 90% of child custody evaluators use _____ during a typical evaluation. A) clinical interviews with each parent B) clinical interviews with the children C) psychological testing of the parents D) A child custody evaluator typically uses all of the other response choices.
d
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) ADHD, conduct disorder, and separation anxiety disorder are especially common diagnoses among children. B) Children can be diagnosed with major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. C) DSM-5 modifies the diagnostic criteria of some disorders for children. D) Some clinical psychologists divide children's psychological problems into two broad classes: specific and generalized disorders.
d
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Forensic psychology training opportunities include A) elective forensic courses in doctoral programs. B) specialized forensic tracks in doctoral programs. C) joint degree programs in law (JD) and psychology (PhD or PsyD). D) predoctoral, but not postdoctoral, internships that feature forensic training.
d
30. Smoking has proven to be a major risk factor for _____. A) heart disease B) cancer C) stroke D) Smoking contributes risk to developing all of the other choices.
d
31. Clinical psychologists who consult with law enforcement agencies conduct _____. A) fitness-for-duty evaluations B) pre-employment evaluations C) psychotherapy D) Psychologists may conduct any of the other response choices with law enforcement agencies
d
32. Surveys of psychologists who conduct child custody evaluations (e.g., Bow, 2006) suggest that A) psychological tests are rarely used. B) interviews with parents and children are considered less important than psychological tests. C) parent and child interviews are deemed less important that projective testing results. D) more than 60% of evaluators conduct psychological testing with the children involved in such cases.
d
36. _____ is a type of family therapy designed for adolescents with long-term behavioral and emotional problems that have resulted in trouble with the legal system. A) Solution-focused therapy B) Narrative therapy C) Family structure therapy D) Multisystemic family therapy
d
5. According to research discussed in the textbook, which of the following factors does NOT influence children's resilience or vulnerability to psychological problems? A) Environmental factors, including poverty B) Parental factors, including low parent IQ C) Child factors, including difficult temperament D) Tactile factors, including fine motor skills
d
7. Which of the following statements about general adaptation syndrome is TRUE? A) The fight-or-flight system works better in response to prolonged, repeated stressors than in response to temporary stressors. B) The more specific the stressor, the more unlikely adaptation will occur. C) Long-term exposure to stress bolsters our immune system. D) With prolonged exposure to stress, our bodies eventually wear out and break down.
d
8. Researchers estimate that about _____% of all visits to health care providers result from stress-related disorders. A) 10-20 B) 25-40 C) 50-60 D) 75-90
d
4. Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for _____. A) operant conditioning B) classical conditioning C) graduated exposure D) successive approximations
A
1. The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with _____ therapy. A) humanistic B) behavior C) cognitive D) psychodynamic
B
8. Thorndike's law of effect states that A) actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur. B) repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future. C) actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur. D) an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation.
C
2. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true? A) He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs. B) He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning. C) He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food. D) He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.
D
5. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with _____. A) motivational interviewing B) interpersonal interviewing C) classical conditioning D) operant conditioning
D
1. Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has _____. A) increased B) remained constant C) decreased slightly D) decreased greatly
a
12. Which of the following is TRUE regarding cognitive psychotherapy? A) Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy. B) Compared to behavioral psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy deemphasizes internal, mental processes. C) Relative to psychodynamic therapy, cognitive therapy's typical treatment length is 10-15 sessions longer. D) Cognitive therapy is typically more costly than psychoanalytic treatment.
a
13. Group therapists are most likely to encourage clients to examine A) here-and-now relationships with fellow group members. B) illogical thoughts. C) reinforcements and punishments that represent contingencies for specific behaviors. D) the styles of parenting used by their parents.
a
13. Who among the following is not recognized as a leading proponent of cognitive therapy? A) William Miller B) Aaron Beck C) Albert Ellis D) Judith Beck
a
14. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by _____. A) Albert Ellis B) Aaron Beck C) Donald Meichenbaum D) B. F. Skinner
a
15. Therapy groups may either be ____, allowing individual members to enter or leave at any time, or _____, requiring members to enter and finish therapy together. A) open-enrollment, closed-enrollment B) fluid-enrollment, static-enrollment C) closed-enrollment, open-enrollment D) static-enrollment, fluid-enrollment
a
18. Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by _____. A) contingencies B) cognitions. C) primary reinforcers D) secondary reinforcers
a
19. Which of the following statements about group therapy is TRUE? A) One advantage of having cotherapists is the ability to foster recapitulation of the family group. B) Extra-group socializing among group members poses little or no consequences. C) Fellow group members are legally and ethically bound to maintain the confidentiality of information discussed during group sessions. D) Group members who disclose information about fellow members can be fined.
a
20. Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie's psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is Jeanie's psychologist using? A) Imaginal exposure B) In vivo exposure C) Graded exposure D) Flooding
a
27. _____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy. A) Relaxation training B) Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli C) Reflection D) Creation of an anxiety hierarchy
a
3. _____ are considered leaders in the cognitive therapy movement. A) Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis B) Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney C) Carl Jung and Fritz Perls D) John Watson and Edward Thorndike
a
31. "If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind _____. A) contingency management B) exposure therapy C) systematic desensitization D) extinction
a
31. The term third-wave therapies is most often applied to _____. A) therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance B) brief psychodynamic therapies C) therapies based on classical conditioning D) play therapies
a
32. The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as _____. A) extinction B) behavioral adaptation C) flooding D) assertiveness training
a
34. Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of _____ therapy. A) behavior B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) cognitive
a
35. Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that A) the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement. B) depressed people think illogically. C) the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced. D) depressed people lack social skills.
a
37. When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is, A) "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?" B) "Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?" C) "If the feared event happens, so what?" D) "What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?"
a
5. Irvin Yalom's approach to group psychotherapy has been labeled _____. A) interpersonal B) behavioral C) solution-focused D) narrative
a
5. The idea that the way we think about events determines the way we respond to them is a cornerstone of _____ therapy. A) cognitive B) behavioral C) humanistic D) psychodynamic
a
10. Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy A) often involves attending peer-led workshops. B) may be written or behavioral. C) is rarely discussed during subsequent sessions. D) is best conceptualized as a behavioral activation technique.
b
10. _____, feelings of interconnectedness among group members, plays the same role in group therapy that the therapeutic alliance plays in individual therapy. A) Altruism B) Group cohesiveness C) Universality D) Solution-talk
b
11. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy A) emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client. B) employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures. C) is effective with children but not adults. D) eschews the scientific method.
b
12. Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order? A) Develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses B) Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses C) Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests D) Test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses
b
13. According to behavior therapists, A) client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem. B) client behaviors are the problem. C) phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious. D) phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves.
b
14. In group therapy, the group typically and ideally contains _____ members. A) 3-5 B) 7-8 C) 12-15 D) 20-24
b
14. Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target A) Sherrie's emotional sadness. B) the amount of time Sherrie cries each day. C) the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable. D) Sherrie's thought that her symptoms will never end.
b
15. According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents _____. A) cognition B) emotional consequence C) choice behavior D) applied conditioning
b
16. In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) _____. A) conditioned stimulus B) unconditioned stimulus C) neutral stimulus D) conditioned response
b
18. Consider the developmental stages of therapy groups discussed in the textbook. In a substance abuse group, the members have become comfortable enough to compete with one another and jockey for status within the group. In which developmental stage is this therapy group? A) First stage B) Second stage C) Third stage D) Fourth stage
b
18. _____ is to Aaron Beck as _____ is to Albert Ellis. A) Rational emotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy B) Cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy C) Systematic desensitization, assertiveness training D) Assertiveness training, systematic desensitization
b
19. Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning? A) Contingency management B) Systematic desensitization C) Token economies D) Shaping
b
2. Most group therapies strongly emphasize _____, taking advantage of the fact that the group therapy experience is based on interacting with other people. A) conflict resolution B) interpersonal interaction C) unconscious mental processes D) identification of nonverbals
b
20. _____ would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart, whereas _____ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record. A) George Harris, Martin Seligman B) Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck C) Martin Seligman, George Harris D) Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis
b
21. More than any other form of therapy, _____ therapy is characterized by a systems approach to understanding psychological problems. A) group B) family C) behavioral D) cognitive
b
22. The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is _____. A) all-or-nothing thinking B) catastrophizing C) personalization D) overgeneralization
b
23. The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____. A) token economies B) exposure therapy C) contingency management D) assertiveness training
b
26. Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of _____. A) eating disorders B) anxiety disorders C) personality disorders D) schizophrenia
b
28. Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of _____. A) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder B) borderline personality disorder C) individuals with work-related problems that do not qualify as mental disorders D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
b
30. According to the behavioral approach, _____ essentially means "getting something good," and _____ essentially means "losing something good." A) reinforcement, punishment B) positive reinforcement, negative punishment C) positive reinforcement, positive punishment D) negative reinforcement, negative punishment
b
4. According to Irvin Yalom, group therapy is most successful when group therapists A) approach it as a series of one-on-one interactions with clients. B) take advantage of the fact that clients will display their problematic tendencies toward other group members. C) limit the size of the group to four or fewer members. D) focus on the group members' recollections of early childhood traumas.
b
6. Irvin Yalom A) is a prominent researcher of family therapies. B) believes an individual's disorder is a by-product of his disturbed way of getting along with other people. C) suggests the application of a medical model for treatment of family-based disorders. D) advocates for the application of cognitive techniques in marital therapy.
b
7. _____ is NOT one of the 11 therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy identified by Irvin Yalom. A) Instillation of hope B) Exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli C) Imitative behavior D) Development of socializing techniques
b
8. Which of the following best describes the three-step process typically used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client's cognitions? A) identify illogical thoughts; teach relaxation skills; countercondition illogical thoughts B) identify illogical thoughts; challenge illogical thoughts; replace illogical thoughts with more logical thoughts C) make unconscious illogical thoughts conscious; interpret illogical thoughts; work through illogical thoughts D) identify illogical thoughts; reflect emotional content of illogical thoughts; empathize with difficulties caused by illogical thoughts
b
10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy A) emphasizes empiricism. B) defines problems in terms of observable behaviors. C) both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors. D) neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors.
c
11.According to Yalom, _____, or learning from in-group interpersonal experiences, is at the heart of group therapy. A) universality B) group cohesiveness C) interpersonal learning D) social reeducation
c
15. A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's A) level of introspection. B) number of illogical cognitions. C) observable behaviors. D) positive self-regard.
c
16. Stacy tries to enroll in a therapy group for individuals suffering from depression. However, when she contacts the group's leader, she is informed that she will have to wait several weeks until a new series of group meetings begins. Individuals who wish to participate in the depression group, she learns, must attend from the very first session. This depression group is using A) open-enrollment. B) fluid-enrollment. C) closed-enrollment. D) static-enrollment.
c
17. Elise's psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happen her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise's psychologist is likely treating her with _____. A) exposure and response prevention B) cognitive reshaping C) rational emotive behavior therapy D) cognitive triad therapy
c
17. In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus' beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert? A) Discrimination B) Operant conditioning C) Generalization D) Stimulus expansion
c
17. Which of the following statements about group therapy is TRUE? A) Extra-group socializing is encouraged by most group therapists. B) Cotherapists must have the same therapy orientation in order to be effective. C) Group members should be discouraged from extra-group socializing. D) Group members may be asked to role-play as "mothers" and "fathers," a technique called recapitulation of the family group.
c
2. Cognitive therapy A) tends to be brief and unstructured. B) has become a less prominent approach to psychotherapy in the 21st century. C) represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches. D) was established by Albert Bandura.
c
20. Which of the following statements best summarizes how well group therapy works? A) Group therapy is largely inferior to individual therapy. B) Group therapy is consistently superior to individual therapy. C) Group therapy works about as well as individual therapy. D) There is not yet enough group therapy research to determine how well it works.
c
21. Dr. Vogt's new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment? A) The operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training B) The operant conditioning technique of contingency management C) The classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training D) The classical conditioning technique of contingency management
c
21. Natalie, a psychotherapy client, is depressed about a recent breakup with her boyfriend. She believes that the breakup is entirely her fault, and that if she had done things differently, she would not be alone now. This belief best exemplifies the cognitive thought distortion known as _____ A) all-or-nothing thinking B) catastrophizing C) personalization D) mental filtering
c
23. Although psychological symptoms may appear maladaptive, they are often in fact adaptive within the family environment of the individual. Family therapists refer to this idea as _____. A) triangulation B) the social microcosm C) functionalism D) interpersonal learning
c
26. _____ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise. A) Personalization B) All-or-nothing thinking C) Mindfulness D) Commitment thinking
c
28. _____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date. A) Relaxation training B) Exposure plus response prevention C) Assertiveness training D) Contingency management
c
3. _____ has emerged as a leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy. A) Aaron Beck B) Albert Ellis C) Irvin Yalom D) Donald Meichenbaum
c
33. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with _____. A) Marsha Linehan B) Judith Beck C) Steven Hayes D) Aaron Beck
c
33. The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is _____. A) exposure therapy B) assertiveness training C) observational learning D) flooding
c
38. Behavior therapies A) have little empirical support to justify their use. B) do not easily lend themselves to the research process. C) with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD. D) are highly effective with children but not adults.
c
4. The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is A) observable behavior change via contingency management. B) to make the unconscious conscious. C) logical thinking. D) self-actualization.
c
7. According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from A) fixations at particular developmental stages in childhood. B) classical or operant conditioning. C) illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives. D) incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
c
8. _____ is NOT one of the 11 therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy identified by Irvin Yalom. A) Catharsis B) Interpersonal learning C) International factors D) Group cohesiveness
c
9. The main goal of behavior therapy is A) to make the unconscious conscious. B) self-actualization. C) observable behavior change. D) an increase in logical, rational thought.
c
11. Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to A) require a greater number of sessions. B) emphasize the past rather than the present. C) derive its roots from ancient dream analysis techniques. D) focus on the client's current problems.
d
12. In group therapy, the term social microcosm refers to the idea that A) group members often establish friendships and romantic relationships outside of the therapy setting. B) group members often have isolated lives and have allowed their social contacts to become infrequent, and these tendencies contribute to their psychological problems. C) the problems of most group members stem from antisocial tendencies, the exploration of which requires recollections of key early childhood events. D) the relationship tendencies that characterize clients' problematic relationships in their personal lives will also characterize the relationships they form with fellow group members.
d
16. According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "D" represents A) a discussion of the feelings resulting from the client's irrational thoughts. B) the drive with which the irrational thought is associated. C) the domain of the client's life negatively influenced by the irrational thought. D) a dispute of the client's irrational thoughts.
d
19. Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes thoughts about _____, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels. A) family, friends, and acquaintances B) the self, the external world, and the future C) religion, wealth, and politics D) an individual, a group, and a nation
d
22. Regarding the causes of psychological problems, _____ therapists tend to endorse a linear model of causality, whereas _____ therapists tend to endorse a circular model of causality. A) cognitive, humanistic B) family, individual C) behavioral, cognitive D) individual, family
d
22. Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning? A) Exposure therapy B) Systematic desensitization C) Assertiveness training D) Contingency management
d
24. As a family therapist, Dr. Langstrom talks to the family he is treating about their family comfort zone or "set point." In family therapy terms, what Dr. Langstrom is really discussing is _____. A) functionalism B) communication patterns C) circular causality D) homeostasis
d
24. The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems A) has not yet occurred. B) was a primary focus of the early work of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, but has declined in recent decades. C) has been empirically demonstrated to be more beneficial than prescription medications for ulcers, diabetes, and influenza. D) has increased significantly in recent decades.
d
27. Which of the following is NOT one of the seven stages through which typical intact middle-class American families proceed? A) Leaving home B) Joining of families through marriage or union C) Launching children and moving on in midlife D) Resignation and acceptance of death
d
28. Dr. Dobson suspects violence and abuse in the relationship of his newest couples' therapy patients, Hugh and Julie. If he wishes to assess the situation using a method that is more structured and formal than a clinical interview, he is likely to administer the A) Domestic Abuse Checklist for Children (DACC). B) Sampson's Worthwhile Abuse Technique (SWAT). C) At-Home Violence Metric (AVM). D) Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS).
d
29. _____ is a cognitive technique that believes when young children are exposed to poor parenting, they are likely to develop deep-seated, maladaptive cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others. A) Rational emotive therapy B) Metacognitive psychotherapy C) Acceptance and commitment therapy D) Schema therapy
d
29. _____ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future. A) Reinforcement B) Exposure C) Implosion D) Punishment
d
30. Which of the following statements about empirical studies of cognitive therapy is NOT true? A) Studies demonstrate support for DBT's use with borderline personality disorder patients. B) Studies have found that homework enhances therapy outcome. C) Studies include support for the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders with ACT. D) Studies suggest mindfulness may not be as beneficial as originally suggested by its proponents.
d
32. _____ can be defined as full engagement with one's own internal mental processes in a nonconfrontational way, which often involves a reduction in _____. A) Schema therapy, acceptance B) Metacognitive therapy, cognitive restructuring C) Insight, transference D) Mindfulness, experiential avoidance
d
36. The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client. A) cognitive therapy B) aversion therapy C) systematic desensitization D) behavioral activation
d
9. In group therapy, a client's experience that "we're all in the same boat" best describes the therapeutic factor labeled by Irvin Yalom as _____. A) catharsis B) interpersonal learning C) imitative behavior D) universality
d
9. Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool? A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) cognitive
d
