CLP 3143

14. Who is Mesmer?

a. (a Frenchman in the 18th century) challenged the organic point of view. His work was the forerunner of hypnotism. b. He treated hysteria.

20. What is neurotic behavior?

a. A neurotic behavior is an exaggerated normal behavior, such as hand washing. Defense mechanisms may control anxiety to some extent, but by distorting the reality, their use is not healthy for the person.

30. What does existential perspective define abnormal behavior as?

a. Abnormal Behavior develops when a person feels he/she exists in a meaningless life and when conflict occurs between demands placed on the person and the person's nature.

5. What are the two most common disorders in the United States?

a. Alcohol problems and phobic disorders are the most common problems in the United States.

22. Who started the Humanistic View Theory?

a. Carl Rogers emphasizes the basic goodness of an individual.

15. What is the Nancy school?

a. Charcot used hypnosis and removed symptoms of hysteria under hypnosis in France in the 19th century.

14. Who was Sigmund Freud?

a. (1856-1939) was the founder of psychoanalysis.

8. What is a Genotype?

a. refers to a person's genetic make up.

c. Hindbrain

(lowbrain) controls vegetative functions such as heart rate, sleep, and respiration. Damage to the brain may cause abnormal behavior.

9. What is a Phenotype?

a. refers to the behavioral characteristics as a result of genes.

viii. Sublimation

The only so-called "good" defense in which a person channels his/her anxiety is socially accepted ways.

7. How do messages travel in the brain?

-Messages travel through the brain by electrical impulses via neurons through their axons, terminating in axon terminals and synapses. a. -Electrical impulses cross the synapses by the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters, which are of two types, excitatory and inhibitory, which alter the behavior. Imbalance of neurotransmitters is correlated to mental illness

ii. Know Eros and Thantus

1. There are many opposing instincts, the major ones being life (eros) versus death (thanatus) and love vs. hate, and aggression vs. care.

7. What is trephining?

A crude operation performed by Stone Age man, chipping the skull with a sharp object such as a stone.

d. Psychiatry

A medical profession, which deals with assessment and treatment of mentally ill persons, usually using medication.

e. Psychoanalysis

A method of treatment proposed by Sigmund Freud.

1. What is a Model?

A model is used to describe something that cannot be observed directly, e.g. using a pump to illustrate the function of a heart. No true model for abnormal behavior is available.

a. Clinical psychology

A profession, which deals with assessment (diagnosis) and treatment of abnormal behavior usually without the use of drugs

b. Counseling psychology-

A profession, which deals with less severe problems mostly in relation with normal persons.

c. Mental Health Counseling

A profession, which deals with providing counseling and various therapeutic techniques to basically normal persons.

c. Phallic Stage

About four to six years. The child becomes preoccupied with his/her phallus (genitals). Fixation or regression results in exhibitionism and voyeurism.

e. Genital Stage

About twelve to eighteen. Heterosexual interests begin to surface in both sexes preparing the ground for future vocational planning, marriage, and family planning.

17. What is anxiety according to Freud?

According to Freud conflict between impulses and instincts cause anxiety which is the basis of abnormal behavior or what he called neurosis. Anxiety can be mild, moderate or severe and has three types:

Psychosexual stages of development:

According to Freud, the human personality is largely developed in the first five to seven years of life. From the moment of birth, an infant and then the child goes through the following stages called the psychosexual stages:

13. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL-

According to this model, the personality structure is composed of three parts, id, ego, and superego.

19. What is the "core" of neurotic behavior?

Anxiety

29. What are the three concepts of existential perspective?

Being, existence, and nonbeing

a. Oral Stage

Birth to about two years. Fixation or regression (remaining or returning) to this stage may cause an oral personality characterized by passivity, helplessness, obesity, smoking, overeating, and alcoholism.

iii. Projection

Blaming others for one's shortcomings or problems. It can lead to delusional systems and paranoia.

Repression

Blocking and preventing dangerous and unacceptable material from reaching consciousness.

d. Does it move conscious to unconscious? Or Vice-Versa?

Conscious to unconscious

ii. Reaction Formation

Demonstrating the opposite of one's feelings such as showing superficial love when one really hates an object or a person.

v. Displacement

Directing hostility towards a substitute target

c. What is mobilized (id, ego, or superego?)

Ego mobilizes defense mechanisms

c. Inefficiency (dysfunction)

Failing to stand up to one's potential and failure in performance. Psychological tests determine inefficiencies.

23. Rogers believes behavior disorders are not the direct result of Incongruency. True or False?

False

The client is not an active participant in their own therapy with Rogers' therapy. True or False?

False

a. Identical twins in schizophrenia studies do not show shared disorders. True or False?

False

a. Forebrain (3 parts)

Forebrain (highbrain) controls all higher mental functions such as learning, speech, thought and memory. It includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system.

4. What are the parts of the brain and functions?

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

d. Latency Stage

From about six to twelve, there is no visible preoccupation with sexuality. This is the period of socialization for both boys and girls.

How did they classify mental illness?

He felt deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology. He classified illness into mania, melancholia and phrenitis (brain fever). Tranquility, moderate exercise and diet were proposed.

15. Describe psychoanalysis

Id, Ego, Superego

Bizarreness of Behavior

Odd, strange behavior judged as abnormal in most situations, for example hallucination (seeing or hearing things that do not exist), delusions (having false beliefs), or disorientation (confusion with regards to identity).

Discomfort

Physical or psychological discomfort is a cause for referral.

What is the principle and and energy or the Id?

Pleasure principle and the energy is called libido

e. Know these defense mechanisms

Repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, regression, denial, and sublimination

21. Know the Neo-Freudian names

Some important neo-Freudians are Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Eric Erikson, Karen Horney and Erich Fromm and Anna Freud.

iv. Rationalization

Stating irrational excuses to justify one's actions and behavior.

f. Which of above is preferable to society?

Sublimation

12. How does the Biological model fall short?

They are viewed as the only explanations for mental disorders.

vii. Denial

To deny the existence of reality such as in lying

vi. Regression

To return to an earlier stage of development

5. Body Chemistry affects behavior. True or False?

True

6. A chemical imbalance signals mental disorder. True or False?

True

b. Anal Stage

Two to four years. Fixation or regression to this stage causes anal personality characterized by obsessive and compulsive behaviors, cleanliness or frugality, or the opposite traits.

b. Existence

We are conscious of our existence, therefore, we are responsible, have a free will and are capable of choosing.

c. Nonbeing

We cease to exist in future. The anxiety it produces is called existential anxiety.

Being

We exist at a particular point in time.

c. Syndrome

a group of an illness or disorder

b. Symptom

a sign of an illness or disorder

3. What is cultural relativism?

a. Cultural relativism is defined as the belief that life style, cultural values and worldviews effect the expression and determination of deviant behavior. b. Cultures vary on what they consider to be normal or abnormal behavior.

4. What are the practical criteria for abnormality?

a. Discomfort, bizarreness of behavior, inefficency (dysfunction)

12. Who is Emil Kraeplin?

a. He is the founder of The Biological (Organic) Viewpoint (Somatogenic View). He believed mental illnesses have physiological (biological or organic) causes. Clusters (groups) of symptoms (signs of illness) were called syndrome. b. Biological causes included metabolic disturbances, endocrine problems, brain diseases, and heredity. His classification of mental illnesses was the basis for DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness).

18. What is a defense Mechanism?

a. In order to deal with anxiety, ego mobilizes defense mechanisms, which are conscious in the start and gradually due to habitual use become unconscious. b. An example is a child who gets away by lying and knows he has been lying. When he/she continues to do so, lying becomes a habit and operates without the child's awareness. He or she then becomes a habitual liar.

1. What is the definition of abnormal psychology?

a. It is defined as the scientific study of strange or unusual behavior. It includes description, explanation, prediction and control of such behavior.

2. What is a neuron?

a. Nerve cells that transmit messages

2. What is the difference between psychodiagnosis and diagnosis?

a. Psycho-diagnosis - An attempt to describe, assess, systematically draw inferences about a person's psychological disorder. b. Diagnosis - To label an illness. The label, however, may be too general, or describe current conditions.

25. What is the Therapy Rogers coined?

a. Rogers created a therapeutic technique referred to as Person-Centered Therapy, stating that people can solve their problems if a positive therapeutic condition is created for them. b. The role of the therapist is to demonstrate unconditioned positive regards for the client. c. The therapist will be a good listener, will reflect, clarify and interpret the feeling of the client. The client is the active participant.

28. Who developed the existential perspective?

a. Rolo May developed existential perspective in the United States.

11. What is a Correlation Study?

a. Strong correlation appears to exist between genetic inheritance and some mental disorders. b. What does it mean? "Does correlation mean Causation?" NO

13. What is the psychogenic view?

a. The Psychological Viewpoint (Psychogenic View) b. This view states that some types of emotional disorders are not associated with any biological (organic) diseases. c. Mesmerism & Hypnotism

27. What is the existential perspective?

a. The emphasis is on person's uniqueness, freedom and choice, and responsibility.

21. Know the Neo-Freudian Perspective

a. The neo-Freudian emphasizes the importance of ego, ego autonomy, the influences of social factors rather than sexual factors, freedom of choice and the importance of future goals.

d. Unconditioned Positive regard

allows a person to grow and feel good about himself/herself.

16. Know the work of Breuer and Freud.

b. Freud founded psychoanalysis. He originally practiced with Breuer in Vienna using hypnosis to treat hysterical patients.

9. What is mass madness?

b. Group hysteria and mass madness c. tarantism = dance mania d. lycanthropy = Victims imagined they were wolves.

8. Who led the Naturalistic school of thought?

b. Hippocrates (440 B.C.) had a naturalistic view regarding mental illness. (the greco-roman thoughts)

10. What did humanism emphasize?

b. Humanism movement emphasized human welfare, the worth and uniqueness of the person. c. Johan Weyer stated persons who were tortured were not witches, but mentally disturbed. (16th century

11. Who was the founder of the Reform Movement? What did this movement lead to?

b. Phillip Pinel in France was the founder of moral treatment movement.

17. What led to the biopsychosocial approach (current)?

b. Three major factors contributed to our current understanding of abnormal behavior: c. The drug revolution in psychiatry and prescription privileges for psychologists. d. Increased research in abnormal psychology. e. The belief that abnormal behavior has multi-factor causes, namely, biological, psychological, and sociological factors and the use of bio-psycho-social model.

What did this movement lead to?

c. Benjamin Rush, Dorothy Dix, and Clifford Beers in the United States were all involved in improving the treatment offered in mental institutions.

c. Neurotic

cause by conflict between id and ego. Ego experiences anxiety due to the threat of unwanted id impulses.

a. Realistic

caused by a realistic physical or psychological threat to the ego.

b. Moralistic

caused by conflict between id and superego resulting in guilt.

a. Etiology

causes of the illness which may be biological, psychological, or sociological

i. Electra/Oedipus complexes

i. At the end of this stage, the boy must solve his Oedipus complex (abnormal attachment to the mother) by identifying with the father. ii. The girl must solve her electra complex (abnormal attachment to the father) by identifying with the mother. Healthy personality development continues after the resolution of these two complexes.

b. What is a biological model?

i. Biological models state that mental disorders are correlated with brain dysfunction and can be treated with medication, or other bio-medical techniques.

a. What is eclectic model? Who uses it?

i. Using a variety of perspectives is employed by an eclectic psychologist to describe, explain, predict and control abnormal behavior

b. What types are there? (2 types)

i. excitatory and inhibitory, which alter the behavior. Imbalance of neurotransmitters is correlated to mental illness

b. Condition of worth

is imposed on a person by the society

b. Midbrain

is involved in vision and hearing

Superego (what principle is it governed by?)

is the conscience, the ego ideals, and is learned through the training of parents (the do's and don'ts) and follows the moral principle.

Ego (what principle is it governed by)

is the rational part of personality and follows the reality principle.

10. What is another name for Identical Twins?

monozygotic twins

3. What is a Neurotransmitter?

neurotransmitters are chemicals released in the synapses

a. Self Concept

refers to how we view ourselves

Id

refers to the basic inborn instinctual and animalistic impulses present in everyone, which seeks the pleasure principle. The energy of id is called libido.

c. Actualizing Tendency

states that all people are born with a tendency to actualize and to reach their highest potentials

a. Where are neurotransmitters released?

synapses