CLP 3143 - Study Guide Exam 1

What are the two most common disorders in the United States?

Anxiety and depressive disorders. -Women: anxiety and mood disorders -Men: alcohol and drug abuse

Neurotic anxiety

Anxiety which arises from an unconscious fear that the libidinal impulses of the ID will take control at an in opportune time. This type of anxiety is driven by a fear of punishment that will result from expressing the ID's desires without proper sublimation

Know the professions* a. Clinical psychology b. Counseling psychology c. Mental Health Counseling d. Psychiatry e. Psychoanalysis

a. Clinical psychology: branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

What is a Neurotransmitter? a. Where are they released? b. What types are there? (2 types)

- Chemicals called neurotransmitters relay the electrical signal from one neuron to other. a) - into the synapse b) - inhibitory & excitatory

What is a Correlation Study? What does it mean? "Does correlation mean Causation?"

- Study of the relationships between different variables or conditions to understand aspects of behavior. -No

Who were Breuer and Freud?

-Breuer: Josef Breuer studied the effects of hypnotism and used it to treat patients with hysteria. (Anna O.- talking cure) -Freud: Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalysis and presented the psychogenic view of mental illness.

What is the id, ego and superego.

-id: Basic instinctual drives - totally unconscious and seeks pleasure. -ego: develops when the id comes in contact with reality-copes with reality and follows reality principle -superego: places moral restraints on id's impulses (particularly sexual and aggressive ones)

What is a Model? a. What is eclectic model? Who uses it? b. What is a biological model?

-model: is used to describe something that cannot be observed directly -eclectic model: using a variety of perspectives is employed by an eclectic psychologist (uses a number of models) - biological model: states that abnormal behavior results from biological processes of the body, particularly the brain

Who is Emil Kraeplin?

-provided the first classification of mental illness and somatogenic view -believing that all mental illnesses had a physical (organic or biological) cause

What is the difference between psycho-diagnosis and diagnosis?

-psycho-diagnosis: provide a framework to understand your current psychological or psychiatric symptoms, challenges, and strengths. -diagnosis: labeling a behavior

Know the work of Breuer and Freud.

-psychoanalysis, a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior. - mind consists of three regions: the id, ego and superego.

What is a neuron?

A neuron is composed of soma (cell body) which contains the nucleus

What does existential perspective define abnormal behavior as?

A person who is in being but not maximizing their potential, thinking life is worthless.

What is the definition of abnormal psychology?

Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder.

id

Basic instinctual drives and the source of psychic energy called libido is located in the id, which is totally unconscious and seeks pleasure

What are the 3 concepts of existential perspective?

Being (active member of the world), nonbeing (dead), abnormal behavior (in being, but not maximizing potential).

Denial

The self denial of one's feelings or previous actions is one defence mechanism to avoid damage to the ego caused by the anxiety or guilt of accepting them.

How do messages travel in the brain? a. Terms to be familiar with: i. Axon ii. Axon Terminal

Dendrites receive information from other neurons. The cell transports information to another cell through axon i) - the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells. ii) - Forms synapses

Which above is preferably to society?

Displacement

Identical twins in schizophrenia studies do not show shared disorders. True or False?

False

Rogers believes behavior disorders are not the direct result of Incongruency. True or False?

False

The client is not an active participant in their own therapy with Rogers' therapy.

False

What is a Genotype?

Genetic makeup

Condition of worth

How society view us

Self concept

How we view ourselves

Realistic Anxiety

It is a type of anxiety that the object does exist. Overall, it is a fear of the real world events

Who started the Humanistic View Theory

Maslow (1943) developed a hierarchical theory of human motivation. * Carl Rogers (1946) publishes Significant aspects of client-centered therapy (also called person centered therapy).

What is mass madness

Mass hysteria (aka mass madness) is when one person has hysteria and the whole group imitates

What is a Phenotype?

Observable characteristics, influenced by genotype

What is the therapy Rogers coined?

Person(Client)-centered therapy

Psychological Test

Psychological tests measure many dimensions ranging from personality, to intelligence and to specific symptoms.

Who developed the existential perspective?

Rolo May

Unconditioned positive regard

Saying only good things about you as a person to open up your own potential

What is the psychogenic view?

Sigmund Freud

What is the Nancy school?

The Nancy School in France established that hysteria was a form of self-hypnosis

What is the existential perspective?

The emphasis is on someone's uniqueness, freedom, choice, responsibility

Intelligence Tests

These are some of the most frequently used tests by psychologists. They usually yield an IQ (intelligence quotient) score. The origin of IQ test began in France in 1905 by Alfred Binet and was revised in 1916 at Stanford University and was renamed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. It is best used for children between two and thirteen years of age. Another widely used test is called the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V).

neuropsychological test

These tests detect impairment in cognitive functioning using tasks to measure language, memory, attention and concentration, motor skills, perception, abstraction, and learning abilities. These tests provide insights into the functions of the brain. A simple screening test often used to detect general brain damage and neurological impairment is Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, comprised of a number of geometrical figures that the test taker is to draw.

What is the goal of existential therapy?

To get people to self actualize

A chemical imbalance signals mental disorder. True or False?

True

Body Chemistry affects behavior. True or False

True

Reaction Formation

When the insatiable desires of the id conflict with the ego and super ego, a person may formulate a reaction to those impulses. Often, this action is the direct opposite to the demans of the original desire, and helps to counteract impulses which may be unacceptable to act out or fulfill.

Projection

When we experience feelings or desires that cause anxiety, or that we are unable to act on owing to the negative impact that they would have on us or those around us, we may defend the ego from resulting anxieties by projecting those ideas onto another person.

What are the parts of the brain and functions? a. Forebrain (3parts) b. Midbrain c. Hindbrain

a) - thalamus, hypothalamus, the limbic system, the hippocampus and finally the cerebral cortex b) - includes the reticular formation (reticular activating system) which controls and regulates sleep and arousal c) - consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

Psychosexual stages of development a. Oral Stage b. Anal Stage c. Phallic Stage d. Latency Stage e. Genital Stage i. Electra/Oedipus complexes

a) The mouth becomes the center of gratification and pleasure. b) toilet training and involves discipline c) centers on the genital area and the child gets pleasure by touching or rubbing the genitals. d) socialization for the child. e) mature adult sexuality i) is a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father.

What are the practical criteria for abnormality? a. Discomfort: b. Bizarreness of behavior: c. Inefficiency (dysfunction):

a. Discomfort: b. Bizarreness of behavior: c. Inefficiency (dysfunction):

What did humanism emphasize?

believe that people are basically good

etiology

causes

ego

develops when the id comes in contact with reality. Ego copes with reality and follows reality principle while id follows the pleasure principle.

Mental Health Counseling

help people who have normal cognitive processes cope with difficult life events, for example, physical illness, death of loved ones, and relationship problems or divorce. Others help people manage serious mental illnesses like bipolar disorder

What is trephining?

involved using a circular instrument to cut sections of the skull

Moralistic Anxiety

involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. Moral anxiety is a fear of doing something that violates our moral code. It occurs when the ego feels threatened by the superego (our moral range) as a response to us breaking our own principles, and NOT following our morals and values

What is assessment

involves gathering information or data about a person and his/her environment in order to make decisions about the nature, status and treatment of psychological problems. (evaluation)

What is cultural relativism?

is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself.

syndrome

mental disorder

What is another name for Identical Twins?

monozygotic twins

prognosis

outcome

Who is Mesmer? Franz Anton Mesmer, German physician

proposed that the body was a magnet and using the physician's body as a second magnet could cure the mental illness (Mesmer-Magnet)

Neo-Freudian Perspective Names

psychiatrists and psychologists were a group of loosely linked American theorists of the mid-twentieth century, who were all influenced by Sigmund Freud, but who extended his theories, often in social or cultural directions. Adler, Horney, Jung, and Erikson.

symptom

signs of abnormality or illness

Counseling psychology

specialty within professional psychology that maintains a focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span.

Whatt is core behavior

tendencies are common and may manifest themselves as acute or chronic anxiety, depression, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, a phobia, or a personality disorder.

What led to the biopsychosocial approach (current)? Define.

the combination of biological or psychological pre-disposition (diathesis) and the presence of environmental stress

Repression

the most significant of defense mechanisms in that repressed feelings and impulses can lead to the use of many other mechanisms. The impulsive desires of the psyche's id are prevented by being fulfilled by the ego, which observes the Reality Principle - that our actions are restricted by our environment, including social etiquette. Moreover, the superego acts as our moral compass, inducing feelings of guilt at having experienced the irrational desires that the id creates.

superego

the third region of the mind. It places moral restraints on id's impulses (particularly sexual and aggressive ones).

Sublimation

to be a more adaptive defense mechanism in that it can transform negative anxiety into a more positive energy.

treatment

to help or support a situation

What is goodness of fit?

understanding behavior within a specific context

Psychiatry

usually hold the degree of doctor of medicine (M.D.) and may prescribe medication for their patients

Projective Test

vague unstructured stimulus, ink blots, pictures intelligence test, personality test deals with personality traits

defense mechanism

ways of dealing with anxiety and conflict.

Rationalization

when a person attempts to explain or create excuses for an event or action in rational terms. In doing so, they are able to avoid accepting the true cause or reason resulting in the present situation.

Displacement

when a person represses affection, fear or impulses that they feel towards another person. Accepting that it is irrational or socially unacceptable to demonstrate such feelings, the psyche prevents them from being converted into actions.

Regression

when a person reverts to the types of behavior that they exhibited at an earlier age. Stress of adult life and the associated anxiety may lead to a person seeking comfort in things which they associate with more secure, happier times.