CLP4110 Test 1: chapters 1-4

Anorexia nervosa - restricting type

A subcategory of anorexia nervosa characterized by food restriction and/or excessive exercise.

a person who meets criteria for both AN and BN is given a diagnosis of what?

ANBP only

monozygotic twins

twins who share approximately 100% of their genes.

dizygotic twins

twins who share, on average, 50% of their genes.

obesity

- a diagnosis on the basis of body weight in relation to height without regard to behaviors, cognitions, or emotions

anorexia nervosa in non-western cultures

- AN across cultures is marked by debates of the definition of the illness - cases of AN precede Western influence, but an increase of Western influence was linked to increased prevalence of AN and increased weight phobia among those suffering from AN

what is anorexia nervosa? (AN)

- AN can be characterized by self-starvation syndrome - major sign is emaciation caused by deliberate restriction of food intake - intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat - body image disturbances (misperception of being overweight despite being underweight or poor recognition of serious medical consequences as a result of being underweight)

bulimia nervosa in non-western cultures

- As with the prevalence of AN, degree of Westernization appears to account for a good deal of the variance in BN prevalence estimates across non-Western regions of the world

obesity criteria for adults (ages 19 and up)

- BMI greater or equal to 30 kg/m^2 as obese - BMI greater or equal to 40 kg/m^2 as severe or morbid obesity

which disorder responds to SSRIs between BN and AN?

- BN responds to SSRIs but AN does not

holy anorexia

- Bell (1985) reported that approx. 90 saints living on the Italian peninsula from A.D. 1200 onward suffered from "holy anorexia" - involved food refusal resulting in emaciation, like AN, but was interpreted as an act of God by those afflicted

is BED more common in men or women?

- women; however the gender differences are not as dramatic as AN and BN with a 2:1 ratio - 1.6% of women and 0.8% of men report having BED over the past 12 months

ICD-10 vs. DSM-5 of pica

- ICD-10 recommends pica to only be diagnosed when consumption of nonfood items occurs as a "relatively isolated psychopathological behavior" rather than when it occurs as part of another psychiatric disorder, such as autism

eating disorders in hispanic-latino samples

- Lifetime prevalence of eating disorders did not differ across the Latino subgroups. - Being born in the United States, spending a higher proportion of one's life in the United States, and having a higher BMI increased risk for BN. - Latino men were significantly more likely to suffer from BN over their life- times than were non-Latino White men. - No other differences were found in eating disorder prevalence between Latino and non-Latino White adults. - Hispanic adolescents had a significantly higher lifetime prevalence of BN than did non- Hispanic White teens. - Even though Latino individuals were as or more likely to suffer from an eating disorder over their lifetimes than were non-Latino White participants, they were significantly less likely to have ever sought mental health treatment

Eating disorders in Asian samples

- Several studies have failed to find a significant association between acculturation to Western culture and body dissatisfaction or disordered eating among Asian American women. These results suggest that cultural factors that contribute to eating disorders may be native to some Asian cultures. - no significant difference between the two groups for lifetime prevalence of AN, BN, or BED. However, Asian individuals with a lifetime eating disorder were significantly less likely to have ever sought mental health treatment than were non-Hispanic White participants.

ICD-10 diagnosis for rumination disorder

- described within the broader category of disorder of infancy and childhood and is included as an associated feature of other conditions. - not a separate diagnosis as with pica

historical accounts of self-starvation in adolescent girls

- early christianity offers a possible case of AN from the late 4th century A.D. in which a 20 yr old woman died from self starvation - cases of AN were attributed to demonic possession and purportedly cured by exorcism

of the eating disorders in the DSM-5, which are defined in a categorical way? (as opposed to a dimensional way)

- all are categorical in the DSM-5 - this is a problem because not everyone fits the criteria for certain eating disorders but can still exhibit similar eating behavioral symptoms similar to the clinical definitions

why can a person not be diagnosed with both BED and BN?

- because a diagnosis of BED requires the absence of inappropriate compensatory behaviors

what is an issue with point prevalence?

- because the data is assessing information from that point in time it doesn't account for the onset of that data or whether or not they eventually received treatment ***When calculating point prevalence, several years of data can still be used to identify the individuals having a condition. In this case a single point in time would be used to identify all of those individuals in the cohort that showed the condition at that time. There are still issues around conditions that are recurrent or of a finite length (i.e. not chronic) that have to be resolved. - If we can pinpoint how many people are suffering from a disease at one time, then we can see if that number has increased or decreased the next time that we find the point prevalence. We can also see the need for further research or funding to treat a disease.

drunkorexia

- been characterized in late adolescent and young adult individuals (e.g., high school and college students) who restrict their intake of food to "save calories" for excessive alcohol consumption

what is the DSM-5 minimum frequency and duration for BED?

- binge-eating episodes must occur on average at least once per week over a period of three months

binge-eating disorder in non-western cultures

- cases of BED have been reported in all five non-Western regions originally reviewed by Keel and Klump (2003). the reports are recent suggesting that cases may have emerged following exposure to Western influence - BN and BED also have been observed in non-Western cultures. However, evidence for these disorders in non-Western cultures is more sparse than it is for AN. Western culture may be necessary for the emergence of BN and BED given that there is no evidence of these disorders in individuals with no exposure to Western culture - exposure to Western ideals may be ac- companied by other cultural shifts that are more crucial for the emergence of BN and BED, including increased industrialization and urbanization.

Refeeding Syndrome 1. What is it? What can it cause? 2. What is it due to? 3. How do you treat it?

- caused by reintroducing too much food too quickly to a person in a state of starvation

who introduced the term anorexia nervosa? and what was the case about?

- coined by William Gull in 1874 - used to describe 4 adolescent girls with deliberate weight loss, 3 of which went on to achieve full weight recovery

what is the Health at Every Size movement?

- emerged to emphasize that individuals can follow a healthy lifestyle at a range of body weights and that individual decisions about nutritional intake and activity level predict health more strongly than does a number on a scale. - results from numerous studies support the idea that age and lifestyle factors, in addition to BMI and waist circumference, contribute to health status

BN and BED historically

- evidence is sparse compared to AN - earliest records of binge-purge syndromes do not seem to occur predominantly in adolescent girls. - prior to the 19th century, cases characterized by binge-eating involved mostly adult men

related conditions that are not eating disorders

- feeding disorders and obesity

what is the trend of obesity in the United States in the 20th century?

- increased in the U.S. and worldwide in the 20th century. - has steadied in the past decade: with the most recent study of US population finding no significant increase in obesity from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012. - however, patterns within subgroups have emerged: the percentage of children 2-5 years old who were obese decreased significantly from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012, while the percentage of women aged 60 or older who were obsessed increased significantly in the same period

binge-eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration

- individuals have episodes of binge eating less than once a week for less than 3 months, or both. individuals report at least the 3 of 5 features that's criterion for BED associated with their binge-eating episodes as well as marked distress over their binge-eating

eating disorders in community-based samples?

- information is based on the largest and most recent epidemiological study of mental illness in U.S. adults (and later extended to adolescents) called the National Comorbidity Survey - Replication. - Of these participants, 2,980 were interviewed to examine whether they had eating disorders, including AN, BN, and BED - Although all three eating disorders were significantly more common in women than in men, and both BN and BED were more common in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys, the ratios are far less skewed than those from treatment studies. These results suggest that males with eating disorders are under- represented in treatment.

difference between normal eating and binge-eating

- involves consuming a very large amount of food within a limited time (typically within two hours) AND experiencing a loss of control over eating during the episode,

what does it mean that obesity is a physical condition with heterogeneous causes?

- it means that obesity is a physical state which can occur because of multiple causes - such as hypothyroidism, BED disorder, diabetes, etc.

when does bulimia usually develop?

- late adolescence to early adulthood - thus, individuals with BN tend to be older than individuals with AN, and approx. 30% of women with BN have a history of AN before developing BN

age of onset for BED

- may have bimodal distribution pattern (2 curves or 2 modes) - with one peak representing people reporting problems with overeating since childhood and another peak representing people reporting significant problems beginning in late adolescence or early adulthood after a period of significant dieting

eating disorders and men

- much less than in women - on the rise - certain groups at more risk - less likely to seek treatment or participate in studies about eating disorders - may feel marginalized with respect to their gender ("real" mean dont suffer from eating disorders) and with respect to others who suffer from eating disorders ("real" eating disorders don't happen in men)

obesity criteria for children (ages 19 and below)

- obesity is defined as having a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for the individual's age and sex

eating disorders in treatment samples

- over 90% of participants in studies have been white, but more diverse samples have emerged from locations with more diverse populations - data indicates patients with eating disorders are more likely to be female and white than the general population, suggesting something about being female and white may increase risk for developing an eating disorder

what are the similarities and differences between historical AN and modern-day AN?

- predominantly affected young women and adolescent girls in both periods - both periods of time either ended in death or full recovery - AN in the modern era is attributed to a fear of becoming fat; however, historically reasons for self-starvation included pursuit of moral superiority, attention seeking, and fear about the danger food posed to the body (those are also all features of modern-day AN) - absence of weight/shape concerns in most (not all) historical cases may reflect the importance of modern cultural ideals in producing body image disturbance (similiarities between history and modern-day cases outweighs this difference - particularly bc a DSM-5 diagnosis of AN does not require fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat)

muscle dysmorphia - a predominantly male eating disorder?

- recognized as a form of body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-5: muscle dysmorphia ("Adonis complex" or reverse anorexia) - instead of viewing bodies as much larger than they are (which can happen in AN), men view their bodies as puny despite their efforts and success at bodybuilding - This distorted perception contributes to extreme ef- forts to increase lean-muscle mass and overall body size. - Such extreme measures include: excessive exercise, dietary manipulations that include extremely high protein intake, and use of anabolic steroids.

eating disorders and race/ethnicity?

- research supports the idea that stereotypes of who suffered from an eating disorder may reduce recognition of eating disorders in those who do not match the stereotype, even when there are no differences in symptoms - Among 5,787 college students who participated in the National Eating Disorders Screen and subsequently met with a counselor, those who were Latino or Native American were significantly less likely to receive a referral for eating disorders treatment than were White students, and these differences were not explained by differences in symptom severity - In addition, among students in the same study who were concerned about their eating, doctors were approximately half as likely to ask ethnic minority students about their eating as they were White students.

OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder)

- represents a set of clinically significant disorders that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for AN, BN, or BED - people who have trouble fulfilling major role obligations (e.g., missing or performing badly at work or school) or who experience social problems as a consequence as their disordered eating can be diagnosed with OSFED

why do patients not receive both AN and BN diagnoses when meeting the criteria for ANBP?

- research indicates women with ANBP demonstrate more similarities to women with ANR on treatment response and long-term outcome than to women with BN - also, bc patients with both subtypes of AN are characterized by medically low weight, treatment options should be addressed to their medical needs

what is the most common inappropriate compensatory behavior for BN?

- self-induced vomiting

what are inappropriate compensatory behaviors?

- self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretic abuse, fasting, and excessive exercising (first three compensatory methods are considered purging, because they all involve the forceful evacuation of matter from the body)

is obesity a food addiction?

- support for this idea comes from evidence that brain regions show the same increased activity after drug use and food consumption - all findings indicate that the addiction model fits only a relatively small proportion of obsessive individuals as most people who meet criteria for obesity do not report pathological eating responses to food. - instead it appears that a relatively modest elevation in food intake relative to energy needs contributes to obesity in a majority of those who are obese

who suffers from eating disorders?

- the belief that White individuals are at particularly high risk for developing eating disorders appears to reflect a stereotype rather than a reality. the apparent underrepresentation of ethnic or racial minorities among individuals with eating disorders seems to be more related to biases in who seeks and receives treatment for these disorders

what does "subthreshold" mean for OSFED?

- they resemble defined eating disorders but fall short of full diagnostic criteria (e.g., bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration) - or simply differ in clinical presentation from the defined eating disorders (e.g., night eating syndrome)

why would a person not meet the criteria for ANBP and instead be given a diagnosis of BED?

- they would not meet the criteria because they must be underweight - a diagnosis of ANBP precedes a diagnosis of BED in the DSM-5

why is obesity considered a "disease" by the American Medical Association and the World Health Organization?

- this decision to call obesity a "disease" is based on evidence of associations between obesity and elevated risks of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer in adults, as well as elevated blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, asthma, and sleep apnea in children

eating disorders in African American or Black Samples

- used to maintain the idea that black individuals were "protected" from developing eating disorders because the ideal of beauty was heavier and more voluptuous for Black women than it was for White women. however, more recent data counteracts this - Overall, African Americans were significantly more likely to have a lifetime history of BN than were non-Hispanic White participants. - When the data were broken down by gender, no significant differences for lifetime prevalence of AN, BN, or BED were found between White and Black women or between White and Black men - In the National Comorbidity Survey—Replication Adolescent Supplement, Swanson and colleagues (2011) found no significant differences between non-Hispanic Black and White teenagers in prevalence of AN, BN, or BED. - despite lack of difference between white and black prevalence, black individuals were less likely to have ever sought mental health treatment

who does AN affect more? men or women

- women - with people seeking treatment of a ratio of 10:1 between women and men - proportion of women who suffer from AN increased in the 20th century, with the greatest in adolescent girls - percentage of women who have had AN over a 12-month period is 0.4%

who is affected more by BN?

- women at a 10:1 ratio - percentage of women who have had BN over a 12-month period is about 1.0-1.5% - proportion increased in the 20th century

how does the RDoC approach differ from the DSM-5 approach?

1. abandons notion of mental disorders as categories and instead views mental illness as residing on a continuum with healthy healthy behavior 2. emphasizes the function of the brain in contributing to mental illness and seeks to use modern neuroscience techniques to better understand psychopathology by identifying brain circuits linked to differences in how people think, feel, and behave. 3. RCoC approach defines biobehavioral constructs (i.e., explanatory models) that connect the functions of brain circuits upward to the level of observable behaviors and self-reported symptoms and downward to the level of genes.

What are the eating disorders per the DSM-5?

1. anorexia nervosa 2. bulimia nervosa 3. binge-eating disorder

what are the OSFED disorders in the DSM-5?

1. atypical anorexia nervosa 2. bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration 3. binge-eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration 4. purging disorder 5. night eating syndrome

differences between DSM-5 and ICD-10 definitions of bulimia

1. how they describe binge eating (ICD-10 describes "preoccupation with eating" and "irresistible craving for food" while DSM focuses on the subjective experiences of a feeling of a loss of control while eating) 2. body image disturbance (DSM focuses on shape and weight self-evaluation while ICD describes a drive for an unhealthy low wight and a likely history of AN) 3. behavioral frequency (DSM requires a minimum frequency of binge-eating episodes and inappropriate compensatory behaviors of once a week for 3 months while ICD does not require a minimum frequency or duration) 4. co-occurence with anorexia nervosa (DSM prevents a diagnosis of AN and BN at the same time while ICD allows for both at the same time in the same individual)

female athlete triad

1. insufficient caloric intake relative to high caloric demands of athletic performance 2. menstrual disturbances, including amenorrhea 3. bone loss (osteoporosis) ** has a strong research base

feeding disorders in the DSM-5

1. pica 2. rumination disorder 3. avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

what are the two types of longitudinal studies?

1. retrospective, follow-back investigations 2. prospective, follow-up investigations

what two factors influence point prevalence?

1. the proportion of the population affected by an illness 2. the chronicity of that illness

differences between DSM-5 and ICD-10 definitions of anorexia nervosa

1. weight criterion 2. behavior 3. endocrine function (DSM-5 does not require amenorrhea to be present) 4. development (DSM-5 makes no comment on developmental abnormalities while ICD-10 notes that puberal development is delayed or arrested if onset if prepubertal)

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

A long-term project by the National Institute of Mental Health to develop new ways of classifying psychological disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological measures.

correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables

bulimia nervosa (BN)

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating; recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior such as self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse, diuretics, or enemas (purging type), or fasting and/ or excessive exercise (non-purging type); episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors occur at least TWICE per week for three months - Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

Binge-eating disorder (BED)

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating and is in the absence of inappropriate compensatory behavior are also Also 3 of these factors: - eating more rapidly than normal - eating until feeling uncomfortably full - eating large amounts of food when not hungry - eating alone because of feeling embarrassed by the amount eaten - feeling disgusted, depressed, or very guilty after overeating. - individuals MUST experience marked distress regarding their binge eating. **note that some of these characteristics are also features of BN (case study Jean) ** also individuals tend to be overweight or obese but this is not a requirement for diagnosis and is not true for all individuals with BED

lifetime prevalence of AN, BN, and BED based on the National Comorbidity Survey - replication

In adult women, lifetime prevalence was 0.9% for AN, 1.5% for BN, and 3.5% for BED. In adult men, lifetime prevalence was 0.3% for AN, 0.5% for BN, and 2.0% for BED (Hudson et al., 2007). In adolescent girls, lifetime prevalence was 0.3% for AN, 1.3% for BN, and 2.3% for BED. In adolescent boys, lifetime prevalence was 0.3% for AN, 0.5% for BN, and 0.8% for BED

anorexia nervosa - binge-eating/purging type

Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics Like those with bulimia nervosa, people with this subtype may engage in eating binges

psychogenic vomiting

Self-induced vomiting or that which occurs involuntarily in response to situations that the person considers threatening or distasteful. - vomiting for which there is no physical explanation.

prospective, follow-up investigations

The investigators design the questions and data collection procedures carefully in order to obtain accurate information about exposures BEFORE disease develops in any of the subjects. - After baseline information is collected, subjects in a prospective cohort study are then followed "longitudinally," i.e. over a period of time, usually for years, to determine if and when they become diseased and whether their exposure status changes.

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found - a disorder characterized by expression of physical distress in place of suppressed psychological distress.

neurasthenic disorders

a class of disorders commonly diagnosed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in which patients complained of fatigue and physical symptoms such as headache, muscle pain, and problems with hearing or vision. - people of this century used this to say modernization was causing these problems. Also used to separate social and racial classes

socioeconomic status

a combined index of educational and professional attainment and income.

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

a disorder that captures the behavior of those children who exhibit restricted or otherwise inadequate eating resulting in insufficient nutrition through eating. - DSM-5 specifies that the intake must be insufficient through "oral intake of food" to allow diagnosis of ARFID in children who receive dietary supplements through tube feeding - to meet DSM-5 criteria for ARFID individuals must display inadequate food intake that relates to a lack of interest in food or eating, to avoidance of food because of specific sensory characteristics (e.g., taste, color, or texture), or fears about negative consequences of food intake (e.g., choking or gagging). ARFID results in an inability to meet nutritional needs and is characterized by significant weight loss, nutritional deficiencies (e.g., calcium deficiency), a need for tube feeding or nutritional supplements (e.g., liquid meals), or marked interference with social relationships. - cannot be diagnosed when criteria is met for AN or BN, nor indivuals who experience body image disturbance observed in AN or BN - no cultural or medical explanation - like pica and rumination disorder, if another psychiatric disorder is present, the diagnosis of ARFID requires that the avoidance of food be severe enough to warrant separate clinical attention

ascetics

a person who practices unusual self-denial or discipline, often for religious reasons; self-denying

negative urgency

a personality feature that represents the tendency to act rashly in response to negative emotions

interoceptive awareness

a personality measure of ability to recognize one's own feelings and internal states.

body mass index (BMI)

a ratio that allows you to assess your body size in relation to your height and weight

retrospective, follow-back investigations

a type of observational research in which the investigator looks back in time at archived or self-report data to examine whether the risk of disease was different between exposed and non-exposed patients. retrospective studies are conceived AFTER some people have already developed the outcomes of interest.

diathesis

a vulnerability factor for developing a mental disorder.

emaciation

abnormal thinness caused by lack of nutrition or by disease

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

when does anorexia usually develop?

ages 14-18 years - middle to late adolescence

Meta-Analysis

an analysis of data from multiple studies to determine overall trends and significance.

orthorexia

an obsession with eating foods that one considers healthy that leads to an interference with one's everyday life

nuisance variable

anything that might create differences between conditions in a study but is irrelevant for understanding the problem under investigation.

why would a community-based sample provide less bias than treatment samples for eating disorders?

because both gender and ethnicity may influence who seeks treatment for an eating disorder and in whom an eating disorder is recognized (1. seek treatment 2. a healthcare provider must recognize that the person has an eating disorder)

what are the differences between the ANR and ANBP groups?

compared with ANR, ANBP is associated with: - older age - greater impulsiveness - more substance use disorders - more suicidal behavior Individuals with the ANR subtype: - have more perfectionistic behavior - however, longitudinal data suggest that a high proportion of women with ANR develop binge-eating episodes later in the course of the illness. thus, for many individuals, the 2 subtypes may reflect different stages of the same illness

pica

compulsive eating of nonfood substances that lack nutritional value for at least 1 month - typical items include: paper, cloth, chalk, paint, clay, or ash - often observed in individuals with developmental delays characterized by intellectual disabilities, and the diagnosis should be made only when the severity of disturbed eating requires clinical attention and only when eating nonfood items is inappropriate to the child's age. - also the eating of nonfood items cannot be a part of a culturally supported tradition

lanugo

growth of fine, downy hair all over the body - occurs in cases of anorexia. grows as a physiological or natural response to insulate the body

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

during these, a researcher asks a PICOT question, reviews the highest level of evidence available, summarizes what is currently known about the topic and reports if current evidence supports a change in practice or if further study is needed

nocturnal eating

eating at night after dinner, especially having to eat after waking from sleep in order to get back to sleep

unspecified feeding or eating disorder

eating disorders that do not meet specific criteria for AN, BN or BED. results in clinically significant distress or impaired social and occupational engagement - this diagnosis is often given when a clinician has determined that eating disorder is present, but cannot fit the symptom profile to AN, BN, or BED - may also be given to people who do noe meet the full criteria for a feeding disorder

analog studies

experimental studies testing a hypothesized relationship between an independent and a dependent variable in which one or both are analogous to the topic of study.

feeding disorders vs. eating disorders - emergence - characterization

feeding disorders: - typically emerge in infancy and early childhood, when parents are primary responsible for children's nutritional intake - lack the body image disturbance that characterizes AN and Bn and the distress that characterizes BED (as they emerge at a time when children do not have abstract concepts regarding what their bodies should look like in terms of weight or shape, thus children do not see their feeding disorder as motivated by body image concerns or as particularly problematic) eating disorders: - typically emerge during adolescence as children begin to have control (or lack of control) over their own food intake

ecological validity

how well results of an experimental study reflect real-world situations.

atypical anorexia nervosa

individuals are not underweight despite the significant restriction of food intake, weight loss, and body image disturbance that characterize AN

night eating syndrome (NES)

individuals experiences recurrent nocturnal eating episodes (waking from sleep to eat at night or excessive food intake following dinner) that they remember and that contribute to distress or functional impairment - more common in overweight individuals as with BED - not all engage in nocturnal eating; some simply consume the majority of their calories in the later evening

bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration

individuals have binge episodes and inappropriate compensatory behavior less than once a week, for less than three months, or both. - individuals also experience undue influence of weight and shape on self-evaluation

Purging Disorder (PD)

individuals use self-induced vomiting or laxatives, diuretics, or other medications to purge following consumption of normal or small amounts of food but are not underweight

is obesity an eating disorder?

questions assigned to the group who was tasked with addressing this question for the DSM-5: 1. does obesity cause harm? 2. does obesity result from a dysfunction of mental processes - that is, does it reflect problems in how individuals think, feel, or behave? NO!

12-month prevalence

refers to the proportion of study participants who identified symptoms occurring in the 12 months preceding the study interview that could be categorized as a mental health disorder.

what are the two subtypes of AN?

restricting type (ANR) and binge-eating/purging type (ANBP)

experimental studies

studies in which an independent variable is manipulated to determine its effect on a dependent variable.

naturalistic investigations

studies in which natural events are observed.

longitudinal studies

studies involving repeated measurements of individuals or groups followed at different points over time.

etiology

study of the cause of disease (what causes them to occur)

retrospective recall bias

the influence of factors in the present on memory for the past such that memory is less accurate.

incidence

the number of new cases of a condition (or disease) in a population over a period of time. - Incidence represents the number of new cases of an illness per 100,000 people per year. Thus if there were 360 new cases of a disorder during a year in a population of 2.5 million, the incidence would be 14.4 per 100,000 population per year.

efficacy

the power to produce a desired result - defined as the performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled circumstances

lifetime prevalence

the proportion (or percentage) of people in the population who have had a disorder in their lifetime

point prevalence

the proportion of a population that has the condition at a specific POINT in time

rumination disorder

the regurgitation of recently eaten food into the mouth followed by either rechewing, reswallowing, or spitting it out - does not occur for medical reasons - also occurs WITHOUT nausea, retching, or disgust - the diagnosis is only given if another psychiatric disorder or intellectual disorder is not present

twin concordance

the similarity within twin pairs for a specific trait.

acculturative stress

the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture

epidemiology

the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population, including differences between genders and ethnic and racial groups across cultures and history. - allows identification of when, where and in whom the risk of eating disorders is the highest