CLPS

Parallel access models

(or direct access models) propose that a word activates multiple lexical entries simultaneously (or in parallel),

Suggestibility

A person changes a memory based on suggested, misleading information

Principle of inheritance

According to the network proposed by Collins and Quillian, common characteristics that different breeds of dogs share (e.g.: fur, tail, sharp hearing) will appear once and as high up as possible in the network.

Typicality effect

Asking for a Kleenex over a tissue

Classical conditioning

Automatic memory for associated stimuli

Cryptomnesia

Belief that someone else's ideas are their own

Amygdala

Classical conditioning and fear learning

LTM according to the network of associations model

Closely associated nodes tend to activate together, nodes are organized in networks, nodes are units of information, distinct characteristics of an item are activated, then the item itself is activated

Mental maps

Combine analogical and symbolic representations

Persistence

PTSD is an example, can be reduced by extinction procedures, associated with the amygdala

Temporal lobe

Connects parts of the brain that stores declarative memories

Order of speech development

Cooing, babbling, words, telegraphic speech, sentences

Bias

Created when past memories are distorted based on current information

Misattribution

Distorts the source of a memory

Encoding

During reading and studying

Consolidation

During sleep, hippocampus is activated to consolidate the days events, skills and info learned

Elaborative rehearsal

Encodes information by making meaningful connections to information already stored in long term memory

Context dependent

Encoding and retrieving information is similar situations to facilitate memory retrieval, when the settings during encoding and retrieval are similar, retrieval is facilitated by context dependent recall

Exemplar model

Examples from a category are all equally relevant

Encoding Specificity Principle

Explains how stimuli associated with an experience can trigger the retrieval of that experience

Self Determination Theory

Extrinsic rewards undermine our sense of ourselves as free agents

Episodic memory

For events and the times and places of experiences

Dunckers box and candle problem

Functional fixedness, associating objects only with usual functions

Mnemonics

Help organize information for easier recall

Repressed memory

Hidden or not recalled memories

State dependent

How similar internal states during encoding and retrieval enhance memory retrieval, a calm state during encoding but anxious during retrieval interferes with memory, when encoding and retrieval internal match, retrieval is facilitated by state dependent recall

Spreading activation

How the activation of one node activates other similar nodes in a simultaneous manner

What can create false memories?

Hypnosis, age regression, and guided recall

Nondeclarative memory

Implicitly recalled muscle memory, movements, and associations

Hippocampus

In temporal lobe and responsible for forming new memories (particularly related to spatial orientation)

Absentmindedness

Inability to recall something due to not paying attention

Blocking

Inability to retrieve needed information

repetition priming

Less time for a word threshold to be reached when seen multiple times

Memory decay

Loss of information over time

Prospective memory

Memories for doing something in the future

Long term potentiation

Memory consolidation involves a strengthening of synaptic connections, involves NMDA receptors on the neuron at the receiving end of a synaptic signal, synaptic connections strengthen, postsynaptic firing increases, neural plasticity occurs

Procedural memory

Memory for coordinated movement and performing an action

Semantic memory

Memory for facts, theories, and knowledge

encoding specificity

Stimulus cues encoded with an experience can serve as retrieval for long term memory of those experiences

Kohlers chimpanzee with stick experiment

Sudden insight, moment of figuring it out

reconsolidation process

Mood can change the memory recall, new info can change it, new details that were not part of the original memory can be added to the memory

symbolic representation

No physical similarity between the items

Retroactive interference

Occurs when newer memories block retrieval of older memories

retroactive interference

Occurs when recently learned material interferes with retrieval of material learned in the past

Affective forecasting

One may attach too much importance to how a certain outcome would make them feel

Framing

One may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described

Representativeness

One may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people

Anchoring

Person may be subject to manipulation by others based on the order in which choices are presented

Visual memory

Relies on how a word or object looks for encoding and retrieval

Retrieval

Remembering information, events, or skills

Maintenance rehearsal

Repetition to keep information current in short term or working memory

Scheerer's nine dot problem

Restructuring, posing same problem in new way

George Sterling

Sensory memory

Prototype

The best, most typical member of a category

Acoustic memory

Uses sounds and rhymes to encode and retrieve information

Flashbulb memory

Vivid and detailed recollections of emotional or surprising events

Self Perception Theory

We are extrinsically rewarded for doing something

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

When some but not all of the info a person is trying to retrieve is blocked

Encoding specificity

When stimuli are encoded with an experience, the stimuli then serve as retrieval cues, triggering the long term retrieval of the experience

Prefrontal cortex

Working memory

Schachter-Singer Theory

a bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion, physiological response to emotional stimuli are the same, but different interpretations are given labels

Phonemes

basic sounds of speech

extrinsic motivation

behavior driven by external rewards

James-Lange Theory

bodily response in specific patterns causes us to feel emotions, physical reaction and perception drive emotion

Wernickes Area

brain area for language comprehension

Brocas Area

brain area for language production

Need

deficiency that leads to a drive

Mood

does not interrupt what is happening, influences thought and behavior, long lasting emotional state without an identifiable trigger

Social norms

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

Incentive

external object or goal

Problem solving

getting from a present state to a goal state, involves obstacles

Set point

homeostasis, optimal level for a physiological state

Cerebellum

implicit memory of procedural tasks and motor actions

Source attribution

inability to recall where information was learned

Cannon-Bard Theory

info abut the emotional stimuli is sent to the mind and body separately, arousal and emotion happen simultaneously, physical response is too slow so emotional processing happens first

Pidgins

lack consistent grammatical rules

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memories formed prior to a brain trauma

H.M.

lost ability to create new memories after procedure

homeostasis

maintaining equilibrium

Semantics

meaning of phrases or sentences

Method of Loci

memory strategy that uses locations to encode and recall information

Mental lexicon

mental storage of words (adults 20,000-35,000 words)

Schachters Study

misery loves company, anxious people want to be around anxious people

Intrinsic motivation

motivation to perform an activity because of the value associated with the activity itself

proactive interference

older memories block retrieval of newer memories

Emotion

physiological process, response, feeling based on the situation, immediate pos or neg response to environmental thoughts, interrupts what is happening

Glutamate

primary excitatory neurotransmitter

Decision making

ranking outcomes, selection among alternatives

affective component

related to ones feelings

Somatic

related to the body

Anterograde amnesia

results in the inability to form new memories of things that occurred after the brain trauma

Syntax

rules for combining words in sentences

Morpheme

smallest unit of language that carries meaning

Morphemes

smallest unit of meaning in language

State dependent learning

strategy to keep ones internal state during learning and during retrieval the same

Schema

structuring info in long term memory that facilitates recall, processes new information, easier to recall info when it matches existing schema

Feeling

subjective experience of an emotion (proud, scared, disappointed)

Creoles

well developed languages/first language, passed from parents to children

Serial search models

when we see a word, we look through our lexical entries one entry at a time, to determine whether the item is a word or not