clsx final

II Kings

2 kings chapter 18

Demosthenes and socrates on macedon 354

Demosthenes grew interested in politics during his time as a logographer, and in 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches. He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion. He idealized his city and strove throughout his life to restore Athens' supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon. He sought to preserve his city's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon, in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip's plans to expand his influence southward by conquering all the other Greek states.After Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great.

Aristotle on slavery 384-322

He thought that slavery was a natural thing and that human beings came in two types - slaves and non-slaves.Some people, he said, were born natural slaves and ought to be slaves under any circumstances. Other people were born to rule these slaves, could use these slaves as they pleased and could treat them as property.Natural slaves were slaves because their souls weren't complete - they lacked certain qualities, such as the ability to think properly, and so they needed to have masters to tell them what to do. It's clear that Aristotle thinks that slavery was good for those who were born natural slaves, as without masters they wouldn't have known how to run their lives. belived that it was for people that didn't have mental capacity.

Herodotus on cyrene

Herodotus, in Book IV, confirms the inscription‟s claim of a conscription of males to populate the colony and the assertion (made in both the inscription and by Pindar) that Thera received an oracle at Delphi to colonize Cyrene.9 Moreover, he adds a substantial amount of detailed information by relating a Lacedaemonian (Spartan) history of Battus‟s tribe10; a traditional Theran version which contradicts Pindar‟s reference to stammering as the reason Battus went to Delphi, and an expanded Cyrenaen account which includes the stammering.11 According to the Theran version Battus went to Delphi merely as a member of King Grinnus‟ entourage, not to cure his speech impediment, and that it was Grinnus who received the oracle.

league of Corinth treaty 337

League of Corinth, offensive and defensive alliance of all the Greek states except Sparta, organized in 337 BCE at Corinth under the leadership of Philip II of Macedon. The treaty includes most of the greek city states except Sparta. this treaty is much like the modern day North Atlantic treaty. all the member are subject to protect each other when one is attacked. its primary purpose was to defeat Persia

Alexander in Babylon 331

Leaving Egypt in 331 BC, Alexander marched eastward into Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and again defeated Darius, at the Battle of Gaugamela.[84]Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. Darius fled over the mountains to Ecbatana (modern Hamedan), while Alexander captured Babylon.[85]

Mytilenian Debate (427)

Mytilene, a former Athenian ally, had revolted against Athenian oppression but lost in a fight against the Athenian army.In Thucydides' account of the Mytilenian debate, the citizens of Athens are discussing whether they should put to death all Mytilenian men and enslave all women and children. In a previous debate, the Athenians already decided to punish Mytilene as described above. Now, the Athenians meet again to discuss whether they should take back that decision or not. Thucydides recounts the speeches of two very influential Athenian citizens: Cleon, and Diodotus.427

Tyrtaeus poems seventh century bc

was a Greek lyric poet from Sparta who composed verses around the time of the Second Messenian War, the date of which is not clearly established, but sometime in the latter part of the seventh century BC.

•Why did some empires succeed, while others failed? Compare and contrast the efforts of, on one hand, either the Assyrians, Persians, and, on the other hand, one of the Greek states (e.g. Sparta, Athens, Macedon and/or Hellenistic kingdoms) to create and maintain a unified empire.

Persia was one of the first major empires to exist in ancient times, and was a significant influence on other empires to follow. The Persian Empire was very expansive and had millions of citizens living in its cities. Persia didn't die out very quickly either, because it lasted for hundreds of years. The different factors that contributed to Persia's major success as an influential empire were transportation, coordination, and their tolerance policy. One of the main reasons that the Persian Empire was so successful was because of their tolerance of non-Persian citizens living in Persia. Persia conquered many different places, so it had a variety of different people living across the Persian Empire. Some of these people were Mesopotamians and Egyptians, along with many other ethnic groups. The Persian government didn't force their will upon the conquered people, instead they let the conquered people continue their way of life just like before, except for the fact that they had to pay taxes and such. The conquered people living in Persia didn't really feel like they were living in Persia since they still had their old culture, and that made the people happier and more acceptant of Persia. Persia being accepted by those that they ruled is one of the reasons why it became successful because there weren't many rebellions during the Persian rule. If a society isn't accepting of their different people in the kingdom, the citizens will be very mad and rebel. The latter part of the Persian Empire forced everybody to follow Persian tradition and culture, which then eventually led to the downfall of Persia. If Persia hadn't removed their tolerance policy, the Persian Empire would have lasted much longer. Together with Athens, Sparta is one of the best known city-states of ancient Greece, but during the classical period, it was a very different place to Athens. Sparta was ruled by two kings and a Council of Elders. There was an assembly of citizens, but this did not have the power of the citizen assembly in democratic Athens. During the 5th century BC Sparta was very powerful. This was due to her army, which was feared by other Greeks. Sparta focused on producing good soldiers and all Spartan male citizens were part of the army. The Spartan army played an important role in the Greek victory over the Persians, in 480-479 BC. However, archaeological evidence shows us that Sparta was not always such a military-minded city. In earlier times, Spartan bronze and ivory workers produced beautiful objects and poetry flourished. Objects from this period provide evidence of this highpoint in Spartan culture.

Solon poems 630-560

Solon poems 630 - c. 560 BC)[1] was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens.[2] His reforms failed in the short-term, yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.He wrote poetry for pleasure, as patriotic propaganda, and in defense of his constitutional reform. salamis the poem he wrote to improve morale among his troops.

•How and why did the Spartan and Athenian constitutions differ? In particular, discussthe ways in which these differences are reflected in attitudes to citizenship.

Sparta started off as a city-state of farmers but they needed more land. they then decided to decimate messenia and make them slaves to farm their. the spartans then made a very interesting decision to breed soldiers only spartan born fit males would be in their army. leaving the women to do the everything but farm with was left to the helots. the Spartan constitution left any non spartan born people less then them. with spartan citizen being defined as both parents being pure spartans. last but not east Sparta was an oligarchy. Athens had a different approach the main difference was they were diplomatic. their society is much like ours. they paid taxes, did jury duty, their military wasn't strong but due to their shitty land they had to import a lot leading to a strong navy. to be a citizen you had to be an Athenian born male but one could live in Athens with more rights than in Sparta.

•To what extent were ancient societies and cultures supported by oppression and/or political exclusion? In your response, compare and contrastthe status of women and/or slaves in at least two regions: the Near East, Egypt, Greece (Sparta and/or Athens).

Sparta's primary business model was waging war, which means men were preoccupied fighting or training. This created an administrative vacuum waiting to be filled. It's what allowed Spartan women to own two-fifths of the state's land while their counterparts in Athens couldn't conduct transactions worth more than six days' worth of barley. This shouldn't be too surprising. The image of Rosie the Riveter was largely enabled by the absence of male factory workers due to the World War. The seafaring Vikings held surprisingly equal political and economic rights for their women.[1] If the men are out fighting all the time, someone needs to make sure the city's running properly. Women in ancient Egypt were ahead of their time. They could not only rule the country, but also had many of the same basic human rights as men. One of the first women to hold the rank of pharaoh was Hatshepsut, who began her rule in about 1,500 B.C.E. Hatshepsut took care of her people and built temples to the gods as well as other public buildings. Egyptian custom dictated that a pharaoh, who was considered a god, could not marry a mortal. As a result, pharaohs chose spouses from within the royal family. Her husband, Thutmose, was her half brother. Nefertiti was another Egyptian ruler. She married Amenhotep IV, who preached and supported monotheism, or the belief in only one god.

•What, if any, were the shared ideologies that supported the international networks of political, social, and economic exchange during the Bronze Age?

The amarna letters are exactly what you're picking my brain for. The armarna letters use Akkadian language as a trade language. Amarna diplomatic system that expanded relationships throughout the Near East, establishing terms of equality among the Great Powers (Babylon, Hatti, Egypt, Mitanni, Assyria) for the first time. The Amarna Letters show us that great kings from the ancient world had both responsibilities and privileges which were held with power and respect. Therefore, the Amarna system brought a notion of stability and peace, although not always real, for more than two centuries.The Amarna Letters show us that great kings from the ancient world had both responsibilities and privileges which were held with power and respect. Therefore, the Amarna system brought a notion of stability and peace, although not always real, for more than two centuries.

•Discuss the origin and development of kingship in the ancient Near East and Egypt. In particular, howdid the role and image of the king change from the earliest cities to the Persian kings?

in the beginning of kingship the near eastern kings were belived to be more of a messenger of their gods. Naram-sin was the one of the first kings to ramp up his role and began to consider himself a god. in Egypt it was the opposite kings were first thought of as gods but later on they were thought of as divinely elected officials. With the Persian empire including much of the near east they started with kings being messengers of their gods then later their kings were considered gods. with their rulers being considered gods people followed them and this lead to the huge growth and size of the Persian empire.

Stele of Hegeso 400bc

is a funerary monument attributed to the sculptor Kallimachos. Hegeso seems to be examining the contents of a jewelry box offered by her maid and is holding something that is now lost to us as the image was painted on.

the Oriental Institute Prism inscription

made from clay and shaped into a prism these were made in 701 bc

Pericles' Funeral Oration 431

name Pericles' Funeral Oration is a famous speech from Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War.[2] The speech was delivered by Pericles, an eminent Athenian politician, at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) The idea that the Athenians are able to put aside their petty wants and strive for the greater good of the city is a central theme of the speech. Bound together by bonds of mutual trust and a shared desire for freedom, the people of Athens submit to the laws and obey the public officials not because they have to, as in other cities, but because they want to. Athenians had thus achieved something quite unique - being both ruled and rulers at one and the same time. This had forged a unique type of citizen. Clever, tolerant, and open minded, Athenians were able to adapt to any situation and rise to any challenge. They had become the new ideal of the Greek world.

Xenophon on spartan girls

name origin author date/period usefulness strengths problems can we trust it

•Aeschylus Persians 472

name Aeschylus origin Athens author Aeschylus date/period 472 bc tragedy written by Aeschylus takes place in Susa, which at the time was one of the capitals of the Persian Empire, and opens with a chorus of old men of Susa, who are soon joined by the Queen Mother, Atossa, as they await news of her son King Xerxes' expedition against the Greeks. An exhausted messenger arrives, who offers a graphic description of the Battle of Salamis and its gory outcome. He tells of the Persian defeat, the names of the Persian generals who have been killed, and that Xerxes had escaped and is returning .Atossa then calls on the Chorus to summon the ghost of her dead husband (and Xerxes' father), Darius the Great. When he learns of the Persian defeat, Darius condemns the hubris behind his son's decision to invade Greece and particularly his decision to build a bridge over the Hellespont to expedite the Persian army's advance, which, he argues, merely angered the gods and led to the Persian defeat.finally arrives, dressed in torn and tattered robes, reeling from his crushing defeat.

Ashurbanipal's Lion friezes 645-635

name Ashurbanipal's Lion friezes origin Assyria author date/period 645-635 B usefulness it shows that Ashurbanipal is trying to show off how big and bad he is by hunting lions strengths the progression of kings not being a messenger from their diety but being one themselves problems can we trust it yes It is believed that the objective was not to generate pity for the dying creatures but rather to highlight their raw, dangerous presence and to show how they collapse in agony at the hands of the Assyrian king who, through the support of the gods and his skill with weapons, brings civilization to the chaotic and disordered world that the animal represent.

Ashurbanipal's apology

name Ashurbanipal's apology origin author date/period usefulness strengths problems can we trust it

Cyrus Cylinder 539

name Cyrus cylinder origin Akkadian empire/ Babylon author Cyrus date/period 539 bc It tells how the god of Babylon - the conquered land - has chosen Cyrus to improve the lives of the Babylonians, and it talks about Cyrus's efforts in repatriating displaced people and restoring temples across Mesopotamia, letting them worship the god of their choice, not the god of the conqueror. It tells the story of letting people living their lives even after their country was conquered, something that was not heard of at the time. In the ancient world and many years to come, conquering a new land would mean "owning" the land and its people.

Sennacherib friezes 700-681

name Sennacherib friezes origin assiryan author unknown date/period 700-681 bc usefulness: narrating the story of the Assyrian victory over the kingdom of Judah during the siege of Lachish in 701 BCE. strengths it is supported by other sources such as the Bible and such problems The events surrounding the conquest of Lachish are recorded in an unparalleled number of sources for the 8th century BCE; in the Hebrew Bible, the Lachish reliefs, Assyrian cuneiform prisms and in the archeological excavations at Lachish.[7] Sennacherib's conquests of Judean cities, without the capital Jerusalem, are mentioned in the Bible, the book of Kings, Book of Chronicles and in the book of Isaiah. can we trust it it can be trusted but take everything with a grain of salt. this was written by the victor and the victor never wants to admit anything they screwed up.

Parthenon, Acropolis 432

name parthenon origin Athens author Ictinus Callicrates date/period 447-432 usefulness dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron.enduring symbol of Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy and Western civilization.To the Athenians who built it, the Parthenon and other Periclean monuments of the Acropolis were seen fundamentally as a celebration of Hellenic victory over the Persian invaders and as a thanksgiving to the gods for that victory.[7] strengths problems can we trust it

•Did ancient societies make a strong distinction between religion and secular life? Discuss the ways in which religion shaped historical developments in at least two of the regions you have studied: the Near East, Egypt, Greece.

no ancient societies were very religious. In Greece

Discuss the ways in which art and archaeology inform our understanding of historical developments in at least two of the regions you have studied: the Near East, Egypt, Greece

one way of telling technical advancement through architecture is in Egypt with the making of djosers pyramid. The step pyramid is considered to be the earliest large-scale cut stone construction.The superstructure of the Step Pyramid is six steps and was built in six stages, as might be expected with an experimental structure. The pyramid began as a square mastaba (this designation as a mastaba is contested for several reasons) (M1) which was gradually enlarged, first evenly on all four sides (M2) and later just on the east side (M3).[10] The mastaba was built up in two stages, first to form a four-stepped structure (P1) and then to form a six-stepped structure (P2), which now had a rectangular base on an east-west axis. The fact that the initial mastaba was square has led many to believe that the monument was never meant to be a mastaba, as no other known mastabas had ever been square.[11] When the builders began to transform the mastaba into the four step pyramid, they made a major shift in construction. Like in the construction of the mastaba, they built a crude core of rough stones and then cased them in fine limestone with packing in between. The major difference is that in mastaba construction they laid horizontal courses, but for the pyramid layers, they built in accretion layers that leaned inwards, while using blocks that were both bigger and higher quality.[9] Much of the rock for the pyramid was likely quarried from the construction of the great trench.[12] It is widely accepted that ramps would have been used to raise heavy stone to construct the pyramid, and many plausible models have been suggested.[13] For transport, apparatuses like rollers were used in which the heavy stone could be placed and then rolled.[14]

•How can historians make use of the myths and stories that ancient people told about their founders and foundations? In your response, compare and contrastexamples from at least two regions: the Near East, Egypt, Greece.

the tale of sinus in Egypt is a great example. The tale tells about a guy named sinuhe who was working for a king and when he learned of plans to assisnate the kings he fled Egypt for his own safety. This can tale was reflective of the political climate of Egypt of the time and the changing of their foundations. a greek foundation myth was pandora box. pandora was the first woman created by order of zeus. Pandors opened a jar (pithos) which released all of humanities evil but also contained hope for the the human race but was closed before she escaped. So he geeks used pandora as a scape goat for everything wrong with humanity.