CMN 120 midterm two
4. What are important sex differences for friendships? Individual differences for friendship?
1. Women's friendships are characterized by emotional sharing and self-disclosure. 2. Men's friendships revolve around shared activities, companionship and fun. 3. Women's same-sex friendships tend to be closer and more intimate than men's are. 4. A man is more inclined to go into a secure attachment if they lose their loved one(wife, etc.) because men don't typically have emotional relationships. 5. Why do women have closer emotional relationships than men? a. Traditional gender roles. b. Social norms that encourage emotional constraint. ii. Individual differences in friendship: 1. Self-monitoring: low self monitor has less friends.. but close to them. High self monitor lots of friends but not as close to all of them. Environmental watching, observing what's going on. 2. Relational self-construal: Relationships are part of our identity. High relational self contrual(wanting more relationships) low they don't really care about friendships.
15. How does sex evolve as relationship goes on?
Based on our intimacy and cohesion. If we have intimacy and cohesion, then it should create sexual interaction. The longer you are with someone the less sex you have because novelty wears off. But, if they get remarried it will increase temporarily.
1. How is culture related to self-disclosure? (important findings).
Germans would disclose more than Americans to a close friend of the same or opposite sex was not supported. thus, culture affects how we view disclosure and how we do it...
4. What are the propositions of affection exchange theory?
Humans are born both with the ability and with the need to feel affection, which is defined as an internal state of fondness and intense positive feelings for a living target. 2. Affectionate feelings and affectionate expressions are distinct experiences that often, but need not, covary. 3. Affectionate communication is adaptive with respect to human viability and fertility. 4. Humans vary in their optimal tolerances for affection and affectionate behaviors. 5. Affectionate behaviors that violate the range of optimal tolerance are physiologically aversive.
What are important findings about affection exchange in families? And health?
Individuals can achieve reproductive success not only by having children of their own, but by ensuring survival of others who carry their genes like nieces, nephews, grandchildren and cousins. Some personal relationships are more important than others(you have more of the same genes with siblings than cousins). Parents unconsciously give more affection to the child of theirs most likely to produce offspring. When in a good relationship it increases survival and reproductive viability for humans in romantic relationships, as well as improve their physiological health. Increasing affectionate behavior can reduce blood lipid levels(decreasing risk of heart attack and heart disease).
2. How is personality related to self-disclosure? (important findings)
It is also likely that the use of the JSDQ is a factor in the generally low correlations between disclosure and various personality traits (including mental health). It was previously mentioned that the JSDQ does not appear to predict actual disclosure to others.
. What are the strengths and weaknesses/criticisms of each theory in the textbook we have covered this unit?
Relational turbulence model: Strength is that it integrates both qualitative and quantitative change perspectives of relational development;RTM assimilates both interpersonal and interpersonal explanations for upheaval during times of transition and lends itself to investigation w/ diverse research methods. Weaknesses are: limitations to address future research. Affection exchange theory: Strength is that it is the first comprehensive theory about affectionate communication and can explain a wide range of findings. Can answer why humans are affectionate in the first place and provides a conceptually broader view on human affection and how it relates to survival. Weakness is its lack of detail it presently offers regarding pathways in which affectionate cmn affects physical health. Stage theories of Relationship development: The breadth helps to understand relationship progression from stage to stage, the mechanisms for moving forward and backwards and stabilization of relationships are important, parsimonious, devices for students of relationship research. Weakness is that it is a difficult process to see a relationship from beginning to end. Social Information Processing Theory: Strength we can keep up with relationships
What is salience?
The idea of being important. The most prominent. Ex: Your birthday is more salient to your mom, than your friends birthday is to her.
How do people move across and between stages of relationships?
The minimax principal drives relationship development and deterioration. The minimax principle suggests that people seek relationships that maximize rewards and minimize costs in current and projected future interactions. Movement is always to a new place. Partners should not skip phases because they might miss important information(Knapp and Vangelisti) Movement may not be linear( staircase model: unpredictable).
3. What are the components of social exchange theory? Interdependence theory? Equity theory?
The primary goal of social exchange is to predict and explain behavior. Individuals attempt to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. (Rewards/costs) Interdependence theory is referring to the extent to which a person's outcomes depend on another person's outcomes. ex: Your gf forgets your birthday again and you think why am i with her still? In interdependence you look at comparison levels of what you should expect from said relationship. Equity holds that we consider fairness. ex: I made dinner so you do the dishes.
What are affinity seeking strategies
a. Affinity-seeking strategies: things that increase our level of social attractiveness. i. Based on what people think makes them attractive, what people think makes people like them, and what people think makes others feel positive toward them. ii. Bell and Daly (1984) 1. Be of help to others (altruism) 2. Appear in control 3. Present self as socially equal. 4. Present self as comfortable with others 5. Allow others to assume some control over relational activities 6. Follow cultural rules 7. Appear active, enthusiastic, dynamic 8. Stimulate and encourage others to talk 9. Engage in Self-Disclosure 10. Appear optimistic 11. Appear to others as independent
3. What are the levels of friendship development for children?
a. Childhood(including late teens): Each stage builds upon the previous one i. Fair-weather cooperation: we want to understand multiple points of view. Starts around age 10.. especially with conflict. Children learn conflict is much more manageable if they compromise and try to resolve it. ii. Intimate mutual sharing(more middle school aged children. In this stage they start to learn about collaboration. Wanting to maximize everyone's interests simultaneously. iii. Autonomous interdependence(We learn that we need multiple friends to get all of our emotional and psychological needs fulfilled. Children start to learn about sexuality and romantic interests more).
5. How does friendship change across the lifespan (i.e., infancy to old age)?
a. How successful we are as children with our friends, is predictive of how we will be with friend as adults. b. Infancy: a 1 year old is capable of simple relationships. At around 2 children learn to be cooperative with their friends. In preschool a child will have a favorite playmate (first friend acknowledgment) c. Childhood(including late teens): Each stage builds upon the previous one i. Fair-weather cooperation: we want to understand multiple points of view. Starts around age 10.. especially with conflict. Children learn conflict is much more manageable if they compromise and try to resolve it. ii. Intimate mutual sharing(more middle school aged children. In this stage they start to learn about collaboration. Wanting to maximize everyone's interests simultaneously. iii. Autonomous interdependence(We learn that we need multiple friends to get all of our emotional and psychological needs fulfilled. Children start to learn about sexuality and romantic interests more). iv. Adolescence: 1. Increased time with friends and less time with the family. 14% of their time with their family by senior year of high school. 2. Friends now fill attachment needs. a. Safe haven: A source of comfort and support in times of stress. b. Secure base: A foundation for exploration of novel environments and other daring exploits. 3. Conflict is common(Laursen and Collins, 1984) Teenagers have around 7 conflicts a day. 4. Peer pressure reaches a peak. Peaks at 15 because at 15 most of your friends have most of your same similarities and the time you may start experimenting with clothes, drugs, drinking, sex, etc. v. Young adulthood 1. Intimacy is consequential vi. Midlife 1. Dyadic withdrawal(Fehr, 1999): more time with romantic lover and less time with friends. Especially true for woman married to a man because you spend more time with him and his friends than your own friends. 2. Opposite sex friendships are less frequent. vii. Old age: 1. Barriers: preventing them from interacting with people more. Ex: being forced to retire or transportation issues. 2. Disengagement perspective 3. Socioemotional selectivity theory: different than with younger adults(they want to acquire resources for the future)
6. How do researchers investigate social penetration theory?
a. Rounded in social exchange theory depth and breadth are positively correlated with friendship intensity. Longitudinal 63% of 168 friendships develop into close friendships
What are the stages of social penetration theory
a. Stages- like an onion i. 1. Orientation: initial stage when people first meet. Most people stay in this orientation phase. ii. 2. Exploratory affective exchange. iii. 3. Affective exchange stage iv. 4. Stable exchange stage: relationships and friendships that have lasted years and years. Understanding of one another. b. Guttman Progression: As we move through these stages anything said in previous stages is okay for the next stages.
1. What are the characteristics of friendships? How are friendships similar/different from love?
a. The nature of friendships: i. Friendship: A voluntary, personal relationship, typically providing intimacy and assistance, in which the two parties like one another and seek each other's company. (Fehr, 1996) ii. Friends are typically always peers. Someone who cant really reward or punish you in any way (you're usually not friends with your parents, boss, professor, etc.)
• Least occurs with:
acquaintances
Differences between friendship and love
c. Differences between friendship and love: i. Less complex feelings in friendship (you only experience liking in friendship, where you experience love in a romantic relationship) ii. Less stringent standards and obligations (love relationship is harder to dissolve) iii. Lack of overt expressions of positive emotions (romantic relations have kissing and hugging or sexual intimacy; friendships don't have the same ones. except friends with benefits. Friends are also less exclusive, more than one friend is fine, more than one lover typically not okay)
Attributes of friends
i. Acceptance ii. Support iii. Enjoyment iv. Caring v. Trust vi. Equality vii. Authenticity: no fake friends, or "frenemies"
Similarities between friendship and love
i. Respect ii. Trust iii. Responsiveness iv. Capitalization: you just got really good news and your friend is happy for you. So you feel even better. v. Social support: 1. Emotional support 2. Advice support 3. Material support: something tangible given to us in a time of need. 4. Its not about the nail- video clip
• Developmental Trajectories and Satisfaction
o Flora and Segrin(1999) • Cognitive(thought) • Thought this person as your bf or gf • Affective(feeling) • Felt like you missed this person when he or she was not around • Behavior(action) • Said I love you to this person. • Data on mean number of months until phenomenon occurred: • Behavioral(average= 3.16) • Affective/cognitive(average= 4.88)
o Why do we engage in affection and what does it do for us? (Dr.Floyd)
o A lot of what you do socially affects you physically. Ex: an argument with your mom or roommate. o There are ways in which affection actually impacts our health. Affection can be good for us. o If you can share affection with someone you can recover from stress much faster. o Loneliness is like hunger and fatigue. It's what can motivate us to reconnect. o We don't all need the same level of affection in our lives. o Everyone needs some amount of affection. Like with sleep and food. It' s just a matter of how much. o We don't have to learn to need love, it is much more innate. It's something that we evolved as a species to do. o How do you know how much affection one needs? • You ask.
Hyperpersonal communication is related to four different elements of the communication process: receivers, senders, channel, and feedback.
o A. Selective self-presentation(sender) • We have a lot of control over what we send out. o B. Overattribution of similarity(Receiver) • Differences with someone else aren't always obvious in CMC vs FTF. o C. Asynchornous(Channel) • The asynchronaity of the message adds to the selective presentation. o D. Self-fulfilling prophecy(feedback) • We have expectations about how people will communicate because we perceive those similarities.
What are the characteristics of self-disclosure?
o Breadth: self-disclose a variety of topics o Depth o Usually occurs in a dyad (you and one other person. o Usually reciprocal o Occurs over time, increases with time and relational development. o Relatively rare. o Evaluative or descriptive
o Joseph Walther: Father of CMC.
o CMC has affordances. Affordances is the key buzz word in CMC. Affordances: • Technologies provide people additional opportunities when communicating with others, and affordances create perceptions of how to strategically use the technologies when communicating(Treem and Lenoardi,2012). • Additionally, people can use affordances to "enhance their relational outcomes"(walter,2007, p.2540)
• Relationship Development in new technologies • What is computer mediated communication?:
o Communication that occurs through the use of electronic devices. • Devices can include (but are not limited to): telephone, text messaging, email, Skype, snapchat, FB, blogs, etc
16. What are the components of the marital love theory? How do they work together?
o Components: • Commitment:Attention to spouses • Intimacy:Intense emotions • Cohesion:Strong positive feelings about one's partner • Sexual interaction:Based on our intimacy and cohesion. If we have intimacy and cohesion, then it should create sexual interaction. • Having cohesion is one of the more important ones.
o Why human beings express affection at all? Why?
o Evolutionary psychology: our behavior and how it influences our survival and reproduction. o Affection in those terms(survival) o Humans are a very social species. We need to have relationships, unlike other species. o We have a need to belong. Things we need to survive include this(relationships) o We as a species are one that don't create self-sufficient children until mid-twenties(financially and totally independent from parents/family) o Our need for other relationships is so important, is that the worst form of punishment in prison is solitary confinement. o People in solitary confinement have physical and mental health problems after just a few hours. o Our ability to survive is dependent on having other people around us. • Ex: a newborn baby
Targets of self-disclosure:
o Friends: more likely to disclose to same sex friends. If you are married to someone of the opposite sex you self disclose to them. o Parents: mothers are typically the receivers o Strangers: We only self disclose to strangers we are certain we will never see again.
Immediacy?
o Immediacy: • Psychological closeness we have with other ppl.(conveyed both verbally and nonverbally) • Immediacy can be conveyed just through the medium chosen for communication. • More information transferred suggests more immediacy. • Social versus technological immediacy o Implication: FTF is the most immediate followed by interactive video, telephone, and then written communication.
How does social presence work in tandem with channels of communication?
o In a nutshell: Social presence theory argues that as the number of cues available in a medium increase people will feel more warmth and connection to the person they are communicating with, and this is directly tied to immediacy. More cues in a channel the more presence we have.
How does receiving affection impact us?
o Not everyone loves affection. o Why are some people more comfortable with and like affection than others? • Family life • Personality • Bad experiences with affections in the past • Etc
• Social Exchange theory:
o Purpose: Predict and explain behavior through an understanding of the facts that individuals take into account (rewards and costs) in making decisions.
What are the arguments of social information processing theory?
o Purpose: SIPT explains how people get to know one another online without nonverbal cues and how they develop and manage relationships in the CMC environment. o Key assumption: • People are motivated to form impressions and develop relationships no matter what channel they are using. o The development of relationships in CMC is predicted on the passage of sufficient time and message exchanges. o Users must adapt the meaning of communication cues such as language and contextual displays to the processes of relational management. o Relational communication changes from initial impersonal levels to more developed forms in CMC.
• Social information processing theory(Walther, 1992)
o Purpose: SIPT explains how people get to know one another online without nonverbal cues and how they develop and manage relationships in the CMC environment. o Key assumption: • People are motivated to form impressions and develop relationships no matter what channel they are using. o The development of relationships in CMC is predicted on the passage of sufficient time and message exchanges. o Users must adapt the meaning of communication cues such as language and contextual displays to the processes of relational management. o Relational communication changes from initial impersonal levels to more developed forms in CMC. • Hyperpersonal Theory(Walther, 1996) o Guiding argument: • There are several instances in which CMC has surpassed the level of affection and emotion of parallel FTF interactions.
Important research findings:
o Ramirez and Zhang(2007) • These relationships don't stay primarily CMC or FTF. • Had subjects participate in multiple interactions(F2F only, CMC only, F2F then CMC, or CMC then F2F) • Was curious about level of intimacy in the different groups. • CMC only condition was viewed as significantly more intimate than any other conditions. • In other words CMC is more intimate than FTF.
What are the functions of self-disclosure?
o Relational Escalation o Catharsis: releasing strong or repressed emotions. o Clarification o Self-Awareness
Why might we not self-disclose?
o Risk o Appropriateness
What are the components of the theory of romantic love?
o There are individual differences on how we approach love. • It's from personality characteristics • Locus of control(internal or external): Internal means we believe events in our lives are under our control. External is likely to see events in their life beyond their control. An internal locus of control person is less likely to see attraction as love because they want to control love and attraction is not controlled. • Self-esteem: People with varying levels of self-esteem approach love differently. People w/ low self-esteem typically have lower social skills and are less likely to have a partner. But, those who can get a partner have a higher level of appreciation for their partner. • Defensiveness: People that are defensive are typically feeling very vulnerable and are afraid of self-disclosing. They are afraid of disclosing that they have insecurities. Less likely to have these romantic relationships. • Self-actualization: the extent to which an individual is revealing his or her own potential. People with high self actualizing find love to be a rich and satisfying experience. Those with low self actualization feel differently.
What are the uncertainty reduction strategies?
o Three strategies to gain information about interpersonal partners • Passive • Reactivity search: We want to observe someone in a situation and see how they react to others when they are not in a solitary environment. • Disinhibition search: When someone is more informal and relaxed we get better information. • Active • Asking others • Environmental structuring: We actually manipulate the environment in someway to see how they respond. Ex: You're at a party and send your friend to talk to someone before you do. • Interactive • Interrogation • Self-disclosure
• Dr. Floyd • Affection Exchange Theory
o To assume our family life is the same as everyone elses family life is normal when young. However, not true. o Ex: Going to hug someone as a greeting is normal to you, but feels weird to others. o Not everyone loves affection. o Why are some people more comfortable with and like affection than others? • Family life • Personality • Bad experiences with affections in the past • Etc
• Measuring social presence: • Semantic differential scales.
o Unsociable---------sociable o Insensitive----------sensitive o Cold--------warm o Impersonal-------personal
What is the warranting principle? How does it work?
o Warranting refers to the capacity to draw a reliable connection between a person online and a corporally anchored person in the physical world.
• Uncertainty Reduction Theory: o Two forms of uncertainty
• Cognitive: uncertain on what other people are thinking. • Behavioral: uncertain on behaviors on what people may and may not do.
• How do we know the person on the other end is real?
o Warranting refers to the capacity to draw a reliable connection between a person online and a corporally anchored person in the physical world. • Little warranting exists in virtual environments. • Non virtual information provides greater warranting value. • Warranting value comes from receivers perceptions about how much content can/cannot be manipulated. • We trust information more from a third party when meeting online, non manipulated or not as easy to manipulate information.
18. What is the need to belong?
o We have a need to belong. Things we need to survive include this(relationships)
• Most self-disclosure occur with:
strangers and friends
8. What is Facebook official? How is that related to affordances?
the ability to declare oneself as ''In a Relationship'' and actively link one's profile to a romantic partner's, commonly known as going Facebook official. Results identified common social perceptions of the meaning of this status (regarding commitment, intensity, and social response) and both interpersonal and social motives for posting it on Facebook. • One affordance of many SNSs is the ability to publicize one's categorical relationship status (e.g., single, dating, or married) It's related to the visibility affordance.
• Relationship Development/Self-Disclosure
• "Failure to disclose can produce cancerous stress which leads not only to psychological but to physiological problems as well"- Jourard • Self-description: o Information about yourself that you feel comfortable revealing. o Low risk information. • Self-Disclosure: o Any statement that reveals private, previously unknown information about the self. o Can reveal revealing thoughts, feelings and opinions. o 1. Must be intentional o 2. Involves some risk
o We communicate with other people at differing levels of intimacy. (URD)
• 1. Cultural • 2. Sociological • 3. Psychological
• The longevity of love: o Rubin love scale:
• 10 items • I feel that I can confide in ___ about virtually anything • I would do almost anything for ____ • If I could never be with ____, I would feel miserable. etc.....
o Triangle Sizes:
• 8 different triangles that talk about different amounts of each 3 components: • Nonlove: literally is no intimacy, passion or commitment. Instead of a romantic relationship it is a superficial, uncommitted relationship. More of an acquaintance. • Liking: We have intimacy, but no passion or commitment(or very low). We like and feel close to our partner. But, we have no arousal, passion or physical attraction to them. We don't see it lasting long-term and so we have very little commitment. • Infatuation: Strong passion, but lacking intimacy and commitment. Easily aroused by others, but no closeness or commitment. • Empty love: Commitment, but lacks intimacy and passion. • Romantic Love: triangle with intimacy and passion, lacking commitment. High closeness and physical attraction. But not a relationship that will last the long-run. • Companionate love: intimacy and commitment. But, no passion. • Fatuous love: Stupid or lacking substance. Passion and commitment. But no intimacy. • Consummate love: When all three components are present to some degree. Everyone wants this love. But, it's difficult to attain. Even once we have it, it is difficult to maintain
o Gibbs- online dating study 2006
• Decision to want long term vs short term relationship. • Predicted that those more interested in long term relationship goals would self-disclose more (1)honestly, (2) more often, (3) more intentionally and (4) positively. • Online survey of members of Match.com. • Hypothesis 1-3 were supported, 4 was not. • These findings support SIPT because users adapt their language for situations they are in.
13. Why does romantic love fade?
• Fantasy: Sense of fantasy goes away, you idealize your partner. Thus, enhancing the romance. Too caught up with the feeling they're experiencing. • Novelty: Newness adds excitement and romance. The longer that couples are together, the lower the intercourse rate. • Arousal: When we are with a romantic partner arousal can be high. But, it goes down after time. The hormone for this can become habituated and arousal and passion are lower than they were initially.
20. What are the components of the hyperpersonal model?
• Hyperpersonal Theory(Walther, 1996) o Guiding argument: • There are several instances in which CMC has surpassed the level of affection and emotion of parallel FTF interactions. • Hyperpersonal communication is related to four different elements of the communication process: receivers, senders, channel, and feedback. o A. Selective self-presentation(sender) • We have a lot of control over what we send out. o B. Overattribution of similarity(Receiver) • Differences with someone else aren't always obvious in CMC vs FTF. o C. Asynchornous(Channel) • The asynchronaity of the message adds to the selective presentation. o D. Self-fulfilling prophecy(feedback) We have expectations about how people will communicate because we perceive those similarities
What is the triangular theory of love? What are the triangle sizes?
• Intimacy: Thinking about feelings of warmth, sharing, communicating and supporting your partner. A feeling of closeness part of love. • Passion: Physical arousal and attraction. A desire you have for your romantic partner. • Commitment: More of a cognitive aspect. Decisions we make about our lover. A conscious decision we make about our relationship. • Triangle is not equal on all sides.
24. What are CMC affordances?
• Limited social cues: the number of ques we have available to us in a CMC interaction is less than in FTF. Ex: clothes, tone of voice, etc(reduced in CMC) • Editability: Text message, email, etc we can edit those. • Time availability(Asynchronous): Response latency much wider in CMC. Doesn't apply to facetime/skype.. etc. But, does with texts, etc. • Cognitive reallocation: When we're having those CMC interactions we can focus exclusively on those messages we are receiving. FTF sucks out some of our cognitive resources(making sure to monitor adaptors, etc) • Visibility: Behaviors that were once invisible to others are now visible. • Persistence: Applies to a lot of contextual CMC channels. Everything that we create through these CMCs lasts forever. Once you send a text to a sender they have it for as long as they want it. • Expectation for response: Different mediated channels we communicate have different expectations for responses.
o Types of affordances:
• Limited social cues: the number of ques we have available to us in a CMC interaction is less than in FTF. Ex: clothes, tone of voice, etc(reduced in CMC) • Editability: Text message, email, etc we can edit those. • Time availability(Asynchronous): Response latency much wider in CMC. Doesn't apply to facetime/skype.. etc. But, does with texts, etc. • Cognitive reallocation: When we're having those CMC interactions we can focus exclusively on those messages we are receiving. FTF sucks out some of our cognitive resources(making sure to monitor adaptors, etc) • Visibility: Behaviors that were once invisible to others are now visible. • Persistence: Applies to a lot of contextual CMC channels. Everything that we create through these CMCs lasts forever. Once you send a text to a sender they have it for as long as they want it. • Expectation for response: Different mediated channels we communicate have different expectations for responses.
o The Rules of Friendship (Argyle and Henderson, 1984)
• Rules for relationships are shared cultural beliefs about what behaviors should (and should not) perform. • Here are examples of universal rules: • Don't nag • Keep confidences • Show emotional support • Volunteer help in time of need • Trust and confide in each other • Share news of success with the other • Don't be jealous or critical of each others relationships. • Stand up for the person in his or her absence. • Seek to repay debts and favors and compliments.
What are the sex differences for self-disclosure?
• Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure(Dindia and Allen, 1992) o Self disclosure is sometimes viewed as a personality trait and women are thought to "possess" this trait. o Meta Analysis revealed only a slight tendency for women to self-disclose more than men. o Many other variables are important: • F to F more than F to M • F to M occurs equally as often as M to M
What does social presence theory argue?
• Social presence theory(Short) o Offers a linear explanation for the effects of reduced cues on interpersonal interaction. o Proposes that a central component of all interaction is the extent to which one's partner is perceived as salient by the communicator. And this is called social presence. o Assumptions: • Communication media vary in their degree of social presence. • These variations of the media determine the ways individuals interact. • Users of a given media are aware of the social presence provided by that media. • Users avoid media for some types of interactions. • How is social presence of media determined? • The capacity to transmit information about facial expressions, eye gaze, posture, dress and nonverbal focal cues all contribute to the social presence of a communication medium. • How they contribute is determined by the individual, because we conceive of the social presence of a medium as a perceptual or attitudinal dimension of the user.
12.What is the Johari window model?
• The Johari Window Model: Joseph and Harry Ingram o Four window model, can be found online. o 1st window, open window: information we know about ourselves and other people know about us. o Hidden window: information known to us and unknown to other people. o Blind window: information unknown to us and information other people know. We may not have identified it yet. Ex: you are always late for everything, you don't realize. But, they haven't told you yet so you o Unknown: Unknown to everyone. Below a conscious level
o We are most strongly motivated to reduce uncertainty whenever:
• The partner can reward or punish us. • The partner's behaviors deviates from norms. • We anticipate future interaction with the partner