cmn 170v midterm

1. In the context of the thermostat analogy, what does the negative feedback represent? a) Stabilizing the temperature b) Increasing the temperature c) Decreasing the temperature d) Turning off the thermostat

a) Stabilizing the temperature

3) True or false: We have a full understanding of what is going in within A/B testing for recommender algorithms, as it is human-developed code and we can fully understand how it works by looking at the code.

false

Proof of stake consensus algorithms awards the right to create the next block in the blockchain by having candidates solve math puzzles, and the first to complete the puzzle gets to create the next block in the chain and is awarded cryptocurrency True or false

false

When someone in a company refers to "deep learning," they are likely referring to a subset of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with multiple layers (hence "deep") to model and understand complex patterns in data.

true

What concept is likened to "punctuated equilibriums" in biology? A) Technological equilibrium B) Social equilibrium C) Biological equilibrium D) Technological innovation cycles

D) Technological innovation cycles

True or False: Algorithmification is the replication of knowledge

False

In our unit 4.1 we showed some of the technologies that are necessary for the digital age, based on what we have discussed answer which of the following technologies are driving our current digital age? A Artificial intelligence and blockchain B Social media:facebook,ins C VR,WIFI D Robots

A Artificial intelligence and blockchain

Which sentence most closely aligns with technological determinism? A) "The advancement of technology directly shapes and influences societal progress, guiding the course of human development." B) "Societal changes primarily result from individual choices and cultural shifts, with technology playing a secondary role." C) "Human agency is the main driver of societal changes, and technology merely adapts to our evolving needs and desires." D) "The impact of technology on society is minimal, as cultural values and human decisions drive the course of history."

A) "The advancement of technology directly shapes and influences societal progress, guiding the course of human development."

Which algorithm involves the process of adjusting the weights in a neural network based on the calculated loss or reward, helping the network improve its performance over time? A) Back propagation B) Long short term memories C) Attention Is All You Need D) Transformer machine learning

A) Back propagation

Which statement most closely describes Reinforced machine learning? A) Learning to make decisions to maximize some notion of cumulative reward, often through process of trial and error. B) discovering hidden patterns or intrinsic structures within the input data that align with a defined group of mathematical families C) assigns the desired output to the selected input with the aim of finding an algorithm to accurately classify newly given similar input data

A) Learning to make decisions to maximize some notion of cumulative reward, often through process of trial and error.

3. Content-based filtering is: A. Data "in time" about a single user B. Data "in space" about many users C. Data "in time" about many users D. Data "in space" about a single user

A. Data "in time" about a single user

2. Three types of machine learning are supervised ML, reinforcement ML, and unsupervised ML. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the cognitive biases is the concept of coming to believe that false information is true after repeated exposure to it： Illusory truth effect Negativity bias Confirmation bias Novelty effect

Illusory truth effect

What is a blockchain? A) "A centralized database system that records transactions in a sequential manner." B) "A decentralized and distributed digital ledger that securely records transactions across a network of computers." C) "A form of artificial intelligence that automates transaction processing in financial systems." D) "A physical chain of interconnected computer servers used for storing digital information."

B) "A decentralized and distributed digital ledger that securely records transactions across a network of computers."

3. What is the major relevance of blockchain technology in terms of digital transformation? A) It is primarily used as the basic technology for cryptocurrencies, with few applications outside financial transactions. B) Blockchain technology is critical for allowing decentralized digital verification of authenticity and ownership, with implications well beyond finance, such as supply chain management and digital rights management. C) Its applications are limited to improving the graphical capabilities of digital settings such as the Metaverse.

B) Blockchain technology is critical for allowing decentralized digital verification of authenticity and ownership, with implications well beyond finance, such as supply chain management and digital rights management

What is a potential downside of using machine learning fed with empirical digital trace data (essentially observations from the past)? A) It always produces predictions identical to past patterns. B) It may generate predictions that deviate from past patterns. C) It is not suitable for making predictions. D) It requires human intervention to function properly.

B) It may generate predictions that deviate from past patterns.

2. How can persuasive technology in social media employ cognitive biases to affect user behavior? A) By offering unbiased, equitably dispersed material, viewers are exposed to a wide range of perspectives. B) To keep consumers interested, algorithms customize material to their interests, using biases such as confirmation bias. C) By fully avoiding the usage of user data in order to prevent behavioral manipulation.

B) To keep consumers interested, algorithms customize material to their interests, using biases such as confirmation bias

When dealing with information, which one of the following is a fundamental operation or transformation? A) Sending via email B) Transmitting through space C) Changing the format D) Transforming in space-time E) Sharing on social media

B) Transmitting through space

4. Web 2.0 is not the current generation of the World Wide Web. A. True B. False

B. False

3. In the context of persuasive technology, what is the primary product being sold? A) "Physical goods and tangible products that enhance user experience." B) "Software applications and operating systems designed for efficiency and productivity." C) "Ideas, attitudes, or behaviors influenced by interactive and user-centric technology." D) "Technological devices focused on security and privacy features for user protection.

C) "Ideas, attitudes, or behaviors influenced by interactive and user-centric technology."

Which of the following is NOT an example of a digital representation of reality? A) Amazon that started as an online retailer of books. B) Spotify as a popular streaming service of music. C) A publishing company that owns the rights to various books. D) Airbnb as a lodging booking site.

C) A publishing company that owns the rights to various books.

1. In terms of digital technology's influence on societal transformation, which of the following best represents technological determinism? A) The assumption that technology is the single cause of societal change, neglecting the impact of social, cultural, and political variables. B) The notion that society influences the development and use of technology rather than being affected by it. C) A viewpoint that stresses the reciprocal molding of technology and society, in which technology drives social change while societal values and decisions influence technical growth.

C) A viewpoint that stresses the reciprocal molding of technology and society, in which technology drives social change while societal values and decisions influence technical growth.

Which of the following represent the three key components of the digital age as highlighted in the lecture? A) Robotics, virtual reality, and cloud computing B) Artificial intelligence and deep learning, augmented reality, and quantum computing C) Artificial intelligence and deep learning, digital twins and computer simulations, and the blockchain D) Machine learning, big data analytics, and internet of things (IoT)

C) Artificial intelligence and deep learning, digital twins and computer simulations, and the blockchain

4.3 In our unit 4.1 we showed relevant information about machine learning: why is it important to push us beyond empirical machine learning? A Because machine learning can keep us from having to work. B Because machine learning enables people to stop worrying about any risks. C) Because empirical machine learning still has flaws as well as problems causing it to not defend the digital age well and lack the ability to foresee the future. D) because we can use empirical machine learning without flaws to create the future.

C) Because empirical machine learning still has flaws as well as problems causing it to not defend the digital age well and lack the ability to foresee the future.

What does the concept of "differential susceptibility to media effects" emphasize? A) All individuals respond uniformly to media content. B) Media effects are solely determined by the content itself. C) Individuals vary in their susceptibility to media effects based on factors like age, disposition, and social context. D) Media effects are predominantly determined by the platforms used to access content.

C) Individuals vary in their susceptibility to media effects based on factors like age, disposition, and social context.

How does the concept of algorithmification, as discussed in the lecture, contribute to both predictability and complexity in society? A) It solely enhances predictability by streamlining processes. B) It introduces complexity without affecting predictability. C) It paradoxically makes society more predictable while adding complexity and uncertainty. D) It increases complexity while reducing predictability.

C) It paradoxically makes society more predictable while adding complexity and uncertainty.

Which of the following is at the core of the AI Revolution? A) Natural Language Processing (NLP) B) Quantum Computing C) Machine Learning, especially Deep Learning with Transformer Nets D) Computer Vision and Image Recognition

C) Machine Learning, especially Deep Learning with Transformer Nets

Which type of machine learning is characterized by assigning desired outputs (goals) to selected input cases with the aim of finding an algorithm to accurately classify newly given similar input data? A) Reinforcement learning B) Unsupervised learning C) Supervised learning D) RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)

C) Supervised learning

4. Which of the following best represents the notion of 'Algorithmification' as addressed in the context of digital transformation? A) The conversion of all social interactions into algorithm-driven platforms, with no opportunity for human discretion. B) The use of algorithms to automate and improve decision-making processes, with minimal influence on social structures. C) The incorporation of algorithms into many elements of society, altering how decisions are made, information is processed, and, eventually, social functions are organized.

C) The incorporation of algorithms into many elements of society, altering how decisions are made, information is processed, and, eventually, social functions are organized.

4.4 What are the reasons why all the models given in our unit 4.1 are considered wrong? A The models do not allow people to make sense of them. B The model does not predict real-world outcomes. C) The model only simulates a prototype and does not show all of it

C) The model only simulates a prototype and does not show all of it

Which is the second human technological paradigm that characterizes a significant phase in human history? A) Transforming matter B) Transforming information C) Transforming energy D) Transforming food

C) Transforming energy

What element of the Hook Model/Addiction Machine involves cues that prompt users to take action? A) Variable Reward B) Investment C) Trigger D) Action

C) Trigger

Which of the following statements best summarizes a key point in the discussion of data analytics and computing power? A)The amount of data generated every day could be stored on a CD-ROM disk that could travel from the Earth to the Moon in one trip. B)All 2.5 million students in the U.K. could outperform the world's computers in computational tasks from the Big Bang to the current 24/7 computing. C)The exponential growth in computing power and data digitization has made it possible to process and analyze large amounts of information, revealing patterns that transform raw data into actionable knowledge. D) The main limitation of data analytics is its inability to process large amounts of information, making it less relevant in the age of big data.

C)The exponential growth in computing power and data digitization has made it possible to process and analyze large amounts of information, revealing patterns that transform raw data into actionable knowledge.

1. When was the beginning of the digital age? A. 1986 B. 2000 C. 2002 D. 2007

C. 2002

What defines tacit knowledge? Context specific Easily communicated Broad Only communicated digitally

Context specific

What concept did Schumpeter introduce? State machine Creative destruction Technological determinism Algorithmification

Creative destruction

What is the term used for fine-tuning reinforcement learning models with human feedback to avoid unintended consequences? (made with chatGPT) A) Supervised fine-tuning B) Reinforcement alignment C) Unsupervised optimization D) Reinforcement learning from Human feedback (RHF)

D) Reinforcement learning from Human feedback (RHF)

Which of the following best characterizes the concept of the "metaverse"? A) A digital universe created for gaming purposes. B) A universally accepted definition encompassing all virtual worlds. C) An online space where users can interact through avatars and immerse in a shared digital environment. D) A term exclusively used in the field of augmented reality. E) there is no best definition

E) there is no best definition

"The Internet can be used as a tool for faster communication between people." is an example of Technological Determinism. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

2. Digitization is the transformation of data

false

Training an AI to play a game (for example: AlphaGO) is an example of which kind of machine learning? Supervised learning Reinforcement learning Unsupervised learning

Reinforcement learning

. What does not make up a bit? Storage Communication Computation Transformation

Transformation

True or False: Lawrence Lessig's book "Code is Law" argues that algorithms and laws serve similar functions in society.

True

3. Which of the following statements about the power of predictions through algorithms and data is most accurate? a) The most fundamental prediction is binary, distinguishing between having something or having nothing, and conditioning probabilities in space and time helps increase predictive capacity. b) Algorithms primarily focus on predicting the future based on complex emotional states rather than simple binary choices. c) Predictive algorithms rely solely on passive data, such as mouse movements and window openings, for accurate personality predictions. d) The Paradigm shift in machine learning is towards explaining only 20% of human behavior, as it aligns with traditional social science methods.

a) The most fundamental prediction is binary, distinguishing between having something or having nothing, and conditioning probabilities in space and time helps increase predictive capacity.

1. According to Claude Shannon's information theory, how does he measure information? a) In terms of data volume b) As the reduction of uncertainty c) Based on computational complexity d) Proportional to the speed of data transmission

b) As the reduction of uncertainty

In the context of the digital twin concept discussed in the transcript, how do companies in different economic sectors leverage this technology? a) By creating physical replicas of their products b) By optimizing information and creating knowledge c) By eliminating the need for digital representation d) By focusing solely on raw material extraction

b) By optimizing information and creating knowledge

What distinguishes digitalization from mere digitization? a. The use of advanced machinery b. The integration of digital technologies to create new opportunities and efficiencies c. The transition to a fully paperless environment d. The reliance on traditional business models

b. The integration of digital technologies to create new opportunities and efficiencies

which is correct? a. digitization is the transformation of informations form b. digitalization is the transformation of informations form c. algorithmification is the replication of information

b. digitalization is the transformation of informations form

Models can be made perfect a. true b. false

b. false

4. What is NOT required to determine if someone has property? a) information record b) timestamps c) a trusted 3rd party d) identity verification

c) a trusted 3rd party

How can we describe the responsibility of humans in shaping technology? a. Humans are passive recipients of technology b. Humans have no role in technology's development c. Humans shape tools, and tools shape humans d. Technology determines human behavior

c. Humans shape tools, and tools shape humans

What is the main advantage of using a distributed ledger in the blockchain? a) It ensures complete privacy of transaction details b) It eliminates the need for digital signatures c) It prevents the use of pseudonyms in transactions d) It makes it difficult to eliminate or alter the transaction history

d) It makes it difficult to eliminate or alter the transaction history

2. What is an example of a real life application of digitalization? a) an online library b) pizza delivery system c) ordering Starbucks through the app d) Netflix

d) Netflix

Ethically, where does technology fall a. good b. bad c. neutral d. none of the above

d. none of the above