AP Euro Chapter 16 Key Terms
reading revolution
The reading of more books and on more subjects throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
rationalism
a secular, critical way of thinking that gave the idea that natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life, and that nothing should be accepted on faith.
enlightenment
a world-view that grew out of a rich mix of diverse and often conflicting ideas that were debated in international networks, often inspired by the works of the Scientific Revolution
david hume
scottish philosopher, believed that whites were superior to all races and argued that the human mind was a bundle of impressions
immanuel kant
shared hume's belief that whites were superior to other races, and tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority and religious faith with a critical public.
law of inertia
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
Moses Mandelssoh
Haskalah- enlightenment call for greater acceptance for jews in european society
frederick the great's reforms
1. modernize the bureaucracy 2. religious toleration 3. reformed the judicial system- no more torture 4. ended censorship of the press
catherine the great's reforms
1. continue westernization of russia 2. social reforms (failed because pugachev rebellion, ends up strengthening serfdom) 3. territorial expansion
consequences of the rise of modern science
1. creation of a new social class made up of members of the scientific community 2. science became closely associated with the state, which caused scientists to develop a critical attitude to the controls of government that would later inspire thinks to question the traditions of government
reasons for the spread of enlightenment
1. increase of book consumption 2. more secular reading sections
maria theresa and josephs reforms
1. initiated church reforms 2. strengthen austrian bureaucracy 3. reduce power of lords over serfs
central concepts of enlightenment thinking
1. methods of natural science should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life 2.the scientific method was capable off discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature 3. the idea of progress; nit was possible for human beings to create better societies and better people
copernican hypothesis
1. put stars at rest, their movement was a result of earths movement 2. suggested that the universe was huge 3. using mathematics to prove theory instead of philosophy 4. characterized the earth as just another planet, destroying the basic idea of aristotelian physics
joseph IIs reforms
1781-abolishes serfdom (ends up making both serfs and nobles mad, when he dies leopold II repeals all of his reforms)
law of universal gravitation
According to this law, every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship
empiricism
Bacon formulated the empirical method, which had already been used by Brahe and Galileo, into the general theory of inductive reasoning
cartesian dualism
Descartes believed that God had endowed man with reason for a purpose and that rational speculation could provide a path to the truths of creation. His views became known as Cartesian Dualism
experimental method
Instead of rationalizations on what might or should be, conducted controlled experiments are used to find out what actually did happen
philosophies
a group of intellectuals who proudly proclaimed that they were bringing the light of reason to their ignorant fellow humans
enlightened absolutism
absolutist rulers who tried to reform their governments along the enlightenment ideals
public sphere
area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action
natural philosophy
focused on fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned
cameralism
german science of public administration. it held that monarchy was best form of government and that all elements of society should be at the service of the state and that the state should make use of these elements to improve society.
scientific racism
helped justify the tremendous growth of slavery during the eighteenth century
pale of settlement
issued by catherine the great, region of poland where jewish populations were assigned to live
salon
regular meeting held in the elegant private drawing rooms of talented, wealthy men and women where intellectual conversations and debates occurred. upper class citizens
coffee houses
similar to a salon, but much less formal. city/middle class people
rococo
style of art, which featured soft pastel colors, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids were a favorite of elite women
negatives of the enlightenment
the enlightenment was used to restrict the role of women and to justify slavery