AP Euro Chapter 16 Key Terms

reading revolution

The reading of more books and on more subjects throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

rationalism

a secular, critical way of thinking that gave the idea that natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life, and that nothing should be accepted on faith.

enlightenment

a world-view that grew out of a rich mix of diverse and often conflicting ideas that were debated in international networks, often inspired by the works of the Scientific Revolution

david hume

scottish philosopher, believed that whites were superior to all races and argued that the human mind was a bundle of impressions

immanuel kant

shared hume's belief that whites were superior to other races, and tried to reconcile absolute monarchical authority and religious faith with a critical public.

law of inertia

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Moses Mandelssoh

Haskalah- enlightenment call for greater acceptance for jews in european society

frederick the great's reforms

1. modernize the bureaucracy 2. religious toleration 3. reformed the judicial system- no more torture 4. ended censorship of the press

catherine the great's reforms

1. continue westernization of russia 2. social reforms (failed because pugachev rebellion, ends up strengthening serfdom) 3. territorial expansion

consequences of the rise of modern science

1. creation of a new social class made up of members of the scientific community 2. science became closely associated with the state, which caused scientists to develop a critical attitude to the controls of government that would later inspire thinks to question the traditions of government

reasons for the spread of enlightenment

1. increase of book consumption 2. more secular reading sections

maria theresa and josephs reforms

1. initiated church reforms 2. strengthen austrian bureaucracy 3. reduce power of lords over serfs

central concepts of enlightenment thinking

1. methods of natural science should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life 2.the scientific method was capable off discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature 3. the idea of progress; nit was possible for human beings to create better societies and better people

copernican hypothesis

1. put stars at rest, their movement was a result of earths movement 2. suggested that the universe was huge 3. using mathematics to prove theory instead of philosophy 4. characterized the earth as just another planet, destroying the basic idea of aristotelian physics

joseph IIs reforms

1781-abolishes serfdom (ends up making both serfs and nobles mad, when he dies leopold II repeals all of his reforms)

law of universal gravitation

According to this law, every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship

empiricism

Bacon formulated the empirical method, which had already been used by Brahe and Galileo, into the general theory of inductive reasoning

cartesian dualism

Descartes believed that God had endowed man with reason for a purpose and that rational speculation could provide a path to the truths of creation. His views became known as Cartesian Dualism

experimental method

Instead of rationalizations on what might or should be, conducted controlled experiments are used to find out what actually did happen

philosophies

a group of intellectuals who proudly proclaimed that they were bringing the light of reason to their ignorant fellow humans

enlightened absolutism

absolutist rulers who tried to reform their governments along the enlightenment ideals

public sphere

area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action

natural philosophy

focused on fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned

cameralism

german science of public administration. it held that monarchy was best form of government and that all elements of society should be at the service of the state and that the state should make use of these elements to improve society.

scientific racism

helped justify the tremendous growth of slavery during the eighteenth century

pale of settlement

issued by catherine the great, region of poland where jewish populations were assigned to live

salon

regular meeting held in the elegant private drawing rooms of talented, wealthy men and women where intellectual conversations and debates occurred. upper class citizens

coffee houses

similar to a salon, but much less formal. city/middle class people

rococo

style of art, which featured soft pastel colors, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids were a favorite of elite women

negatives of the enlightenment

the enlightenment was used to restrict the role of women and to justify slavery