CMN 170V Midterm #1
Jeffrey Sachs:
"in order to reduce poverty, what you have to do is bring technology to developing countries."
Schumpeter (prophet of innovation who gave us the definition of innovation as new combinations) added a little more subtle distinction and he said
"inventions are new combinations in the realm of technological possibilities" and "an innovation it would only be if this new combination also applies to the realm of economic possibilities."
Tacit Knowledge:
"know it", but cannot say how
Famous economist Friedrich Hayek:
- "Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them." -
The cube can also be understood as a system of Russian matryoshka dolls, why? What would be the different sizes of the cube?
- "cubes inside cubes" - largest cube would embrace the global information society -
What phrase of Shannon's has been widely misinterpreted?
- "frequently these messages have meaning but the semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem" - did not say that it's impossible to build a theory of semantic meaning on basis of his most more fundamental blog, he's just not interested in that
Arthur Clark philosophy
- "if we try to imagine new technologies we have to venture a little bit beyond the possible and into the impossible.' - seminal science fiction writer
People once asked John von Neumann, (foundational computer scientist, the co-inventor of a computer): "a machine cannot think, can it?". What did he answer back?
- "worrying about what a machine cannot do is the right way. once you tell me exactly what it is a machine cannot do, I can build a machine that can exactly do what you described." - aka: "once you give me the algorithm, if you exactly tell me what to do what you think, you do this, then you do that and if this, then you do that. Then I can build a machine that thinks."
How was the west and east coast of the US first joined in cmn?
- 1860s Pony Express - Democracy was implemented on a scale much larger than that - Hen Lincoln was elected in 1860, info could travel from east to west at :the speed of a horses breath" § In 7 says and 17 hours the west coast was notified of Lincolns elections in newspapers in
Describe the decline in fixed-line phone through the years:
- 2005: penetration of 20% - has recently gone down to 15%
What is the side diagonal layer of the social systems cube?
- 2basic kinds of interventions that you can have that you can execute in a system - policy instruments (you have guidance, you intervene in order to assure that the development of ICT also fulfills the purpose that you have in mind for human development and social modernization - negative and positive feedback
When president Lincoln was elected in 1860, how long did it take for the message of his victory to reach the West Coast from the East Coast?
- About one week - at :the speed of a horses breath"
semantic web
- Add additional layers to the web that contain the meaning of everything through the provision of context - Web Ontology Language
According to Carlota Perez, the "Deployment Period" of a long wave (or great surge) starts:
- After the financial bubble burst - During the second half of the wave
who argued that democracy could never be executed beyond a radius of 70 km or 45 miles?Why?
- Aristotle - info couldn't travel far enough by walking, so no cmn = means no democracy - Def of democracy was that it had to restricted to a limited geographic scope
Voting systems of processing systems:
- Ballot - approval - ranked - cumulative - rated
Why does a constant growth rate of 80 % per period make the process exponential?
- Because it multiplies in each period with 1.8 (growing 80%) - So if you'd take the logarithm of base 1.8 you could identify the number of multiplications. For example over three periods with 80% growth each, you get LOG1.8 (1.8 x 1.8 x 1.8) = 3 three multiplications with 1.8
Amazon Fly Genetics book example shows that:
- Both algorithms were programmed to raise princes in agreement with other offers at the market - a bidding war between two algorithms without adult supervision - algorithms are learning to make these decisions for us
examples of how tech is a tool:
- Can use mobile phones to obtain food and make it cheaper - Increase productivity of agriculture - Enhance edu and spread its reach - Can use It in emergencies to get help - Create and maintain friendships - Find and fall in love
Human Component
- Capabilities, skills, culture - These use, adapt and apply tech for our purposes - us humans who take tech and incorporate them
Electrification (1875+): social change
- Change of daily schedule for work and private. - Home comfort and reduction of housework - Working conditions we were able to work - We became independent from sunrise and sunset
The water-powered paradigm: underlying scientific paradigm
- Classical mechanics and hydraulics - Isaac Newton and Pascal
Digitalization (1970s+): new or redefined sectors
- Computers and software - Telecom. Control instruments - E-services - Social networks and entertainment - Silicon Valley, Asia
algorithms example
- Cooking recipe is an ordered set of unambiguous executable steps that define a terminating process. At the end you have a cake. - they don't have anything to do with a machine or with a computer or a software program. - There are recipes that help us navigate life
examples of Potential Uses of the cube at a national level:
- Coordinating Multi-stakeholder Strategies - Coordinating Resource Availability
What is an example of the front office of an online web-project?
- Decision on the color scheme of the webpage - Design of the webpage sidebar - The presentation of a flash-video animation on the webpage
What is the vertical portion of the cube?
- Electronic Networks - vertical layers of social modernization - ICT for human development, modernization, progress, increase of efficiency, and transparency
Examples of national applications of the cube:
- Identifying priorities (e-Dominicana strategy): used the cube as an orientation tool to ensure that it gathered a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder group of national opinion leaders on diverse aspects of ICT4D. - result: the National Commission for the Information and Knowledge Society - Coordinating multistakeholder strategies (as in Bolivia and Peru); Coordinating resource availability (as in Chile)
Examples of international applications of the cube:
- Identifying priorities (eLAC2010 Regional Action Plan) - Designing and Monitoring International Policy Agendas - Coordinating Actors of eLAC2010
One of the main problem of mainstream economic theories and why they never really work:
- If you try to define when we aren't equilibria you will find out that we never are. - Economic and social evolution is a process that is always "out of equilibrium" - we never are an equilibrium
During great surges / long waves, income polarization is problematic because:
- In a attempt to make technologies cheaper for low-income consumers at home, companies tend to outsource production to countries with even lower income, as such creating more unemployment at home, leading to even less average income for potential home consumers... - People with less income cannot buy enough of the new technology - High income segments want new technology, while low income segments cannot afford the current technology, which slows down or even stops the diffusion process, resulting in premature market saturation
Digitalization (1970s+): Underlying scientific paradigm
- Information theory and computer science - Claude Shannon has been a very important figure in the conceptualization of this information age
Generic services
- Intangible - Software, Social networks, Emails, apps - generic operating systems that we use
positive feedback
- Intend a wave dynamic - You either like something a lot and foster it or you don't like something and you try to eliminate it - To drive a dynamic to an extreme
the contours of economic evolution
- Joseph Schumpeter - technology it is accumulative - need electricity in order to have digital tech - it's not always absolutely cumulative (not everything needs everything) but in general it is an accumulative process
Schumpeter proposes that shorter waves are:
- Lower level shorter-waves include product cycles (lasting some weeks), or industry trends (lasting some months)
massive open online courses
- MOOC - you can take by going online and searching for videos on different platforms - take these courses for free on the most diverse subjects and gain certificates once you complete this course. - certificates are starting to be recognized by employers
Steam Revolution Paradigm:
- Mechanization 1829+ - 2nd industrial revolution
financial bubbles:
- People were as impressed by the new tech - people get a little bit greedy(invest a little bit too much; people want to get more out of it than it actually can deliver in a short time)
What was one of the first methods for mass cmn?
- Printing press - Printing became 100x cheaper and took only an hour with lead letters
Steam Revolution Paradigm: New or redefined Infrastructures:
- Railroads - coal transportation coal mining had to be built because these locomotives they had to be fed with coal - created large ports/warehouses and vessels on ships worldwide -start to introduce natural gas into cities in order to exploit this scientific knowledge about thermodynamics this knowledge derived from the world
Examples of local applications of the cube:
- Researching local digital developments (in Chile & Peru) - digitalization of Municipalities - based on a questionnaire comprised of 31 questions - 1/3 participated - showed statistically signicant positive correlations between the existence of a municipal modernization project and the state of advancement in these layers
Creative Destruction:
- Schumpeter - process of ongoing evolution of humankind through discrete jumps - each one of these long waves destroys the way things have been done before and creates a new one
Steam Revolution Paradigm: New or redefined sectors:
- Steam engines and machinery - the iron and coal mining industry had to exist in order to make the social paradigm - the railroad industry - the US textile industry benefited vastly from steam engines so weaving was driven by steam engines as well and that increase the productivity of the United States economy significantly - Production of rolling stock
Were there technologies before our modern times?
- Stone tools like arrow heads - Bronze tools like pots - Iron tools like knives YES
Infrastructure
- Tangible - Physical technologies - Everything you can touch - Hardware, Computers, Mobile phones, Cables, Cell phones towers
Social Constructivism
- Tech has different outcomes and these outcomes have to be socially constructed and chosen in a proactive way - Tech is just a tool
What purpose do the Infrastructure, Generic services, and Human Component of the horizontal portion of the cube serve?
- Tech is the basic fundament in which the digital age is based on - development of ICT - development of the resources to make use of ICT
What is needed to trigger such a surge, such a long wave?
- Technological Change - Social Change
Technological Determinism or Social Constructivism? "The internet implies freedom and democracy"
- Technological Determinism - The internet determines the outcome -Its good, it implies freedom and democracy
Schumpeter proposes that long waves are:
- The higher level result of many lower levels shorter cycles
Digitalization (1970s+): New or refined infrastructure
- The worldwide digital telecommunication networks - the broadband, cable, the fiber-optic cables, the mobile telephony, base stations, router networks, server forms, radio, satellite - Hardware - Worldwide service infrastructure
Negative feedback
- There is something going on in the system that you like, but not too much and not too little, something that you try to stabilize - want to keep a dynamic in the middle - keep it at a constant
Steam Revolution Paradigm: Underlying scientific paradigm:
- Thermodynamics -- the study of heat - people like Sadi Carnot and Fames Joule helped us to understand what heat actually is - Heat he has to do with the movement of the underlying molecules - once we understood what heat is we were able to build steam engines that helped us to get energy out of this movement of things on a micro level
Steam Revolution Paradigm: Social Change
- Transportation and changes in social networking over far distances for work and private - Changes in reach of democracy (finally we were able to connect the East Coast and the west coast; politicians were able to travel you didn't have to ride on the back of a horse in order to cross the country) - many industries revolutionized
Motorization (1908+): social change
- Transportation and changes in social networking over far distances for work and private - Now we could visit each other on holidays - Changes in corporate gov
graoh of Urban-Rural household per Geography shows that:
- Urban areas have more fixed than mobile solutions, and rural more mobile than fixed ones
one of the first companies that really pushed complete digitization
- Walmart - if you pick up a gallon of milk off the shelf in Walmart it automatically in real time calls the cow to produce another gallon of milk
other ways we can still increase computational power:
- We can just have more chips - make them three dimensional -or a disruptive innovation will come along.
Digitalization does not only change the interactions between supply and demand in digital marketplaces but also enters inside companies and digitalizes the entire internal workflow. Examples?
- a modern car company - biological workers have basically been replaced by robots - Amazon warehouses
ERP (enterprise resource planning software )
- all the information process that happens within the company - help to manage all the resources within the company
Motorization (1908+): new or refined sectors
- automobile industry - Petrochemicals - buses tractors airplanes
The Khmer Empire
- barays: water management system - people that were carrying buckets of water to the fields suddenly had a lot of time on their hands. - civilization becomes possible because we have all this time on their hand
What is the global goal regarding fixed broadband?
- bring the price of broadband down to less than 5% of the average income of a society
The water-powered paradigm: new redefined infrastructure -
- canals - waterways - hydraulic energy plan - energy water mills were built that helped us to get energy out in order to make bread
What were the first info storage devices? The second?
- cave paintings - Gutenburg's printing press
back end or the back office of an online project
- challenging - once you click on something on a web page something needs to happen - 80-90% of the work
internetMap.net
- circles represent web pages - size of the circle indicates how much traffic goes through the different web pages - distance between circles shows how often people switch from one to the other
organizational ecology
- companies are born and die very similar to how species are born and die and replace each other through this process of evolution. - if you were to track evolution from monkey to man there would also be different long waves in this evolutionary trajectory with different aspects of the species being born and dying.
Lenn Adleman's work:
- computer scientist Professor at USC - "if we can compute with everything then we should be able to compute with biological matter like macro molecules like DNA" - took a typical need (the traveling salesman problem) and used DNA to solve this problem. - - Invention of the DNA computer.
The Internet of Things (IoT) :
- concerns the extension of connectivity beyond people and organizations to objects and devices - raises particular privacy and security issues.
what is knowledge?
- consists of algorithms.
What is the main culprit for why fixed broadband only reaches 10% of humankind?
- corporate is very expensive
Claude Shannon
- created the bit - information is the counterpart to uncertainty - if you have uncertainty you don't have information - cmn of info is the process of uncertainty reduction
Bill and Melinda Gates foundation of how to re-address a very typical need that human kind is having:
- deadly diseases caused by unsanitary or unavailable bathrooms for people to poop in (2.6 billion people). - Want to reinvent the toilet and waste system
For the deployment of a technology system, it involves several interconnected processes of change and adaption. Name a few:
- development of surrounding services (needs to be specialized suppliers and distributors, maintenance services) - the cultural adaptation of the logic of the interconnected technologies involved. - set up institutional facilitators: so rules and regulations.
Bringing these processes online has a lot of benefits, name some in Brazil:
- e-procurement process - the digitalization of the public procurement process can save between 20% and 30% of the government expenditures - that means that the government in the end has 20%-30% more money in it's pocket and it can buy more hospitals, more schools, and more roads with this. - big tool to fight corruption because it is very transparent - Can download the details of every purchase the government makes and in this case it's just an exl file - journalists discovered that the presidents office bought towels at the value of $600.
What do all the long or Kondratieff waves have in common?
- each one consists of a sustained period of social modernization brought about by sustained periods of increasing economic productivity.
Why is it impressive the for every 100 people, 96 have a mobile phone?
- electricity only reaches 80% of humankind - More mobile phones in the world than physical access to and electricity
Main goal of the cube framework:
- frame of reference that enables us to sort out the intricate relationship between ICT and development. - focuses on the interdependency among tech, policy interventions, and the socioeconomic sectors that are subject to change (are being "digitized").
"Nuclear powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality within ten years,"
- from vacuum cleaning company in 1955.
Why do developing countries spend more on hardware and have less left over to spend on software?
- in the cube Hardware infrastructure comes first - you need hardware first and then you can see how much you can spend in services, data analysis, and software in database development.
Joseph Shung Peter's Def of Innovation:
- innovation is a new combination or recombination of things - so there is nothing ever new, all we do is really combine it
Motorization (1908+): Dominating General Purpose Tech:
- internal combustion engine the invention of the car and airplanes - Oil motor-powered tech
Which one is not part of our working definition of technology?: 1. It is physical 2. it is knowledge based 3. it is electronic
- it is electronic Many technologies are not electronic (going back to the stone tools of the stone age...). Not even all information technologies are electronic: what about books?! ...books are technologies addressing information needs...
e-government represents a huge opportunity for developing countries like:
- leapfrogging and advancing in their modernization of their public sector.
The fundamental theory of how tech transformed society is based on the idea of
- long waves of human evolution - cycles that consist of alternating intervals between high growth and intervals of relatively slow growth
the race against the machine
- machines have replaced a lot of tasks that traditionally people have been doing - machines have become so powerful they even have become intelligent - we are not only afraid anymore that they replace our jobs - we actually are afraid that they might replace us or start to dominate us
Motorization (1908+): underlying scientific paradigms
- mechanical engineering - Gottlieb Daimlet and Karl Benz invented the internal combustion engine in Germany - American entrepreneurs like Henry Ford took this invention and brought it to the mass market
famous E-Business example:
- mobile phones usage by fisherman in Kerala in India - originally in poverty, but 5 years they got phones economy was boosted - fishermen were able to communicate with each other - optimize the fishing reels catching much more fish than ever befoe - protecting them from surprised seeing storms and hurricanes - increased their safety - able to communicate directly with the demand and adjust their supply of fish with the demand in the market
If you compare the default data-sharing settings of Facebook during its first 10 years of existence you will notice that in 2005, the default setting was that..
- only you and your friends were able to see who are your friends - only you knew and your friends were able to see your basic profile data.
E-consultation
- people are consulted on a particular policy, service or project. - does not mean that gov has an obligation to use the inputs received in its policies or services.
What problems could arise when pursuing a technological leapfrogging strategy:
- people are overwhelmed with a technology that's too advanced - supporting services are not readily prepared to help people with the usage of the new technology - the new technology might itself quickly get replaced by an even more advanced technology - the new technology is too expensive
United States government came out with a report called "big data and privacy" where they laid out their way to deal with it for the future. Explain:
- policy attention should focus more on the actual uses of big data and less on its collection and analysis -. We have no way to control who collects and analyzes data. Let everybody grab whatever they can; everybody can grab everybody's data and analyze it. - However if you misuse it and/or abuse the data, then the force of the law would come down on you and punish you. - United States government deals the same way with gun control
Example of construction of a new paradigm but at the same time inertia of the old socio-institutional framework.
- politicians and the labor market can be resistant. - At the same time, they want the change, but there is some resistance because creative destruction is always destructive - with the rise of a new paradigm people lose their jobs they have to be retrained.
The cloud allows data to be...
- pooled and analysed in vast quantities.
Moore's Law
- possible to always pack more transistors on one microchip. - that's by making transistors smaller and smaller. - computational power doubles with regard to its costs
Explain the ice example in relation to Creative Destruction:
- price of ice as a % of income today compared to 1818, one pound of ice took more 65x more income in 1818 than it does today - In the 1800s ice could only be afforded by the wealthy - ice maker was destructive to the ice industry - It destroys employment (75% decrease in ice industry employment since 1914) - It makes existing laws with regard to ice production obsolete
dimensions of the digital divide:
- rich people have easier to access because the technology cost something - relation between internet usage and educational degree - divide between who are urban and rural households and fixed and mobile ways of accessing digital technology - Age groups
Motorization (1908+): new or refined infrastructure
- roads networks had to be built that didn't exist before - highway ports airports - Pipeline networks - gasoline had to be brought before that there were no gasoline station
digital divide:
- some people already connected to the digital real and other people not - divide between those that are already involved in the digital age and those still excluded
Ernest (Che) Guevare De La Serna remarks on what the fuzz is about the digital revolution:
- students of the world should never forget that behind every tech is somebody who is using it and this somebody is society - tech is a weapon - whoever feels that the world isn't as perfect as it should be, should fight, so that the weapon of tech is used to the benefit society
What are some examples of how you can you can go online and create a personal account with the gov.
- submit tax declarations online - very cheap for the gov - very convenient for the user - tax declaration is much easier through a software than on paper - apply for drivers license - personal id
Suppliers have a customer relationship management that connects directly to...
- supply chain management SCM - these kind of software's autonomously talk to one another
Explain the hammer in relation to social constructivism.
- tech is a tool, like a hammer - Can be useful in building a house - But can be a weapon - This is not the fault of the hammer, it is not inherently good or bad because it is just a tool - Up to the user whether or not it is good or bad
We have used information communication technology for a long time to enhance education. Examples?
- tele-secundaria (Mexico) - broadcast that brings edu contents to rural areas where govs of these countries could not afford to have sufficient teachers. - Over a million students in Mexico have received edu like this, students who otherwise could not have received this kind of education.
Web 3.0.
- the "Internet of things" (IotT), "the Internet of everything" (IoE) "the semantic web," - everything has a web page. - at least internet product called number IP number. - Everything into production chain will have an IP address. - Every fruit and vegetable that is produced in agriculture will be assigned an IP address.
The water-powered paradigm: new and redefined sectors
- the cotton industry came out of it - forged iron became automated and an industry due to water power
Electrification (1875+): new or redefined sectors:
- the electronics industries - Technological and electrical household equipment - copper cables and industry - a different kind of mining had to be created in order to support this industry - without copper cables we couldn't send electricity around
SCM (supply chain management
- the family of software specialized on their relationship with my supplier - databases that administer my inventory in my company
CRM (customer relationship management)
- the family of software's connected to my customers - Amazon
QWERTY keyboard
- the first letters on the top left, they spell QWERTY. - not because it is the most efficient keyboard - a historical accident, can spell typewriter using only top row
Asimov writing inspired...
- the invention of industrial robotics. - inventors of the first industrial robots
Web 1.0:
- the original world wide web - web of organizations - academic institutions had a web page -maybe some journalistic outlets had a web page - some companies had a web page - some governments had a webpage - most webpages were basically provided by organizations
Web 2.0
- the revolution of the people. - individuals had webpages. - It means before as well some musicians, artist, academics, they had some webpages. - But with social media, for example with Facebook, every individual could now have a webpage. - With YouTube, every individual could basically an equivalent of tv stations, their own channels, uploading their own content - a page for organization and a page for individual.
Where does this accelerating and exponential nature of technological change come from and how?
- the secret lies in combinations - the basic formula of combinatorics
Hal Varian:
- the sexy job in the next 10 years will be statistician - chief economist at Google
The increase in communication between citizens and among citizens sometimes leads to completely new ways the citizens see the government and or the government can serve or can control its citizens. Examples?
- the twitter revolution or this revolution will be tweeted - the Arab spring and the up rising of many Arab countries and Egypt and Indonesia social networks like Facebook Twitter and YouTube.
The water-powered paradigm: social change
- the working conditions for agriculture changed - the amount of quantity of food was increased - clothes and culture changed
Schumpeter's three self-declared goals in life
- to be the best Horseman in Europe - be the greatest lover in Vienna - be the greatest economist in the world
Ray Kurzwell
- very well-known and long-term advocate for the accelerating and exponentially increasing nature of technological change - the inventor, visionary and author - director of engineering at Google and
When we let the embedded physical automation execute the algorithm for us, what can result? Example?
- we don't even know how it works ourselves. - Newton's 17th century algorithm to calculate the square root.
online projects:
- webpage itself - the visible part - the tip of the ice berg - the front end or front office
source coding theorem
- what is the purest form of information? - if we take everything out that's not surprising/redundant, we we compress it and only consider the real surprise then we get to the entropy of the source
The source coding theorem
- what is the purest form or state of information - take out all the data and redundant symbols what is the left? - Reduces uncertainty and he said that's information that's the difference between data and information
The channel coding theorem
- what's the max transmission rate once I have this pure form of pure information, how much can I transmit over a channel? - has to do with communication
recovery.gov
- where you can track all the money that was invested in the recovery act. - The American Recovery Reinvestment Act.
garry kasparov
- world-class champion and grandmaster in chess - famously beaten in 1996-1997 by a machine ibm's deep blue - free style chess (person and machine team up together) - weak human + machine + better process was superior to computer alone and was also superior to a strong human + machine + an inferior process
Who owns the property rights of your picture after you posted it on Facebook?
- you grant Facebook a non-exclusive transferable sub-licensable, royalty-free, worldwide license to use any intellectual property content that you post - that means as soon as you post a picture Facebook has the right to sell it to other people and doesn't have an obligation to pay you for it - property rights are also changing all the time
the basic idea of compression is
- you take out everything that's not surprising everything that doesn't reduce uncertainty, it might be data but it's not really information - try to reduce the number of symbols of plane data and maximize the flow of information
In order to help patients to follow their prescriptions, one could
-Motivate patients to use apps that track and remind them to take their medicine - Give credit to patients who have sustained medical record of following their prescriptions in detail - Provide fitness wristbands to people who are prescribed to do more exercise in order to track it
Sometimes these frozen accidents that set the future standard can also be as a strategic business alliance or the decision of an individual or the accident of the individual. Example:
-the decision of IBM to adopt Microsoft operating system on their hardware machines - result: Windows has nowadays a very dominant position among the computer operating system.
The history of the universe can be fit into _______ based on the accelerating nature of change
1 year
if we look at this process of social adjustment and how it unfolds through time, Professor Perez tells us that we can distinguish two very discrete phases:
1. "the installation period of the long wave of the great surge" 2. "the deployment period of this great surge."
While digital technologies have been spreading, digital dividends have not. Why?
1. 60% of the world's people are still offline and can't participate in the digital economy in any meaningful way. 2. some of the perceived benefits of digital technologies are offset by emerging risk (Many advanced economies face increasingly polarized labor markets and rising inequality)
As of mid 2015, what are the 4 most visited sites?
1. Google 2. FaceBook 3. YouTube are the most visited sites 4. Baidu.com (Chinese search engine)
So how does technology evolve?
1. It is a nature of exponential progress based on combinatorics. 2. it goes in discrete jumps, between continues and disruptive innovations.
How can it be that worldwide there are more mobile phone subscriptions (95%) than access to electricity (some 80%)?
1. Some people in the developed world have 2 or 3 mobile phone subscriptions, while some in developing countries don't have any 2. Some people in developing countries charge their phones through alt energy sources, motors and batteries
NSA plans the cyberwarfare strategy in different phases, what are they?
1. Surveillance of the internet 2. Detect vulnerabilities in the network infrastructure 3. "stealth implants" gain access to 4. Permanent access to "control/destroy critical networks at will". Critical infrastructure: energy, cmn, transportations, etc.
Kondratiev Waves of human evolution
1. The industrial revolution (1780) 2. The steam engine revolution (1850) 3. The age of electricity and heavy engineering (1895/1900)
Digital information and communication technologies (ICTs) fulfill what 4 requirements?
1. The performance: cost relationship of computers, storage, and communication devices has seen respective compound annual growth rates 2. their unlimited supply has led to a technological diffusion process that is unprecedented in human history 3. their all-pervasive nature as a collective general-purpose technology affects all aspects of human conduct 4. leads to productivity increases and economic growth, modernization of cultural production, political uprisings, the modernization of political will formation, and modernization of the way people date and fall in love
Sharon had two fundamental contributions
1. The source coding theorem 2. The channel coding theorem
key technologies that are underpinning the evolving digital economy:
1. advanced robotics 2. artificial intelligence (AI) 3. the Internet of Things (IoT) 4. cloud computing 5. big data analytics 6. three-dimensional (3D) printing 7. electronic payments.
What was the ranking of man & machine for playing chess with (1) being the best:
1. amateurs and good use of machines 2. experts and use of machines 3. machine alone 4. expert alone
Carlota Perez: this quantum jump in productivity can be seen as a technological revolution it has to fulfill the following conditions:
1. an unlimited supply for all practical purposes (we need to be able to create enough for everybody) 2. needs to be clearly perceived low-and descending- relative costs (tech has to become cheaper so everybody can benefit from it) 3. effects of the tech need to be all-pervasive (a general-purpose-technology) 4. have the capacity to reduce the cost of capital, labor and product as well as to change them qualitatively. (input and output of productivity needs to be transformed)
Fixed line phone replaced by two different things:
1. internet access (40 percent% or about 1/2 of humankind is using the Internet 2. Mobile telephony (96/100 people around world have mobile telephony subscriptions)
What are the2 ways we can use brain computer interfaces, brain machine interfaces for cmn?
1. invasive: make a hole in skull and connect sensors to brain tissue. 2. noninvasive: bathing cap with lots of sensors pick up your neural activity.
main expenditures in the health care agenda:
1. patients don't follow their prescriptions 2. many unnecessary visits to the doctor 3. unhealthy diets, lack of exercise 4. Patients don't give doctors enough info 5. Critical warning signs are often missed
What are the 3 components of ICT?
1. storage 2. cmn 3. computation
Global ICT developments since the turn of the century Three broad trends:
1. the long-term upward trend in the availability of communication services in general. 2. the growth in broadband 3. the growing predominance of mobile over fixed services.
the average curve along this trajectory (the curve of technological progress) is characterized by two characteristics:
1. the progression seems to increase, so there is an exponential logic to it 2. this evolution seems to go and discreet chumps
two distinct phases of process of economic change or evolution
1. the system under the impulse of entrepreneurial activity draws away from an equilibrium position 2. it draws towards another equilibrium position
digital technologies add two important dimensions to the triple complements, what are they?
1. they raise the opportunity cost of not undertaking the necessary reforms. They amplify the impact of good (and bad) policies, so any failure to reform means falling farther behind those who do reform. 2. while digital technologies are no shortcut to development, they can be an enabler and perhaps an accelerator by raising the quality of the complements.
A but reduce uncertainty by ____.
1/2; dividing the probability space by half is the most efficient way of extracting information and therefore communicating information
It's estimated that the use of digitalization can reduce health care costs by about...
1/3
fixed broadband only reaches ____ of humankind
10%
government on average manages between _______ of the money in an entire economy in the entire country
15% and 40%
After the domestication of fire, it is estimated that it took human kind as many years to discover how to start fire?
150,000 years
What was the first instance where we could store audio for later consumption?
1877: Edison invented the tinfoil wrap
so if you ask what drives the global growth of technological immediate information in the world, there are three components:
2 main groups: the number of technological devices + performance of devices - Infrastructure, the number of devices you could think of in storage of information (the number of buckets that you have my account the number
In an average min, cyber space produces about______ google searches a min
2 million
Finland has ___ of the total employment working in software computer services (IT guys).
2%
Health expenditure in the United States is equivalent to about ____ of the gross domestic products.
20%; every fifth dollar spent in the U.S. goes into health care
What year is this statement describing:25% digital and 75% analog
2000
In what year did digital share explode and surpass analog (paper) info? aka the beginning fo the digital age.
2002
What year is this statement describing: 94% digital 6% analog
2007
The world's storage capacity has grown at about ______ per year over the recent decades.
25%
In 2014 some 40 % of human kind used the Internet and some 10 % had access to fixed-broadband. Based on these numbers, what % of Internet users had access to broadband what % merely had narrowband?
25% broadband and 75% narrowband
____ of people has access to mobile broadband.
30%
In an average min, cyber space produces about ____ micro blog news in the form of tweets
350,000
Which of the following statements is wrong? 1. IoT concerns the extension of connectivity beyond people and organizations to objects and devices 2. AI like IBM's Watson, is already used to address development challenges in Africa in agriculture, health care, education, energy and water provision 3. 3D printers are already used in developing countries to help produce motorbikes, sprinkler systems, and prosthetics Correct! 4. For cross-border purchases, credit cards are the most popular form of digital payment
4. For cross-border purchases, credit cards are the most popular form of digital payment
Chris Freedman and Carlotta Paris added two additional more recent long waves, what are they?
4. the age of motorization 5. the age of digital technology
In an average min, cyber space produces about ______ pictures Fickr, snapchat, insta, fb.
400,000
US spends _____ of IT budget on software computer services and the rest on hardware.
45%
How many years do you think pass from the first time humankind took their first flight; when the Wright brothers took the first flight of a 120 feet of 30 meters until we flew to the moon?
66 years
In an average min, cyber space produces about _____ posts on one social network like Facebook
700,000
What do you think is the % of buying and selling decisions that are executed by algorithms on global stock markets without human intervention?
80%
Usually the economy has grown about ____ during each period of growth and the economy capacity is multiplied by a factor of _____.
80% / 1.8
In Europe, ______ of the population uses the internet. While in Africa, ____ uses the internet.
80% / 10%
business intelligence
A kind of software family that tries to combine the SCM, ERR, and CRM
Technological Singularity refers to the moment when:
AI has progressed to the point of a greater-than-human intelligence
"two years from now, spam will be solved,"
Bill Gates in 2004.
Customers also have a supply chain management that communicates directly with ____.
CRM
The fastest growing technological capacity over recent decades has been our capacity to:
Compute information
Moore's law in an example of:
Continuous innovation (continuously making transistors smaller and smaller...)
Gasoline-driven cars have become ever more fuel efficient over recent decades. This is an example of:
Continuous innovation, it simply improves the same logic
Digitalization (1970s+): Dominating General Purpose Tech
Digital technology
Our conceptual cube framework understands the digital age as an interplay of the following three dimensions?
Digital technology, social changes, Policies & Strategies.
The transition from the telegraph to the telephone is an example of:
Disruptive innovation
Economies of scale in digital products refer to the fact that:
Duplicating digital content is cheap and easy
Examples of electronic networks:
E-gov, E-business, E-health, E-edu
Electrification (1875+): Dominating general purpose tech:
Electricity powered tech
The difference between implicit and explicit knowledge is that:
Explicit knowledge can be expressed step-by-step, implicit knowledge not directly
internetMap.net big circles:
Facebook, Yahoo and YouTube
Trie or false: most companies in the economy directly interact with the client.
False
True or false: Tech is neutral.
False, Tech isn't neutral either. Guns are made to shoot things and bombs are made to blow things up.
Tre or False: You can't register a business online in any countries or pay fines.
False; 30 countries of the 200 countries in the world where you can do these kinds of things already
True or false: More developed countries like the US, UK, Switzerland, Finland spend a smaller percentage of budget on software computer services then developing countries like the Philippines Mexico Malaysia.
False; developing countries spend more on hardware and have less left over to spend on software.
True or false: The invention of the telephone was so important in history because it constituted the world's first "tele-communication" ("distance-communication") device
False; even smoke signals allowed to "distance-communicate"
true or false: The cube is a dynamic model that can make predictions.
False; it can't make predictions but it's useful as a conceptual framework. It can be used to structure the often-confused discussion about what is involved in the ongoing social transformation.
t or f: a technological paradigm is characterizing and driving human evolution started with the invention of water or steam engines.
False; it has characterized human evolution since the days when we climbed down the trees and went into the cave
True or false: You need to embed the algorithm in some form of silicon to calculate.
False; little boy with tinker toy calculator example
T or false: innovations are random.
False; shaped by the context (prices, regulation, and institutions, and the perception of it)
Ratio of software and computer service employees in Finland vs. Mexico:
Finland = 1: 50 Mexico = 1: 500
Who has invented things like the Internet, touch screen, voice recognition, cellular communication:
Gov funded research; creating disruptive innovations is very risky (think about Edison failing 10,000 times! ...who would be willing to loose money 10,000 times?!) ...so very often we share the burden of this risk among all of us and use all of our money (tax payer money...)
The first fundamental necessary condition for digital development consists in
Hardware, software, human capital
The need for a decentralized and multisector approach to ICT policy making goes inevitably back to the fact that...
ICT is a general-purpose technology
What is ICT?
Information and communication technologies
For economists, the difference between innovation and invention is that:
Innovations have an economic impact, inventions not necessarily
Graph of internet use per education in degree shows that:
Internet usage is higher among people with higher levels of edu
What year is this statement describing: less than 1% of the world stored info was in digital and more than 99% was in analog format stored in papers or analog video tapes
Late 1980's (i.e. 1986)
Arthur Clark's three laws to profile the future:
Laws 1 &2: the only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little ways past them into the impossible. Law 3: any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
Locomotive technology is very interesting, why?
Locomotives always became better over time in some sense but diffusion, at one critical point, started to return.
________ are considered the fastest diffusing technology in the history of humankind.
Mobile phones
Which country recorded more fixed telephone than mobile-cellular subscriptions.
Monaco
Which statement is not correct with regard to e-decision-making in e-governments? 1. Most governments worldwide offer online consultations on policy decisions 2. Few governments indicate that e-consultation outcomes have resulted in new policy decisions 3. Most governmental online consultations are not yet sufficiently institutionalized in policymaking processes 4. Popular topics for e-decision-making include education, health, and environmental protection
Most governments worldwide offer online consultations on policy decisions
Carlota Perez claims that the "Age of Information" is not only the latest but also the last great surge of social evolution.
No, she claims that biotechnology, bioelectronics, nanotechnology and new materials might be alredy in gestation of the next paradigm
According to Carlota Perez, "bubbles" are always bad.
No, they also provide the conditions for full expansion of the new paradigm
What is true regarding the evolution of the gender digital divide between 2013 and 2017?
On average in the entire world, it stayed pretty much the same, with a male advantage of about 11-12% in internet usage
One report shows a Chart that suggests that there are slightly more "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions" in the world, as there are "Individuals using the Internet". Why is that?
One has to distinguish between the number of subscriptions and the number of individuals using an ICT
What's the difference between "broadband" and "narrowband" Internet?
One provides more bandwidth, the other one has less up/download speed
The evolution of the Web from 1.0, over 2.0 to 3.0 can be described as:
Organizations, people, things
The prefix "e-..." implies that
Part of the involved info processes take place in electronic format
What is the ICT4d cube based on?
Schumpeterian notion that recognizes innovation and technological change as the main catalyst of social evolution
Example of part of the back-office of an online Web-project:
Search ability of databases and their interconnectivity
The reason that in urban households we have more fixed than mobile and in rural households we have more mobile then fixed solutions is that:
Setting up a mobile network is cheaper than a fixed-line network and can cover rural areas more easily
What was the first form of communication technology?
Smoke and fire signals
Technological Determinism or Social Constructivism? "The internet can be used in a way to increase productivity."
Social constructivism; it is a tool, that is used by society to construct a certain outcome: in this case productivity
Steam Revolution Paradigm: Dominating General Purpose tech:
Steam-powers tech
Technological Determinism
Tech determines the outcome
Technological Determinism or Social Constructivism? "the internet implies and info dictatorship"
Technological Determinism
Our conceptual cube framework understands the digital age as an interplay of the following three dimensions
Technological change, social change & Social Guidance
Technological Determinism or Social Constructivism? "The internet increases productivity."
Technological determinism
What was the first form of computation technology?
The abacus calculator with wooden beads
In the sense of our cube framework, positive- and negative feedback mean
The modification of a process or system by intervention
Two fundamental constraints to the possibility to implement democracy consist in:
The number of people and the level of their involvement
Moore's famous law refers to the fact that:
The number of transistors in a integrated circuit has doubled
What are the opportunities that arise on the basis of these technological and human resources that create the requisite base of the digital age?
The opportunities arise by the possibility to modernize different sectors of society by putting parts of the information communication flows in these sector into an electronic networks
Most fundamentally, information theory sees information as
The opposite of uncertainty
The deployment of each technology system involves several interconnected processes of change and adaptation. It involves all but not the following: - The "cultural" adaptation to the logic of the interconnected technologies involved (among engineers, managers, sales and service people, consumers, etc.) - The development of surrounding services (required infrastructure, specialized suppliers, distributors, maintenance services, etc.) - The shaping of the new paradigm in a matter of a couple of years She is very explicit that "the shaping of a paradigm takes decades" - The setting up of the institutional facilitators (rules and regulations, specialized training and education, etc.)
The shaping of the new paradigm in a matter of a couple of years
Shannon's source coding theorem says that entropy describes:
The true and pure uncertainty of something
One of the main reasons why countries are interested in controlling the network is because in the case of war:
They can manipulate essential services in an entire country
"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers,"
Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM. - The super computer Watson is named after him.
"ICT convergence" or "digital convergence" refers to the fact that:
Three previously separate technological trajectories converges on the digital paradigm
T or F: all the world's technological storage technologies combined can now store more information than is stored in the DNA of the 60 trillion cells of the human body.
True
True or false: All the world's general-purpose computers combined can execute more instructions per second then a human brain can execute nerve impulses per second
True
True or false: surprisingly a big percentage of transactions on the stock market are not executed by people but autonomously by algorithms.
True; 80% of the buying and selling decisions on stock markets are often executed by algorithms alone
true or false: Web pages have become extremely powerful and in some sense even more powerful than the most powerful people on earth.
True; Obamacare website example. Approval of a head of state depends on the functionality of a webpage, they are the portals to the digital age.
True or false: Each year we generate more info than the whole of history before us.
True; World holds 2.5 quintillion bits of data - This is around Seven or 8 piles of cdroms that go to the moon
True or false: On one half of the world, broadband costs twice as much as people earn.
True; in these countries people have a monthly income average of around $50 and broadband costs a $100
What makes up the horizontal layer of the cube?
Types of digital tech: Infrastructure, Generic services, and Human Component
Leapfrogging Strategy:
You could have a technological strategy and said, well in developing countries, all this money that we were not spend on audio-cassettes, let's just save that and buy CD players right away. So once you understand about the evolution of technology and that it goes these discrete jumps and always continues. You can design policies.
The graph of internet usage per age group shows that:
Young people use the internet more than old people
what are the triple complements are the foundation of economic development?
a favorable business climate, strong human capital, and good governance
spending so much money and doing these kinds of purchases often leads to
a lot of corruption and a lot of inefficiencies
information theory
a mathematical theory that allows us to quantify info and the cmn process
E-decision-making
a process in which people provide their own inputs into decision making processes. Two examples are: direct e-voting via secure systems and identifying preferred (popular) options and proposals by rating them through social media's "Like/Dislike" or "plus/minus" functions.
Which one of the following is not yet possible through Brain-Computer-Interfaces: a. Let the internet communicate complex information to our brain, such as an image b. To spell letters by thinking abut things c. Move a robotic arm d. Stimulate a simple reaction at another persons brain by thinking about something
a. Let the internet communicate complex information to our brain, such as an image for this we would have to know how the brain decodes images, and we don't really understand this at this point...
NSA's final goal:
achieve global network dominance
negative feedback leads to
an attenuation or even elimination of a certain dynamic in the socioeconomic system, such as regulation and laws that limit or prohibit certain option.
"television won't be able to hold on to any market it captures after the first six months. People will soon get tired of staring at a plywood box every night"
an executive of 20th Century Fox in 1946. (Darryl Zanuck
How many countries are there in the world?
around 200
Caution is required when comparing data for mobile and fixed penetration rates because...
as subscriptions do not equate with subscribers. - It is more common for mobile subscribers to have more than one subscription than is the case for subscribers to fixed networks. - mobile subscriptions are more often linked to individual use, while fixed network subscriptions are often shared by several people.
The existence of disruptive innovations or continuous innovations has often to do with the availability of
building blocks that we use to look for new combinations
Which one of the following is not one of the four characteristics possessed by a technology with the potential to trigger a long wave? a. It must serve for may purposes b. It must become cheaper c. It must be in Schumpeterian disequilibrium d. There must be sufficient of it
c. It must be in Schumpeterian disequilibrium
explicit knowledge
can tell you step by step
how society evolves: a graphical representation says that there's always a ______ technology and a ______ technology.
carrying / abling
Combinatorics has a lot to do with the number of _______ that you have.
choices
Shannon basically said that info has to do with identifying a subspace of different ______ and the metric of information is then how good you are able to identify these different choices .
choices
The sector with the strongest interest in Bolivia's strategy was
civil society (40%)
in order to get to the entropy of the source _______ is very important
compression
So Moore's Law basically has to do with ______ since it basically says you can't pack more transistors on one microprocessor.
computation
It is very important and useful to confront our digital daily reality with some kind of conceptual frameworks in mind. Why?
conceptual frameworks will help us navigate uncertain and dynamically quickly changing digital realities without the need of freaking out or getting confused
Then new technological possibilities aim at the _____________ but at the same time it also meets an____________.
construction of a new paradigm / inertia of the old socio-institutional framework
The latest data on ICT development from ITU show...
continued progress in connectivity and use of ICTs
Historians will look back and analyze this first decade during which humankind has digitalized its information communication flows and they will find the most profound long term changes in the way that society....
creates its common will, especially through democratic processes.
According to the NSA, the next major conflict will start in...
cyberspace
we mainly use our phones for...
data traffic as a portal to the internet
Technology is path ________. Meaning:
dependent / We have to build on one and then after the other
The new equilibrium position is ______ in nature, and the driving enabling technology of the transition is ______.
digital / ICT
The focus of vertical sectors is on _____ as opposed to the focus on _______ in the horizontal layers.
digital processes / digital products
The idea of the digital economy is to...
digitalize all kind of information communication processes that happened between supply and demand
many developing countries leap frog stages of development of their public sector by...
digitalizing
A transition to the electric car or a car driven on banana peels. This is an example of:
disruptive innovation.
The first level of e-participation is
e-information.
Electrification (1875+): underlying scientific paradigm
electric grid
In countries where governments offer e-consultations, the most often discussed issues relate to:
environmental protection & education
One e-government application that is very important refers to the public procurement process whihc is...
everything the government buys
Carlota Perez drew a diagram that says it all starts with an....
exhaustion of a prevailing paradigm which leads to an economic and social pressure for change
combinatorics (formula) follows an _________ logic.
exponential
True or false: Govs and companies worldwide have paid sufficient attention to security aspects of IoT devices. Much existing regulation assures that privacy and security concerns are addressed and breaches are minimized.
false
Which statement is correct with regard to the growth of fixed-line telephony worldwide? 1. fixed telephony is only declining in highly developed regions, while developing regions are still catching up and continue to install more 2. fixed telephony is on the decline in all regions of the world 3. fixed telephony is only on the decline in developing regions, since they lack funds and prefer cheaper mobile phones
fixed telephony is on the decline in all regions of the world
the most traditional technological infrastructure is the
fixed-line phone, they were the initial portals to the Internet
dominant design
follow a different standard which determines what this technology is specifically.
"there is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home,"
founder of Digital Equipment's in 1977.
How do supply and demand affect prices?
high demand = higher prices high supply = lower prices
Countries with higher shares of software spending also have... higher shared of software professionals
higher shared of software professionals
positive feedback example
if you have a fire, you put either oil or water into it to either make it very big or shrink it
example of negative feedback
if you want to maintain a fire at one size, you don't want to put oil or water completely
How does income distribution behave during the Installation and Deployment periods of great surges of development?
increasingly polarized during the Installation period, and improved distribution during the Deployment period
Schumpeter says that there are many simultaneous cycles. So, there's an ______ number of wave-like fluctuations which will roll on simultaneously and interfere with one another in the process.
indefinite
One of the benefits of digitalizing edu is that digital products have ______ product scales.
infinite; Costs million to create, but once it is created all you have to do is copy and paste, and then you diffuse it to how many stakeholders you want.
innovations are derived from ___________ and managers with _____ in mind.
inventions by entrepreneurs / profit
One of the cube's main drawbacks is that it..
is a conceptual framework, not a dynamic model
the digitalization between supply and demand in real time means that pricing...
is being digitalized because prices are what intermediate between supply and demand
average income per person per day in Kenya back in 2012 (GNI per capita)?
it was about US$ 1,000 per year, or some US$ 3 per day (GNI per capita, Atlas method, in current US$)
future generations won't need to put the "e" in front anymore because...
it's gonna be normal that the government uses some kind of information communication technology
Technology is derived from __________ about the world.
knowledge
A very good way of analyzing policy agenda is to..
look where the public sector, the government puts its money.
Why does the World Bank report argue that the benefits stemming from digital technologies are not spreading rapidly enough?
many people are still offline and new risks emerge
in order for things to coordinate among each other, they have to understand...
meaning
Breakdown of 4 Parts of definition of technology: Technology addresses a typical... Example?
need; cars, dishwashers, mobile phones
After the economic and social pressure for change, this leads to a surge for
new technological possibilities.
lossy compression
not really compression, just means that part of the info is eliminated, it gets course grained so if you zoom in you can see lost quality
The success of the deployment of e-participation tools depends not only on how supportive the overall regulatory environment is, but also..
on whether governments enforce the actual use of e-participation tools by undertaking adequate measures to institutionalize civic engagement into organizational practices.
An algorithm is an...
ordered set of unambiguous, executable steps that defines a terminating process.
One report talks about the "analog foundation" of the digital age. While this is not a commonly used way of using the word "analog", in this report the authors mean something very specific. They refer to the fact that:
other complementary factors are needed to create impact from digital technologies
If we combine these two axis there's a _______ correlation between the amount of money that you can spend on software computer services and the share of software and computer service employees in your economies.
positive
digital networks enable us to adjust for prices in...
real time
sociopolitical processes and the construction of a new socio-institutional framework finally leads to the...
relaunch of economic growth and the deployment of the new technological potential.
Shannon said that the fundamental problem of communication is that of...
reproducing at one point either exactly our proximately a message selected at another point
Arthur Clark proposed in 1945 taht some rocket stations that would give World Wide radio coverage, nowadays we call them
satellites; the orbit on where satellites circles around the Earth is called the Clark Orbit (he's a science fiction writer)
In times of technological progress, diffusion is ....
slowed down
technology is _______ constructed.
socially
diffusion of this new common sense results in
sociopolitical processes as well the construction of a new socio-institutional framework
Between new forms of audio tech, innovation cycle seems to become ______ and change seems to _______.
sorter / accelerate
Communication Transmit info through ________.
space
So, some technologies do not fulfill these four characteristics. Example:
space technology: very important but it didn't trigger such a surge as electricity or digitalization by itself triggered
Technologies are a ________ solution
standardized;
Edison's Menlo Park Lab:
stocked with many different things so that he could maximize combination possibilities. He was able to create so many inventions because of this. - "I have not failed 10,000 times. I have not failed once. I have successfully found 10,000 ways that will not work." - He just looked for combination of things and then discarded the combinations that did not work to continue - "genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration "
One of the benefits of the cube is a reference framework that you can...
take it apart and play with it
B. Arthurs 2nd def of tech:
tech as an assemblage of practices and components
B. Arthurs 3rd def of tech:
tech as an entire collection of devices and engineering practices available to a culture
B. Arthurs first def of tech:
tech is a means to fulfill a human purpose.
The digital age is the result between interplay of...
tech, society, and guiding policy that ensures that tech is used for intended purpose.
The engine behind the incessant force of creative destruction is...
technological change
_______ salaries are the fastest increasing salaries across the country
technology
Short Def of technology:
technology consists of "standardized solutions that address typical needs, is derived from knowledge about the world which is embedded in a physical structure".
somebody predicted that "everything that can be invented has been invented". who?
the Commissioner (Charles Duell) of the U.S patent office in 1899 and he closed the office down.
Moore's Law implies that every time you double, you make as much progress as you have done since...
the beginning of time.
The digital age is made possible because these previously separate technological trajectories converge on the digital paradigm....
the binary bit
The digital paradigm is the result of the fact that these 3 previously separated tech trajectories (storage, cmn, computation) converged on....
the binary digit
One of the most tangible consequences of this particularity for policy making in the field of ICT4D is..
the budget for ICT activities is dispersed among many institutions and orgs, with each one working on initiatives to move its sector forward into the digital age
Knowledge is only explicit once we have ....
the complete algorithm
The idea of the digital economy is to digitalize...
the demand of the client in real time also over internal business to business market place's with this supplier and information flows
10 years later, the default setting says that..
the entire internet is able to see who your friends and what is your basic profile data.
The water-powered paradigm:
the first Industrial Revolution 1771+
Russian economist Kondratiev
the first one who empirically detected that every 40 to 60 years there seemed to be such alternating cycles
Technological Singularity:
the hypothesis that accelerating progress in tech will cause a runaway effect wherein AI will exceed human intellectual capacity and control, thus radically changing civilization in an event called singularity. Machine intelligence basically overtakes human intellect at one point
What is the pinnacle of our interconnected society?
the internet
In the current long wave of the digital age: have we seen a similar creative destruction among many young companies?
the many Silicon Valley startups that get created every day and never make it anywhere...
entropy of the source
the most fundamental metric in information theory
new mobile phone converts itself into...
the most important access portal to high-speed internet throughout the world
over time there is a diffusion of this new common sense; this means:
the new way of doing things that's better understood and accepted and adopted and shaped by the people
E-participation:
the process of engaging citizens through ICTs in policy, decision-making, and service design and delivery in order to make it participatory, inclusive, and deliberative.
Mobile-cellular networks are increasingly pervasive and now dominate...
the provision of basic telecommunication services.
The market that pioneered these digitalization logic was...
the stock market
the internetMap.net gives us a visual idea what the generics service layer looks like in terms of the
the world wide web
The idea is once we have algorithms, once we have knowledge, we can embed...
them into physical structures, and create technologies with them.
Storage transmits info through_______.
time
Digital technologies are _____ for social change that need to be _____ through policies and strategies.
tools / guided
Currently, AI is confined to relatively narrow, specific tasks, far from the kind of general, adaptable intelligence that humans possess.
true
The back-office represents the "invisible" part of a Web-project and usually consumes the vast majority of the work involved setting up a web project.
true
True or false: "Tech is inherently neither good nor bad"
true
True or false: Some countries have advances their e-gov despite relatively low national income, while others are lagging behind despite their higher income
true
True or false: The proportion of men using the Internet is higher than the proportion of women doing so in 2/3 of countries worldwide.
true
True or false: e-governments do not necessarily depend on how rich a country is.
true, in general money helps but the modernization of the public sector can also lead to a lot of cost savings.
True or false: 40% is actually a very coarse-grained average, but an average because having access to the Internet doesn't tell you anything about how good this connection is.
true, most people of the world actually have access to web narrowband connection, not a broadband connection.
T or F: tech is much more than toys for the boys.
true; It is actually what drives - what enables - civilization; what leads to human progress.
t or f: probability space of all the letters is not uniform distributed
true; some letters are much more common than others
t or f: not all inventions become innovations and not all innovations get widely diffused.
true; you might have an innovation but if it really becomes the standard that is a different question.
Schumpeter says this process of economic change or evolution moreover goes in ______ separated from each other by neighborhoods of ______.
units / equilibrium
Schumpeter said that the history of capitalism starts with...
violent burst and catastrophes evolution is a disturbance of existing structures and a series of explosions rather than a gentle though incessant transformation
The water-powered paradigm: dominating general purpose technology
water power technology
What was the key carrier tech of the first IR?
water-powered mechanization
What is the problem with John von Neumann's answer?
we don't actually know what we do when we think Implicit info, tacit)
Another tendency of the evolutionary trajectory of digital technology, that becomes very clear are...
wearable (smart watches, fitbits, etc)
positive feedback for the socioeconomic system
where goal oriented human intervention leads to an increase in the magnitude of the effect, such as incentives in the form of subsidies or favorable legislation
very important first thing to look at when we think about that digital age is to consider what 2 questions?
which kind of technological tangible infrastructure do we have and who is using it?
The most common e-participation tools and activities include but are not limited to:
• E-campaigning, e-petitioning • Coproduction and collaborative e-environments, including innovation spaces, hackathons, crowdfunding • Public policy discourses, including crowdsourcing, online consultation and deliberation, argument mapping • E-polling, e-voting
Public e-procurement processes have many benefits. List them:
○ Fight of corruption ○ Transparency ○ Cost savings (NOT because its cheap)