Cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic group
Can serve as "shuttles" or "transfer agents", accepting a group from one reaction, and supplying the group in other reactions.
Coenzymes
Coenzyme A (CoA) which transfers acyl groups and Folates, which transfer one carbon groups is an example of a ______
Coenzymes
Helps the enzyme by sitting on the active site and aiding in recognition, attracting, repulsing substrate
Coenzymes
___________ often function as intermediate carriers of electrons, specific atoms or functional groups that are transfered in the overall reaction.
Coenzymes
organic
Coenzymes
_______ are small and bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in the catalysis of the reaction usually by carrying charge through ionization, protonation or deprotonation
Coenzymes and Cofactors
can be tightly bound are necessary for enzymes function
Coenzymes and Cofactors
corresponding ____ must be present for catalytic function of an enzyme
Coenzymes and Cofactors
enzymatic reactions are not restricted to a single. Sometimes they can have both or just one
Coenzymes and Cofactors
many enzymes require nonprotein molecules called
Coenzymes and Cofactors
Are attached in a variety of ways, ranging from weak noncovalent interactions to strong covalent ones
Cofactors
Mg2+ (required for enzymes which involve ATP)
Cofactors
_______ often function to illicit conformation change in the enzyme
Cofactors
_________ are often classified as inorganic substances that are required for, or increase the rate of, catalysis.
Cofactors
_________ can be subdivided into either one or more inorganic ions, or a complex organic or metalloorganic molecule called a coenzyme
Cofactors
inorganic
Cofactors
metal ions
Cofactors
Coenzymes are not a subgroup of cofactors
F
________ include vitamins A, D, E, and K
Fat- soluble vitamins
a type of coenzyme that is tightly bound
Prosthetic groups
a type of cofactor that is tightly bound
Prosthetic groups
can be organic or inorganic
Prosthetic groups
when cofactors and coenzymes are tightly bound they care called
Prosthetic groups
Coenzymes and Cofactors are small and bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in the catalysis of the reaction usually by carrying charge through ionization, protonation or deprotonation
T
When you think of coenzyme you usually are talking about shuttles aiding in catalysis and when think of cofactors you are usually talking about metal ions speeding up catalysis and eliciting conformational change
T
Many coenzymes, cofactors, and prosthetic groups are derived from _____.
Vitamins
Since they are ________ they can be easily excreted and must be regularly replenished
Water-soluble vitamins
__________ include the B complex and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
Water-soluble vitamins
An inactive enzyme without its cofactor is called
apoenzyme
Coenzymes and Cofactors are small and bind to the active site of _______ and participate in the catalysis of the reaction usually by carrying charge through ionization, protonation or deprotonation.
enzymes
Active and complete enzyme containing its cofactor is called
holoenzyme
enzymes with tightly bound Metal ions; Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn.
metalic prosthetic groups
enzymes with tightly bound Pyridoxal phosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, biotin, lipoic acid, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
nonmetalic prosthetic groups
