Cofactors, coenzymes, and prosthetic group

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Can serve as "shuttles" or "transfer agents", accepting a group from one reaction, and supplying the group in other reactions.

Coenzymes

Coenzyme A (CoA) which transfers acyl groups and Folates, which transfer one carbon groups is an example of a ______

Coenzymes

Helps the enzyme by sitting on the active site and aiding in recognition, attracting, repulsing substrate

Coenzymes

___________ often function as intermediate carriers of electrons, specific atoms or functional groups that are transfered in the overall reaction.

Coenzymes

organic

Coenzymes

_______ are small and bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in the catalysis of the reaction usually by carrying charge through ionization, protonation or deprotonation

Coenzymes and Cofactors

can be tightly bound are necessary for enzymes function

Coenzymes and Cofactors

corresponding ____ must be present for catalytic function of an enzyme

Coenzymes and Cofactors

enzymatic reactions are not restricted to a single. Sometimes they can have both or just one

Coenzymes and Cofactors

many enzymes require nonprotein molecules called

Coenzymes and Cofactors

Are attached in a variety of ways, ranging from weak noncovalent interactions to strong covalent ones

Cofactors

Mg2+ (required for enzymes which involve ATP)

Cofactors

_______ often function to illicit conformation change in the enzyme

Cofactors

_________ are often classified as inorganic substances that are required for, or increase the rate of, catalysis.

Cofactors

_________ can be subdivided into either one or more inorganic ions, or a complex organic or metalloorganic molecule called a coenzyme

Cofactors

inorganic

Cofactors

metal ions

Cofactors

Coenzymes are not a subgroup of cofactors

F

________ include vitamins A, D, E, and K

Fat- soluble vitamins

a type of coenzyme that is tightly bound

Prosthetic groups

a type of cofactor that is tightly bound

Prosthetic groups

can be organic or inorganic

Prosthetic groups

when cofactors and coenzymes are tightly bound they care called

Prosthetic groups

Coenzymes and Cofactors are small and bind to the active site of the enzyme and participate in the catalysis of the reaction usually by carrying charge through ionization, protonation or deprotonation

T

When you think of coenzyme you usually are talking about shuttles aiding in catalysis and when think of cofactors you are usually talking about metal ions speeding up catalysis and eliciting conformational change

T

Many coenzymes, cofactors, and prosthetic groups are derived from _____.

Vitamins

Since they are ________ they can be easily excreted and must be regularly replenished

Water-soluble vitamins

__________ include the B complex and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Water-soluble vitamins

An inactive enzyme without its cofactor is called

apoenzyme

Coenzymes and Cofactors are small and bind to the active site of _______ and participate in the catalysis of the reaction usually by carrying charge through ionization, protonation or deprotonation.

enzymes

Active and complete enzyme containing its cofactor is called

holoenzyme

enzymes with tightly bound Metal ions; Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn.

metalic prosthetic groups

enzymes with tightly bound Pyridoxal phosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, biotin, lipoic acid, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

nonmetalic prosthetic groups


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