cog 7
according to your text, imagery enhances memory because
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsiliation
_____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
consolidation
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of consolidation
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
a failure in memory consolidation
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
although emily doesn't very often think about her first love, steve, she cant help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" plays on the radio
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair
experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories
recent and remote episodic
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested
which statement below is most clearly associated with levels of processing theory
deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing
which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep
distraction
how would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
elaborative is more effective than maintenance
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.
emotional
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...
encoded
acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
encoding
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy
engagement
the concept of reconsolidation is based on the ____ of retrieved memories
fragility
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
generation effect
research shows that ____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material
highlighting
within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion
highlighting
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
increased firing of the neurons
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.
know
the concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following
location
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
the story in the test about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory
organization
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.
organizational context
the maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
relaxed
retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _____ memories
remote
elaborative rehearsal of a word will least likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over
_____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory
retrieval
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.
retrieval cues
what is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation
scale
which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory
serena's keys were stolen from her purse. she cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days
the principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
specificity
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?
survival
______ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place of a fairly long time scale
systems
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?
testing
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
the self-reference effect
transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
which of the following learning techniques is least likely to lead to deep processing of the information
thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.
transfer-appropriate
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing
recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed