Cog Neuro 1

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As sodium rushes into the cell, depolarization occurs. If this depolarization reaches _______, the cell will fire an action potential

-55mV

What is the approximate resting potential of a neuron?

-70mV

FMRI measures the _________ signal.

BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent)

Inferior

Bottom

The neuroanatomist who described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was...

Brodmann

Which ion allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the synapse?

Ca

Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communications by

Causing deterioration of the fatty substances that normally coat and insulate the axons

Image (black and white with green and blue strings)

DTI

Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. _________________ receive inputs from other neurons, while ________________ send information to other neurons

Dendrites, axons

Which of the following methods has the best temporal resolution?

EEG

Which is more likely to cause an action potential?

EPSP

EEGs measure ____________.

Event related potentials.

___________ receptors are also called direct receptors.

Ionotropic

This system in the brain has the following components: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and anterior cingulate.

Limbic system

Image (all black and white)

MRI

Which of the following does not measure brain funcitoning

MRI

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves manipulating the orientation of hydrogen atoms?

MRI

______________ receptors tend to have longer lasting effects

Metabotropic

Lateral

More to the side

What ion causes depolarization if it enters the cell?

Na+

Contralateral

Opposite side, top and bottom

Colorful imaging (red, blue, green)

PET

Which neuroimaging technique involves injecting an radioactive isotope of oxygen into the bloodstream and using it to measure regional cerebral blood flow?

PET

Which of the following measures brain function?

PET fMRI EEG

____________ coils are responsible for perturbing hydrogen atoms in an MRI to create an image.

Receiver

The absolute refractory period for an action potential starts when:

Sodium channels open

The technique known as ________ can be used to induce virtual lesions in humans.

TMS

Which of the following pose a problem for the use of the lesion method in neuropsychological research?

The lesion method makes it possible to identify the brain regions that are critical for a specific function, but does not allow us to identify all brain regions that participate to some extent in that function There is a lot of variability in the extent and origin of lesions in human patients There is a lot of variability in the characteristics of human patients who suffer from the same brain disorder

Superior/Dorsal

Top

There are micro- and macrocircuitry differences between the left and right hemispheres.

True

EEG

__________ is a non-invasive method that entails wearing an electrode cap to measure brain function.

Peter sets up a neurological study in which he wants to investigate three pre-defined groups of patients. Each group of patients is already diagnosed with the same neurological syndrome. Peter not only examines the average score for each group of patients, but also the scores for each individual patient. Peter's study is an example of...

a multiple-case study approach

When a neuron achieves depolarization (and fires an action potential), it immediately enters into this phase, characterized by intracellular voltage of -55mV to +40mV.

absolute refractory period

A(n) _________ potential causes the cell to fire.

action

The ______________ is the primary source of communication between neurons.

action potential

EEG is very useful for measuring states of...

alertness and sleepiness

Interneurons

associate information within the central nervous system.

How can neurotransmitters be "cleaned up" from the synapse?

autoreceptors reuptake diffusion

This part of the neuron is typically covered in myelin and is responsible for carrying information.

axon

An action potential is generated at the

axon hillock

Which system/network is heavily involved in motor control?

basal ganglia

If Region 1 and Region 2 perform similar functions, that function may be described as being (same area, different sides)

bilateral

Sensory neurons

bring information to the central nervous system.

Which of the following are theories of hemispheric specialization?

callosal relay theory direct access theory activating-orienting model

The basal ganglia is comprised of these three structures.

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Which tract of nerve fibers connects the two hemispheres?

corpus callosum

This part of the neuron receives input from other cells.

dendrites

A researcher is interested in hemispheric specialization. With a participant's eyes covered, they place an object in the participant's left hand, record data, and then they place it in the participant's right hand. This researcher may be using a ___________ technique to study hemispheric specialization.

dichaptic

Which technique is used to assess hemispheric contributions to audition?

dichotic presentations

Some neuropsychological disorders result from damage to the fibers that connect brain regions critical for a function. What is the appropriate term for such disorders?

disconnection syndrome

Brain scans indicate that Patient 1 has a lesion in brain region A. Since the existence of this lesion, Patient 1 has been unable to correctly perform a cognitive function "X", but can perform function "Y". Patient 2, on the other hand, who has sustained damage to a brain region B, is unable to perform cognitive function "Y", but can perform function "X". This is an example of

double dissociation

Within a neuron, the transmission of information is usually _______________. Between neurons, the transmission of information is usually ____________

electrical, chemical

Image (Back and white, a little blue and red)

fMRI

Which of the following methods measure the BOLD signal?

fMRI

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for executive functions, cognition, and personality?

frontal

A neuron's shape reflects its

function

These cells are important for maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

glia

What is the primary, most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

glutamate

The __________ field provides spatial information for a MRI image

gradient

When looking at the surface of the brain, you will notice "bumps" and "grooves". The bumps are called

gyrus

Of the parts of the body listed below, which has the most motor and somatosensory cortex devoted to it?

hands

Sometimes, a whole hemisphere of the brain is removed. This is called

hemispherectomy

This part of the brain is responsible for regulating hormones and maintaining homeostasis.

hypothalamus

Scientists using the lesion method assume that

if damage to a certain region results in an inability to perform a specific function, then that cognitive function must depend on that particular brain region

Which of the following is not a theory of hemispheric specialization?

indirect engagement theory

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)...

is performed with an MRI scanner but measures the density and motion of water contained in axons.

Which of these is a critical feature of an action potential?

it is self-propagating its strength does not dissipate with distance it is all or nothing

Anterior

left side/front

The identification of Broca's area was a direct result of this methodology.

lesion case study

Left-handed individuals tend to be _______ lateralized than right-handed individuals.

less

If you had a spinal cord injury to the sacral part of your spine, what area(s) of the body would likely be affected?

lower extremities

MRI stands for

magnetic resonance imaging

The idea that all parts of the brain contribute to all functions is know as the principle of...

mass action

Which of the following mental functions relies mainly on the right hemisphere?

mental rotation face recognition memory for faces

Using different research methods to tackle the same question, in hopes of finding consistent results, is called...

method of converging operations

Prior to neurosurgery, most patients undergo a series of tests to examine their cognitive and sensory abilities. These tests are collectively referred to as a...

neuropsychological test battery

A _____________ is a molecule that is released from the presynaptic neuron and received by the postsynaptic neuron

neurotransmitter

Which of the following is part of the dopaminergic system?

nigrostriatal mesolimbic mesocortical

This lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for sensory integration and spatial processing.

parietal

Which of the following populations of research participants is very important for neuropsychological research?

patients with delineated brain damage monkeys neurologically intact individuals

What does PET stand for?

positron emission tomography

The cerebellum does all of the following

provides timing cues, guides motor activity, regulates muscle tone

Following the absolute refractory period, the cell enters into the _________ period.

relative refractory

-70mV is a value reflecting a typical neuron's ___________ potential.

resting

posterior

right side/back

Motor neuron

send information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles

The ventral root of the spinal cord is primarily responsible for:

sending and receiving information

The cerebellum does all of the following except:

senses feelings

This neurotransmitter system is brainstem based and controls most of our mood, arousal, sexual behavior, pain, memory, and regulatory processes such as eating and sleeping.

serotonin

Researchers make use of a technique in which an electrode is inserted into a single neuron to measure the neuron's rate of firing in response to a stimulus. This technique is called:

single-cell recording

When looking at the surface of the brain, you will notice "bumps" and "grooves". The grooves are called

sulcus

Glia

support cells, outnumber neurons by at least 10 to 1.

If an imaging technique is collects information in near real time (milliseconds), it is said to have high ________ resolution.

temporal

This lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing auditory information as well as memory and emotions

temporal

The resting potential of the neuron exists because of...

the Na/K pump

Which theory explains perceptual asymmetries by suggesting that the transfer of information to the specialized hemisphere degrades that information and increases the time to respond?

the callosal relay model

The strength of a stimulus is conveyed by

the rate of neuronal firing

The auditory cortex has a _________ organization

tonotopic

TMS stands for....

transcranial magnetic stimulation

DTI can be used to visualize

white matter tracts in the brain.


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