Cog Neuro 1
As sodium rushes into the cell, depolarization occurs. If this depolarization reaches _______, the cell will fire an action potential
-55mV
What is the approximate resting potential of a neuron?
-70mV
FMRI measures the _________ signal.
BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent)
Inferior
Bottom
The neuroanatomist who described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was...
Brodmann
Which ion allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the synapse?
Ca
Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupt normal neural communications by
Causing deterioration of the fatty substances that normally coat and insulate the axons
Image (black and white with green and blue strings)
DTI
Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. _________________ receive inputs from other neurons, while ________________ send information to other neurons
Dendrites, axons
Which of the following methods has the best temporal resolution?
EEG
Which is more likely to cause an action potential?
EPSP
EEGs measure ____________.
Event related potentials.
___________ receptors are also called direct receptors.
Ionotropic
This system in the brain has the following components: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and anterior cingulate.
Limbic system
Image (all black and white)
MRI
Which of the following does not measure brain funcitoning
MRI
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves manipulating the orientation of hydrogen atoms?
MRI
______________ receptors tend to have longer lasting effects
Metabotropic
Lateral
More to the side
What ion causes depolarization if it enters the cell?
Na+
Contralateral
Opposite side, top and bottom
Colorful imaging (red, blue, green)
PET
Which neuroimaging technique involves injecting an radioactive isotope of oxygen into the bloodstream and using it to measure regional cerebral blood flow?
PET
Which of the following measures brain function?
PET fMRI EEG
____________ coils are responsible for perturbing hydrogen atoms in an MRI to create an image.
Receiver
The absolute refractory period for an action potential starts when:
Sodium channels open
The technique known as ________ can be used to induce virtual lesions in humans.
TMS
Which of the following pose a problem for the use of the lesion method in neuropsychological research?
The lesion method makes it possible to identify the brain regions that are critical for a specific function, but does not allow us to identify all brain regions that participate to some extent in that function There is a lot of variability in the extent and origin of lesions in human patients There is a lot of variability in the characteristics of human patients who suffer from the same brain disorder
Superior/Dorsal
Top
There are micro- and macrocircuitry differences between the left and right hemispheres.
True
EEG
__________ is a non-invasive method that entails wearing an electrode cap to measure brain function.
Peter sets up a neurological study in which he wants to investigate three pre-defined groups of patients. Each group of patients is already diagnosed with the same neurological syndrome. Peter not only examines the average score for each group of patients, but also the scores for each individual patient. Peter's study is an example of...
a multiple-case study approach
When a neuron achieves depolarization (and fires an action potential), it immediately enters into this phase, characterized by intracellular voltage of -55mV to +40mV.
absolute refractory period
A(n) _________ potential causes the cell to fire.
action
The ______________ is the primary source of communication between neurons.
action potential
EEG is very useful for measuring states of...
alertness and sleepiness
Interneurons
associate information within the central nervous system.
How can neurotransmitters be "cleaned up" from the synapse?
autoreceptors reuptake diffusion
This part of the neuron is typically covered in myelin and is responsible for carrying information.
axon
An action potential is generated at the
axon hillock
Which system/network is heavily involved in motor control?
basal ganglia
If Region 1 and Region 2 perform similar functions, that function may be described as being (same area, different sides)
bilateral
Sensory neurons
bring information to the central nervous system.
Which of the following are theories of hemispheric specialization?
callosal relay theory direct access theory activating-orienting model
The basal ganglia is comprised of these three structures.
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
Which tract of nerve fibers connects the two hemispheres?
corpus callosum
This part of the neuron receives input from other cells.
dendrites
A researcher is interested in hemispheric specialization. With a participant's eyes covered, they place an object in the participant's left hand, record data, and then they place it in the participant's right hand. This researcher may be using a ___________ technique to study hemispheric specialization.
dichaptic
Which technique is used to assess hemispheric contributions to audition?
dichotic presentations
Some neuropsychological disorders result from damage to the fibers that connect brain regions critical for a function. What is the appropriate term for such disorders?
disconnection syndrome
Brain scans indicate that Patient 1 has a lesion in brain region A. Since the existence of this lesion, Patient 1 has been unable to correctly perform a cognitive function "X", but can perform function "Y". Patient 2, on the other hand, who has sustained damage to a brain region B, is unable to perform cognitive function "Y", but can perform function "X". This is an example of
double dissociation
Within a neuron, the transmission of information is usually _______________. Between neurons, the transmission of information is usually ____________
electrical, chemical
Image (Back and white, a little blue and red)
fMRI
Which of the following methods measure the BOLD signal?
fMRI
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for executive functions, cognition, and personality?
frontal
A neuron's shape reflects its
function
These cells are important for maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
glia
What is the primary, most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
glutamate
The __________ field provides spatial information for a MRI image
gradient
When looking at the surface of the brain, you will notice "bumps" and "grooves". The bumps are called
gyrus
Of the parts of the body listed below, which has the most motor and somatosensory cortex devoted to it?
hands
Sometimes, a whole hemisphere of the brain is removed. This is called
hemispherectomy
This part of the brain is responsible for regulating hormones and maintaining homeostasis.
hypothalamus
Scientists using the lesion method assume that
if damage to a certain region results in an inability to perform a specific function, then that cognitive function must depend on that particular brain region
Which of the following is not a theory of hemispheric specialization?
indirect engagement theory
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)...
is performed with an MRI scanner but measures the density and motion of water contained in axons.
Which of these is a critical feature of an action potential?
it is self-propagating its strength does not dissipate with distance it is all or nothing
Anterior
left side/front
The identification of Broca's area was a direct result of this methodology.
lesion case study
Left-handed individuals tend to be _______ lateralized than right-handed individuals.
less
If you had a spinal cord injury to the sacral part of your spine, what area(s) of the body would likely be affected?
lower extremities
MRI stands for
magnetic resonance imaging
The idea that all parts of the brain contribute to all functions is know as the principle of...
mass action
Which of the following mental functions relies mainly on the right hemisphere?
mental rotation face recognition memory for faces
Using different research methods to tackle the same question, in hopes of finding consistent results, is called...
method of converging operations
Prior to neurosurgery, most patients undergo a series of tests to examine their cognitive and sensory abilities. These tests are collectively referred to as a...
neuropsychological test battery
A _____________ is a molecule that is released from the presynaptic neuron and received by the postsynaptic neuron
neurotransmitter
Which of the following is part of the dopaminergic system?
nigrostriatal mesolimbic mesocortical
This lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for sensory integration and spatial processing.
parietal
Which of the following populations of research participants is very important for neuropsychological research?
patients with delineated brain damage monkeys neurologically intact individuals
What does PET stand for?
positron emission tomography
The cerebellum does all of the following
provides timing cues, guides motor activity, regulates muscle tone
Following the absolute refractory period, the cell enters into the _________ period.
relative refractory
-70mV is a value reflecting a typical neuron's ___________ potential.
resting
posterior
right side/back
Motor neuron
send information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles
The ventral root of the spinal cord is primarily responsible for:
sending and receiving information
The cerebellum does all of the following except:
senses feelings
This neurotransmitter system is brainstem based and controls most of our mood, arousal, sexual behavior, pain, memory, and regulatory processes such as eating and sleeping.
serotonin
Researchers make use of a technique in which an electrode is inserted into a single neuron to measure the neuron's rate of firing in response to a stimulus. This technique is called:
single-cell recording
When looking at the surface of the brain, you will notice "bumps" and "grooves". The grooves are called
sulcus
Glia
support cells, outnumber neurons by at least 10 to 1.
If an imaging technique is collects information in near real time (milliseconds), it is said to have high ________ resolution.
temporal
This lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing auditory information as well as memory and emotions
temporal
The resting potential of the neuron exists because of...
the Na/K pump
Which theory explains perceptual asymmetries by suggesting that the transfer of information to the specialized hemisphere degrades that information and increases the time to respond?
the callosal relay model
The strength of a stimulus is conveyed by
the rate of neuronal firing
The auditory cortex has a _________ organization
tonotopic
TMS stands for....
transcranial magnetic stimulation
DTI can be used to visualize
white matter tracts in the brain.
