Biol 2301 midterm review
fat is stored with in the
...
which digit is the radius closest to
1
Humans normally have ________ pairs of ribs.
12
The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae.
12
Each hand has ________ phalangeal bones.
14
how many bones form the face
14
how many phalanges are located in the hand
14
At which point during embryonic development can most of the bones of the adult skeleton be identified?
16 weeks
which structure is termed an osteon
2
the adult skeleton contains________ major bones
206
The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these event
4, 2, 1, 3
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5
The sacrum is a single bone consisting of the fused components of ________ sacral vertebrae.
5
The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae.
5
Where is the spinal cord located?
5
Which structure is the acromion?
5
which structure is characteristic of a spongy bone
5
Which structure contacts the intervertebral disc?
6
Normal human skeletons contain ________ cervical vertebrae.
7
The tarsus contains ________ bones.
7
How many carpals make up the wrist
8
the carpus contains _________ bones
8
how many bones make up the axial skeleton?
80
There are ________ carpal bones located in the wrist, which form ________ rows of bones in the wrist.
8; 2
Identify the best description of the mandibular condyle.
A projection on the mandible
dentify the best description of the mandibular fossa
A shallow depression
Identify the region of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.
Acromion process
A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that?
All levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.
Which is the last phase of endochondral ossification?
An epiphyseal cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".
Atlas - axis
Once a pimple on Marcus' face begins to heal, what skin cells will divide rapidly to heal any damaged epithelial tissue in the epidermis?
Basal cells
________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.
Calcium phosphate
________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.
Carotene
________ are stronger than steel when stretched.
Collagen fibers
Identify the process on the scapula that does not articulate with another bone.
Coracoid process
________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.
Dendritic cells
Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region?
Elongated spinous process
Which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart?
Epithelial tissue
Ectopic bones may occur in which of the following conditions?
FOP
Identify the true statement about the head of the ulna.
Found at the distal end of the bone.
Which of the following landmarks found on the proximal end of the humerus?
Greater tubercle
What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?
Head
Where is the mandibular fossa located?
Inferior surface of the zygomatic process
All of the following are characteristics of periosteum except:
It is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.
Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?
Lacrimal bone
Which of the following landmarks is found on the distal end of the humerus?
Lateral epicondyle
Identify the region of the mandible that forms part of the temporomandibular joint.
Mandibular condyle
Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible.
Mandibular fossa
If the skin is able to repair itself so efficiently, why might incomplete healing and scarring result if Marcus irritates his pimples?
Marcus could permanently damage the dermis and accessory organs by irritating his pimples
Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs?
Marfan syndrome
which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology?
Measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure
________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.
Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".
Occipital bone - atlas
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
Occipital condyles
Identify the depression found on the posterior surface of the humerus.
Olecranon fossa
Identify the region of the ulna that articulates with the humerus when the forearm is in full extension.
Olecranon process
Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones.
Sagittal suture
Given that acne relates to "oils" on Marcus' skin, what accessory skin part do you think is most directly related to acne?
Sebaceous glands
Identify the projection found on distal end of the ulna.
Styloid process
The microscopic level of relationship between form and function is exemplified by which of the following?
The binding of chemical messengers to receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function
The process of labor is an example of a positive feedback loop, because
The body amplifies the change in conditions
The cartilage the doctor is referring to will disappear when
The osteoblasts work faster than cartilage producing cells
How are the skeletal system and muscular system related or similar in function?
They both function in support within the human body.
While playing softball, Gina is struck in the superior medial portion of her left zygomatic bone by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?
a black eye
The effects of aging on the skin include
a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands
The primary spinal curves
accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic organs.
The ability of an organism to change behaviors, abilities, or structures to survive is called
adaptability.
Cells that store fat are called
adipocytes
Cells that store fat are called
adipocytes.
which of these is one of the auditory ossicles a. malleus b. stapes c. incus d. All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following statements about the coccyx is true? Fusion is delayed until mid-20s. It articulates with the sacrum. It consists of 3-5 vertebrae. It is the most caudal vertebral region. All of the answers are correct.
all of the answers are correct
which of the following is a funciton of the skeletal system a. blood cell production b. calcium homeostasis c. protection of internal organs d. body support e. all of the answers are correct
all of the answers are correct
a person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the __________position
anatomical
The branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts is called
anatomy
anatomically, the forearm is known as which of the following
antebrachium
an anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is
anterior
While visiting your friend who recently gave birth, she comments on her infant's soft spot. You think to yourself that the correct term for the "soft spot" located at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures is the
anterior fontanel
Which region of the skeleton contains the humerus?
appendicular
Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except
areolar connective tissue
The first cervical vertebra is better known as the ________.
atlas
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
The four spinal curves include all but which of the following?
axial
The second cervical vertebra is usually called the ________.
axis
the odontoid process is found on the
axis
what is the name of the sencond cervical vertebra?
axis
Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum
basale
____________ is the study of life
biology
Based on the description of the organs' relative locations, which organ would the surgeons see first if looking into the incision?
bladder
Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.
body
Osseous tissue is also called
bone
the integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the?
brain
The Achilles tendon attaches to which anatomical structure?
calcaneus
Which of the following is the heel bone?
calcaneus
C cells of the thyroid gland secrete which of the following?
calcitionin
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
calcitonin
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
calcitriol
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?
calcitriol
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
calcium
bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of
calcium
Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.
cardiac muscle
The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are
carotene and melanin.
Identify the bones that make up the wrist.
carpals
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)
cartilage model.
Several hours after an injury to the skin and a scab has formed, cells from which integumentary layer undergo rapid divisions and begin to migrate along the edge of the wound?
cells of the stratum basale of the epidermis
What is the smallest living level of organization
cellular level
Earwax is produced by ________ glands.
ceruminous
Identify the secondary spinal curves.
cervical and lumbar
Rickets develop in growing children who are not exposed to sunlight and have a deficiency of ______.
cholecalciferol
In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?
circumferential lamellae
Which of these constitutes the pectoral girdle?
clavicles and scapulae
________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin.
closed
Patterns established by these fibers determine the lines of cleavage.
collagen and elastic fibers
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
collagen, reticular, and elastic
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
collagen, reticular, and elastic.
A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture.
colles
A(n) ________ fracture shatters the bone.
comminuted
an open or _________, fracture projects through the skin
compound
Which type of fracture occurs in vertebrae that are subjected to extreme stresses?
compression fracture
As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the
condylar process of the mandible.
The three types of connective tissue include
connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective
The three types of connective tissue include
connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.
Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except
contraction.
Identify the structure labeled "1."
coracoid process
What process is the insertion site for the temporalis muscle?
coronoid process
The two components of the integumentary system are the
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.
d
which scenarios exemplifies the relationship between form and function? a. the "thinning" of bone, which occurs as one ages, may lead to an increased risk of bone fracture b. weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart. c. abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduced ablility to carry oxygen. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
which of the following is not a characteristic of life?
decomposition
The surface feature present along the lateral border of the shaft of the humerus is the
deltoid tuberosity
the shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
In which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth
digestion
Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s).
digestive
Where in the skeleton is the ulna located in reference to the humerus?
distal
the ankle is ___________to the knee
distal
while standing erect, the direction of caudal is
downward
a cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed an
effector
the protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is
elastin
What type of bone growth is the doctor most likely looking for in the example above?
endochondral ossification
Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the _________ system
endocrine
The lining of the medullary cavity is called the
endosteum.
The terms "thick" and "thin" refer to the relative thickness of which of the following?
epidermis
The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the
epidermis.
What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
epiphyseal cartilages
The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone?
epiphysis
Glandular secretions are produced by which tissue type?
epithelial
Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type?
epithelial
Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?
ethmoid
Assume that Ben did indeed break a bone in the area of his "cheekbone and extending back toward his ear." Which of the following is not a bone in the general area described?
ethmoid bone
Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?
ethmoid bone
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
false
the lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton
false
The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the
femur
the longest bone of the lower limb is the
femur
The extracellular matrix of connective tissues consists of which of the following?
fibers arid ground substance
Which tissue type, found within the knee joint and between the pubic bones of the pelvis, resists compression and limits relative movement?
fibrocartilage
The lateral malleolus is found on the
fibula
A rib is an example of a ________ bone.
flat
________ are non-ossified fibrous attachments between cranial bones.
fontanelles
a rounded hole through a bone is termed a
foramen
a shallow depression on a bone is termed a
fossa
Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a
fracture
Which of the following bones is unpaired?
frontal
Which of these is not one of the bones of the face?
frontal
The cranium (or braincase) is formed by the ________ bones.
frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in
giantism
the four major tissue types include each of the following except _________ tissue.
gladular
The scapula articulates with the humerus at its ________ cavity.
glenoid
identify the socket of the shoulder joint
glenoid cavity
These hormones, which can be released during times of stress, loosen the connections between keratinocytes.
glucocorticoids
which of the following regions corresponds to the buttocks?
gluteal
Which of the following features is located near the proximal end of the humerus?
greater tubercle
In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.
greenstick
identify the region of the radius that articulates with the ulna
head
While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?
hematoma
Tom stumbles and injures his hallux. What part of his anatomy is injured?
his foot
The study of tissues is called
histology.
The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed?
homeostasis
What bone articulates on the structure labeled "2"?
humerus
the sacrum articulates with the
ilium
Each coxal bone consists of which three fused bones?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
Elastic cartilage is found
in the ear.
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?)
increase osteoblasts on bone
the chin is_____________ to the nose
inferior
Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
inferior articular processes
Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.
interstitial fluid; ductless; ducts
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?
intervertebral discs
the structure that bears the bodys weight when one is seated is which of the following
ischial tuberosity
The shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium is called the
jugular notch
The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are
keratinocytes.
the common name for the patellar region is the
kneecap
identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit
lacrimal
Where is the radius located in reference to the ulna?
lateral
Which term refers to moving away from the body's midline?"
lateral
Powerful hip muscles attach posteriorly to the femur along the
linea aspera.
the humerus is an example of a(n) _______ bone
long
what type of bones are the phalanges
long
Which organ system functions in defense against infection and diseases?
lyphathic
Based on the description of Ben's injuries, what bone of the "jaw" do you think Ben might have fractured?
mandible
You witness your friend Greg in a fist-fight. He is hit in the jaw and when you look at him, his face appears misaligned. You drive him to the emergency department and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken
mandible
The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the
manubrium.
Immediately after an initial injury to the skin, bleeding and ______ occur.
mast cell activation
The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the
mastoid process.
which of the following best matches osteocyte?
mature bone cell
Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw?
maxillary
which of the following facial bones contain a sinus
maxillary
In the anatomical position, the ulna is located ________ to the radius.
medial
the heart is__________ to the lungs
medial
Which region of the scapula does not articulate with another bone?
medial border
The most populous sweat glands are of which glandular type?
merocrine
Identify the bones that make up the palm of the hand
metacarpals
The bones that form the palm are the
metacarpals
In what area of a long bone would it probably be easiest to observe the cartilage the orthopedic doctor refers to?
metaphysis
Epithelial cells lining the internal passageways of the digestive tract usually have ________ at their free surface.
microvilli
Lumbar vertebrae are ______ massive and _________mobile
most, least
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.
muscle
the superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for
muscles that close the mouth
Each of the following bones is a component of the orbital complex except the ________ bone.
nasal
Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?
nasal
which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?
nasal
if a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ____________ feedback system.
negative
which organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli
nervous system
Tissue that is specialized for the condition of electrical impulses is ________ tissue
neural
Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.
neural
All of the following are familiar indicators of inflammation except:
numbness
The foramen magnum is found in the ________ bone.
occipital
terms of anatomical direction are used to describe
one body part in relation to another
Which of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?
osseous
Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called
osteoblasts.
The process of osteolysis is performed by which cell population?
osteoclasts
Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells.
osteogenic
the structural units of mature compact bone are called
osteons
the basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following except?
oval
cyanosis signifies that a patient has
oxygen-starved skin
During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is least likely in the region of the injury?
pale, cold skin
Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system?
pectoral girdle
which of the following terms refers to the foot
pedal
the serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the
peritoneum
the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the
peritoneum
The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the
peritoneum.
The bones that form the fingers are the
phalanges.
The branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions is called
physiology
The bumpy bone on the medial side of your wrist is actually the ________ bone.
pisiform
what type of joint is formed between the radius and ulna?
pivot
if a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a __________ feedback system
positive
Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called:
pott factures
a person lying face down is in the _________ position
prone
Which of the following is a forearm bone?
radius
Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.
receptor; control center (integrating center); effector
The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.
reticular
The floating ribs are
ribs 11-12 and also called vertebral ribs.
The right pleural cavity contains the
right lung
The scapula is the site of origin of a group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Identify this muscle group.
rotator cuff
which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
sacral
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
sacrum
which plane divides the body into right and left parts?
sagital
The suture that forms the articulation of the two parietal bones is the ________ suture.
sagittal
Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?
scaphoid and lunate
The three sides of this bone form a broad triangle.
scapula
Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands.
sebaceous
Which membrane, lining the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity, is extremely thin and delicate and is never directly connected to the exterior?
serous membrane
Which class of bones develops inside tendons and is most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet?
sesamoid bones
The vertebra prominens is another name for the ________ vertebra.
seventh clavical
The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones
short
The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.
short
The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.
simple squamous
Which of the following tissue types lines the heart and blood vessels?
simple squamous epithelium
a chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a
sinus
which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation
skeletal
What other organ are the surgeons likely to find in the hypogastric region?
small intestine
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
smooth
A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the
sphenoid
Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?
sphenoid
Which of the following landmarks is found on the posterior surface of the scapula?
spine
Identify the structure labeled "1."
spinous process
Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane
spinous process
The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.
spongy
Which suture forms the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side?
squamous suture
Which bone(s) include(s) a manubrium?
sternum
Which is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial, in thick skin?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the
stratum basale.
Anatomy is to __________ as physiology is to ___________
structure, function
The ________ of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint.
styloid process
Which of the following regions of the radius help form the wrist joint?
styloid process
Identify the type of movement enabled by the articulation between the radius and ulna at the elbow.
supination
a person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. SHe is in the _________ position
supine
Functions of epithelia include all of the following except
supporting muscle cells.
What supplies the articular cartilage of long bones with oxygen and nutrients?
sybovial fluid
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except
synthesis of vitamin C.
the distal end of the tibia articulates with the
talus
the external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?
temporal
The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the
temporal bone
Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?
tendons
All of the following are true of the dermis, except __________.
the hypodermis is part of the dermis
Which of the following skull structures encloses the structures of the inner ear?
the petrous part of the temporal bone
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
thoracic
The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the
thoracic and abdominopelvic
the muscle known as the diaphragm separates the _____ from the _________
thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
the common name for the pollex is the
thumb
Your ________ is your shinbone.
tibia
the matrix in spongy bone forms struts and arches called
trabeculae
A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture
transverse
identify a lateral projection of a vertebra
transverse process
Which of the following is not a surface feature of the pelvis?
trochanter
which surface feature is a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley?
trochlea
Identify the primary region of the ulna that forms the hinge joint with the humerus.
trochlear notch
Identify the region of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.
tronchlea
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
true
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
true
elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system
urinary
All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it is
vascularized
which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?
vertebra
The part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the
vertebral body.
Ribs 8 to 10 are called ________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum.
vertebrochondral ribs
Tina falls and fractures her pisiform bone. What part of her body was injured?
wrist
the common term for the carpal region is the
wrist
The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones except the
zygomatic bones
what is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as " cheekbones"?
zygomatic bones
which of the following bone surface markings could indicate the location of the broken cheekbone
zygomatic process on the temporal bone
