Biol 2301 midterm review

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fat is stored with in the

...

which digit is the radius closest to

1

Humans normally have ________ pairs of ribs.

12

The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae.

12

Each hand has ________ phalangeal bones.

14

how many bones form the face

14

how many phalanges are located in the hand

14

At which point during embryonic development can most of the bones of the adult skeleton be identified?

16 weeks

which structure is termed an osteon

2

the adult skeleton contains________ major bones

206

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these event

4, 2, 1, 3

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

5

The sacrum is a single bone consisting of the fused components of ________ sacral vertebrae.

5

The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae.

5

Where is the spinal cord located?

5

Which structure is the acromion?

5

which structure is characteristic of a spongy bone

5

Which structure contacts the intervertebral disc?

6

Normal human skeletons contain ________ cervical vertebrae.

7

The tarsus contains ________ bones.

7

How many carpals make up the wrist

8

the carpus contains _________ bones

8

how many bones make up the axial skeleton?

80

There are ________ carpal bones located in the wrist, which form ________ rows of bones in the wrist.

8; 2

Identify the best description of the mandibular condyle.

A projection on the mandible

dentify the best description of the mandibular fossa

A shallow depression

Identify the region of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.

Acromion process

A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that?

All levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

Which is the last phase of endochondral ossification?

An epiphyseal cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".

Atlas - axis

Once a pimple on Marcus' face begins to heal, what skin cells will divide rapidly to heal any damaged epithelial tissue in the epidermis?

Basal cells

________ accounts for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone.

Calcium phosphate

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.

Carotene

________ are stronger than steel when stretched.

Collagen fibers

Identify the process on the scapula that does not articulate with another bone.

Coracoid process

________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

Dendritic cells

Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region?

Elongated spinous process

Which tissue type lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart?

Epithelial tissue

Ectopic bones may occur in which of the following conditions?

FOP

Identify the true statement about the head of the ulna.

Found at the distal end of the bone.

Which of the following landmarks found on the proximal end of the humerus?

Greater tubercle

What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?

Head

Where is the mandibular fossa located?

Inferior surface of the zygomatic process

All of the following are characteristics of periosteum except:

It is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity.

Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?

Lacrimal bone

Which of the following landmarks is found on the distal end of the humerus?

Lateral epicondyle

Identify the region of the mandible that forms part of the temporomandibular joint.

Mandibular condyle

Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible.

Mandibular fossa

If the skin is able to repair itself so efficiently, why might incomplete healing and scarring result if Marcus irritates his pimples?

Marcus could permanently damage the dermis and accessory organs by irritating his pimples

Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs?

Marfan syndrome

which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology?

Measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".

Occipital bone - atlas

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.

Occipital condyles

Identify the depression found on the posterior surface of the humerus.

Olecranon fossa

Identify the region of the ulna that articulates with the humerus when the forearm is in full extension.

Olecranon process

Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones.

Sagittal suture

Given that acne relates to "oils" on Marcus' skin, what accessory skin part do you think is most directly related to acne?

Sebaceous glands

Identify the projection found on distal end of the ulna.

Styloid process

The microscopic level of relationship between form and function is exemplified by which of the following?

The binding of chemical messengers to receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function

The process of labor is an example of a positive feedback loop, because

The body amplifies the change in conditions

The cartilage the doctor is referring to will disappear when

The osteoblasts work faster than cartilage producing cells

How are the skeletal system and muscular system related or similar in function?

They both function in support within the human body.

While playing softball, Gina is struck in the superior medial portion of her left zygomatic bone by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have?

a black eye

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands

The primary spinal curves

accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic organs.

The ability of an organism to change behaviors, abilities, or structures to survive is called

adaptability.

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes.

which of these is one of the auditory ossicles a. malleus b. stapes c. incus d. All of the above

all of the above

Which of the following statements about the coccyx is true? Fusion is delayed until mid-20s. It articulates with the sacrum. It consists of 3-5 vertebrae. It is the most caudal vertebral region. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

which of the following is a funciton of the skeletal system a. blood cell production b. calcium homeostasis c. protection of internal organs d. body support e. all of the answers are correct

all of the answers are correct

a person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the __________position

anatomical

The branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts is called

anatomy

anatomically, the forearm is known as which of the following

antebrachium

an anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is

anterior

While visiting your friend who recently gave birth, she comments on her infant's soft spot. You think to yourself that the correct term for the "soft spot" located at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures is the

anterior fontanel

Which region of the skeleton contains the humerus?

appendicular

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

areolar connective tissue

The first cervical vertebra is better known as the ________.

atlas

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

atlas

The four spinal curves include all but which of the following?

axial

The second cervical vertebra is usually called the ________.

axis

the odontoid process is found on the

axis

what is the name of the sencond cervical vertebra?

axis

Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum

basale

____________ is the study of life

biology

Based on the description of the organs' relative locations, which organ would the surgeons see first if looking into the incision?

bladder

Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.

body

Osseous tissue is also called

bone

the integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the?

brain

The Achilles tendon attaches to which anatomical structure?

calcaneus

Which of the following is the heel bone?

calcaneus

C cells of the thyroid gland secrete which of the following?

calcitionin

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

calcitriol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium

Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue.

cardiac muscle

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

carotene and melanin.

Identify the bones that make up the wrist.

carpals

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

cartilage model.

Several hours after an injury to the skin and a scab has formed, cells from which integumentary layer undergo rapid divisions and begin to migrate along the edge of the wound?

cells of the stratum basale of the epidermis

What is the smallest living level of organization

cellular level

Earwax is produced by ________ glands.

ceruminous

Identify the secondary spinal curves.

cervical and lumbar

Rickets develop in growing children who are not exposed to sunlight and have a deficiency of ______.

cholecalciferol

In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?

circumferential lamellae

Which of these constitutes the pectoral girdle?

clavicles and scapulae

________ fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin.

closed

Patterns established by these fibers determine the lines of cleavage.

collagen and elastic fibers

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic.

A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture.

colles

A(n) ________ fracture shatters the bone.

comminuted

an open or _________, fracture projects through the skin

compound

Which type of fracture occurs in vertebrae that are subjected to extreme stresses?

compression fracture

As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the

condylar process of the mandible.

The three types of connective tissue include

connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective

The three types of connective tissue include

connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

contraction.

Identify the structure labeled "1."

coracoid process

What process is the insertion site for the temporalis muscle?

coronoid process

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures

Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.

d

which scenarios exemplifies the relationship between form and function? a. the "thinning" of bone, which occurs as one ages, may lead to an increased risk of bone fracture b. weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart. c. abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduced ablility to carry oxygen. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following is not a characteristic of life?

decomposition

The surface feature present along the lateral border of the shaft of the humerus is the

deltoid tuberosity

the shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

In which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth

digestion

Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s).

digestive

Where in the skeleton is the ulna located in reference to the humerus?

distal

the ankle is ___________to the knee

distal

while standing erect, the direction of caudal is

downward

a cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed an

effector

the protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is

elastin

What type of bone growth is the doctor most likely looking for in the example above?

endochondral ossification

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the _________ system

endocrine

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

endosteum.

The terms "thick" and "thin" refer to the relative thickness of which of the following?

epidermis

The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the

epidermis.

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

epiphyseal cartilages

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone covers portions of what part of the bone?

epiphysis

Glandular secretions are produced by which tissue type?

epithelial

Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type?

epithelial

Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?

ethmoid

Assume that Ben did indeed break a bone in the area of his "cheekbone and extending back toward his ear." Which of the following is not a bone in the general area described?

ethmoid bone

Jack gets into a fight and is punched in the nose. Which of the following bones might be fractured?

ethmoid bone

The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.

false

the lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton

false

The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the

femur

the longest bone of the lower limb is the

femur

The extracellular matrix of connective tissues consists of which of the following?

fibers arid ground substance

Which tissue type, found within the knee joint and between the pubic bones of the pelvis, resists compression and limits relative movement?

fibrocartilage

The lateral malleolus is found on the

fibula

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

flat

________ are non-ossified fibrous attachments between cranial bones.

fontanelles

a rounded hole through a bone is termed a

foramen

a shallow depression on a bone is termed a

fossa

Damage to a bone because of extreme load, sudden impact, or stresses applied from an unusual direction is called a

fracture

Which of the following bones is unpaired?

frontal

Which of these is not one of the bones of the face?

frontal

The cranium (or braincase) is formed by the ________ bones.

frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

giantism

the four major tissue types include each of the following except _________ tissue.

gladular

The scapula articulates with the humerus at its ________ cavity.

glenoid

identify the socket of the shoulder joint

glenoid cavity

These hormones, which can be released during times of stress, loosen the connections between keratinocytes.

glucocorticoids

which of the following regions corresponds to the buttocks?

gluteal

Which of the following features is located near the proximal end of the humerus?

greater tubercle

In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent.

greenstick

identify the region of the radius that articulates with the ulna

head

While on a school skiing trip in Colorado, Heidi falls and breaks her tibia and fibula in a Pott's fracture. What would you expect as a prominent part of her clinical assessment several hours after the fall?

hematoma

Tom stumbles and injures his hallux. What part of his anatomy is injured?

his foot

The study of tissues is called

histology.

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed?

homeostasis

What bone articulates on the structure labeled "2"?

humerus

the sacrum articulates with the

ilium

Each coxal bone consists of which three fused bones?

ilium, ischium, and pubis

Elastic cartilage is found

in the ear.

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?)

increase osteoblasts on bone

the chin is_____________ to the nose

inferior

Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.

inferior articular processes

Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.

interstitial fluid; ductless; ducts

Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?

intervertebral discs

the structure that bears the bodys weight when one is seated is which of the following

ischial tuberosity

The shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium is called the

jugular notch

The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are

keratinocytes.

the common name for the patellar region is the

kneecap

identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit

lacrimal

Where is the radius located in reference to the ulna?

lateral

Which term refers to moving away from the body's midline?"

lateral

Powerful hip muscles attach posteriorly to the femur along the

linea aspera.

the humerus is an example of a(n) _______ bone

long

what type of bones are the phalanges

long

Which organ system functions in defense against infection and diseases?

lyphathic

Based on the description of Ben's injuries, what bone of the "jaw" do you think Ben might have fractured?

mandible

You witness your friend Greg in a fist-fight. He is hit in the jaw and when you look at him, his face appears misaligned. You drive him to the emergency department and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken

mandible

The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the

manubrium.

Immediately after an initial injury to the skin, bleeding and ______ occur.

mast cell activation

The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the

mastoid process.

which of the following best matches osteocyte?

mature bone cell

Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw?

maxillary

which of the following facial bones contain a sinus

maxillary

In the anatomical position, the ulna is located ________ to the radius.

medial

the heart is__________ to the lungs

medial

Which region of the scapula does not articulate with another bone?

medial border

The most populous sweat glands are of which glandular type?

merocrine

Identify the bones that make up the palm of the hand

metacarpals

The bones that form the palm are the

metacarpals

In what area of a long bone would it probably be easiest to observe the cartilage the orthopedic doctor refers to?

metaphysis

Epithelial cells lining the internal passageways of the digestive tract usually have ________ at their free surface.

microvilli

Lumbar vertebrae are ______ massive and _________mobile

most, least

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle

the superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for

muscles that close the mouth

Each of the following bones is a component of the orbital complex except the ________ bone.

nasal

Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?

nasal

which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?

nasal

if a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ____________ feedback system.

negative

which organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli

nervous system

Tissue that is specialized for the condition of electrical impulses is ________ tissue

neural

Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.

neural

All of the following are familiar indicators of inflammation except:

numbness

The foramen magnum is found in the ________ bone.

occipital

terms of anatomical direction are used to describe

one body part in relation to another

Which of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

osseous

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

osteoblasts.

The process of osteolysis is performed by which cell population?

osteoclasts

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells.

osteogenic

the structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

the basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following except?

oval

cyanosis signifies that a patient has

oxygen-starved skin

During an inflammatory response to injury, which of the following is least likely in the region of the injury?

pale, cold skin

Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system?

pectoral girdle

which of the following terms refers to the foot

pedal

the serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the

peritoneum

the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

peritoneum.

The bones that form the fingers are the

phalanges.

The branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions is called

physiology

The bumpy bone on the medial side of your wrist is actually the ________ bone.

pisiform

what type of joint is formed between the radius and ulna?

pivot

if a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a __________ feedback system

positive

Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called:

pott factures

a person lying face down is in the _________ position

prone

Which of the following is a forearm bone?

radius

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

reticular

The floating ribs are

ribs 11-12 and also called vertebral ribs.

The right pleural cavity contains the

right lung

The scapula is the site of origin of a group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Identify this muscle group.

rotator cuff

which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?

sacral

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

sacrum

which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

sagital

The suture that forms the articulation of the two parietal bones is the ________ suture.

sagittal

Which carpal bones articulate with the radius?

scaphoid and lunate

The three sides of this bone form a broad triangle.

scapula

Glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are ________ glands.

sebaceous

Which membrane, lining the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity, is extremely thin and delicate and is never directly connected to the exterior?

serous membrane

Which class of bones develops inside tendons and is most commonly located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet?

sesamoid bones

The vertebra prominens is another name for the ________ vertebra.

seventh clavical

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones

short

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

short

The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ________ epithelium.

simple squamous

Which of the following tissue types lines the heart and blood vessels?

simple squamous epithelium

a chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a

sinus

which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation

skeletal

What other organ are the surgeons likely to find in the hypogastric region?

small intestine

The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.

smooth

A skull bone that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the

sphenoid

Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?

sphenoid

Which of the following landmarks is found on the posterior surface of the scapula?

spine

Identify the structure labeled "1."

spinous process

Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane

spinous process

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

spongy

Which suture forms the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side?

squamous suture

Which bone(s) include(s) a manubrium?

sternum

Which is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis, from deep to superficial, in thick skin?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the

stratum basale.

Anatomy is to __________ as physiology is to ___________

structure, function

The ________ of the radius helps stabilize the wrist joint.

styloid process

Which of the following regions of the radius help form the wrist joint?

styloid process

Identify the type of movement enabled by the articulation between the radius and ulna at the elbow.

supination

a person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. SHe is in the _________ position

supine

Functions of epithelia include all of the following except

supporting muscle cells.

What supplies the articular cartilage of long bones with oxygen and nutrients?

sybovial fluid

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

synthesis of vitamin C.

the distal end of the tibia articulates with the

talus

the external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?

temporal

The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the

temporal bone

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

tendons

All of the following are true of the dermis, except __________.

the hypodermis is part of the dermis

Which of the following skull structures encloses the structures of the inner ear?

the petrous part of the temporal bone

Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?

thoracic

The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the

thoracic and abdominopelvic

the muscle known as the diaphragm separates the _____ from the _________

thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

the common name for the pollex is the

thumb

Your ________ is your shinbone.

tibia

the matrix in spongy bone forms struts and arches called

trabeculae

A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture

transverse

identify a lateral projection of a vertebra

transverse process

Which of the following is not a surface feature of the pelvis?

trochanter

which surface feature is a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley?

trochlea

Identify the primary region of the ulna that forms the hinge joint with the humerus.

trochlear notch

Identify the region of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

tronchlea

The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.

true

The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.

true

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system

urinary

All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it is

vascularized

which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape?

vertebra

The part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the

vertebral body.

Ribs 8 to 10 are called ________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum.

vertebrochondral ribs

Tina falls and fractures her pisiform bone. What part of her body was injured?

wrist

the common term for the carpal region is the

wrist

The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones except the

zygomatic bones

what is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as " cheekbones"?

zygomatic bones

which of the following bone surface markings could indicate the location of the broken cheekbone

zygomatic process on the temporal bone


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