Philosophy-1301
In the Meditations, Descartes argue that if empiricism were correct, then
BOTH A & B ( We could not ever be certain that our senses were working correctly & we could not distinguish between dream and reality with certainty) (All of the above)
Epistemological theories of truth include
Both A & B ( coherence theory and pragmatism )
How is it, according to Hume, that humans are conditioned to believe that one thing causes another?
Both A & B ( Repetition & Proximity in time)
Socrates was a accused of
Both A and B ( corrupting the youth of Athens & denying the existence of the gods that the city believed in and introducing new " divine things."
According to Aristotle, most of the things we want are
Both ends ( in a limited way) and also means to another end
Identify the source of the following passage: " what shall we say of him? Surely this, that he was verily guilty of the death of those men. It is admitted that he did sincerely believe in the soundness of his ship' but the sincerity of his conviction can in no wise help him, because he had not right to believe on such evidence as was before him."
Clifford
All of the following statements are true except
Everything that exists is equally real according to Plato.
According to Bertrand Russell, philosophy itself is a science
FALSE
According to Plato's understanding of metaphysics, bodies are more real than immaterial truths ( like 1+1=2)
FALSE
According to Plato, if something cannot be sensed ( e.g. seen, heard, tasted, smelled, etc.), then it does not exist.
FALSE
Aristotle attended Plato's university, called the Lyceum.
FALSE
Christopher Phillips held his discussions only in academic settings, either universities or research think tanks.
FALSE
Clifford's theory of truth is an example of pragmatism
FALSE
Corrupting the youth was considered a minor crime in ancient Athens because it had no real effect on the city.
FALSE
David Hume was a seventeenth- century French philosopher and mathematician.
FALSE
Descartes argues that empiricism, not rationalism, is the most satisfactory account of certainty.
FALSE
Descartes himself believes that we cannot tell the difference between dream and reality with certainty.
FALSE
Empiricists tend to believe in the existence of innate idea
FALSE
In Taoism (Daoism), the yang is the principle of passivity and receptivity.
FALSE
In the Apology, Socrates asks Miletus whether he'd rather live with good citizens or AVERAGE ones and implies that moral relativist shouldn't care one way or the other.
FALSE
In the Western tradition, Aristotle became influential as a philosopher only in the late 19th century, when his works were rediscovered at Nag Hammadi.
FALSE
On Aristotle;s view, all of the animals possess reason.
FALSE
One can really know something and still be uncertain of it
FALSE
Plato denies that material objects exist at all
FALSE
Plato's mentor was an Athenian named Miletus
FALSE
Plato's metaphysics is not hierarchical.
FALSE
Russell argues that philosophy cannot help us get free of our " prejudices," our most basic assumptions about the world.
FALSE
Russell suggests the philosophy has very little to do with scientific understand, but much more to do with feelings and therapy.
FALSE
The allegory of the cave is an "allegory", meaning that it is mathematical proof, not a story.
FALSE
The buddha was a greek philosopher, but not an Athenian and therefore an outsider at Plato's/Aristotle's school.
FALSE
Unconcerned about right and wrong, ethics is the area of philosophy most removed from our everyday lives.
FALSE
According to Berkeley, if no human or finite mind perceives a particular table, that table necessarily will "poof" out of existence, i.e. will cease to exist.
False
According to Plato, the hierarchy has no upper limit, meaning that there is no "most real" thing.
False
According to Socrates's horse-trainer analogy, the vast majority of people know how to make a horse better ( i.e. more virtuous or excellent).
False
Clifford's theory of truth is an example of correspondence theory.
False
Hume claims that we sense causal relationships (I.e. X causing Y to occur) directly.
False
In the allegory, the cave represents the world of immaterial truths (i.e. the upper rungs of Plato's hierarchy).
False
Knowledge may or may not be of the truth (i.e. it's possible to know a falsehood).
False
One problem with coherence theory is that it doesn't seem we can evaluate how closely our beliefs correspond to reality.
False
Plato's metaphysics, unlike Laozi's, is not hierarchical.
False
According to correspondence theory, a belief is true if
It corresponds or " matches up" with the way the world really is
According to pragmatism, a belief is true if
It is useful, like a tool
According to coherence theory, a beliefs is true if
It is well-supported and coheres with the rest of one's beliefs without contradicting them
Identify the source of the following passage: "There are, then, cases where a fact cannot come at all unless a preliminary faith exists in it coming, and where faith in a fact can help create the fact..."
James
Hume believes that ___________, not reasons, is the origin of certainty
SENSATION
Out of the following options, pick the one that is the least real according to Plato's metaphysics.
Sensations
Identify the speaker ( i.e. the character who speaks) in the following passage: " then every Athenian improves and elevates them [ the youth], all with the exception of myself. I alone an their corrupter? is that what you say?"
Socrates
What was the name of the university that Plato founded?
THE ACADEMY
According to Aristotle, anytime you're doing some kind of activity for the sake of something else, as means to obtaining some end, you must believe that the end you're pursuing is better and more desirable than the means or methods you're using to get it.
TRUE
According to Bertrand Russell, all of the sciences in the West emerge historically from philosophy.
TRUE
According to correspondence theory, beliefs are like representation, images, or likenesses of the world
TRUE
According to the Buddha, the origin of suffering is "craving" ( i.e. [excessive] desire)
TRUE
Aristotle claims that if everything we wanted was a means to another end, then none of those things would have any real value. Aristotle claims that if everything we wanted was a means to another end, then our desires would be "vain" in the old sense of "empty" and we wouldn't finally desire anything.
TRUE
Beliefs may or may not be the truth (I.e. It's possible to believe a falsehood)
TRUE
Clifford argues that what you believe ( or the "substance" of your beliefs) is less important than how you come to what you believe, how you arrive there, how you justify those beliefs you have, whatever they are.
TRUE
Consider two humans Wendy and James: Aristotle claims that if Wendy performs her function better than James, then Wendy is better than James.
TRUE
During The Apology, Socrates guilty and sentenced him to drink hemlock.
TRUE
Ethics is the systematic study of the difference between right and wrong.
TRUE
For Christopher Phillips, philosophy is very much like a kind of group therapy.
TRUE
If I want X, I must believe that X is good and I mist believe that I lack X.
TRUE
Most probably, the first people to be called " philosophers" lived in ancient Greece in the around the Athens area.
TRUE
On Aristotle's view, in order to compare two things in respect to excellence- in order to evaluate them- you have to think about the kind of thing they are.
TRUE
On Plato's hierarchy, things higher in rank possess more coherence, orderliness, unity, than those things further down on the hierarchy.
TRUE
Plato's dialogue The Apology is a fictionalized account of Socrates;s defense at his trail.
TRUE
Socrates was tried and sentences to death by an Athenian jury for crimes against the city.
TRUE
The epistemological theory of pragmatism can be criticized on ethical grounds.
TRUE
The famous Pavlov's dogs experiment is an example of conditioning
TRUE
The following is a metaphysical question: Does the universe have a beginning or has it always existed?
TRUE
The yin and tang principles are complementary opposites.
TRUE
What does Aristotle call the function of a particular kind of thing?
Telos
Our English word "philosophy" derives from two ancient Greek words, "philos" and "sophia" - what does "sophia" mean?
WISDOM
If x is higher than y on Plato's hierarchy, then
X is more real than y and less chaotic than y
Pick the term that does not name a category into which a metaphysics might fall.
essentialism
Berkeley's metaphysics is an example of
none of the above
What does Aristotle think our function is as humans?
none of the above
Epistemology is the systematic study of the difference between
none of the above ( epistemology = believe vs opinion)
Russell suggests that when an area within philosophy becomes able to answer its own questions objectively and with certainty, that area becomes a _______, distinct from philosophy.
science
According to Daoist metaphysics, the optimal or best state of existence is when
the two principles are harmonized.
In the allegory, how many people escape from the cave?
1 person
What 2 crimes was Socrates accused of?
1. Corrupting the youth 2. Impiety
Empiricists claim that all certainty is
A posteriori
Which of the following religious traditions has Plato's metaphysics influence?
ALL OF THE ABOVE ( Christianity, Judaism, and Islam)
The ancient sophists
ALL OF THE ABOVE. ( Charged for their services, taught what we would now call "rhetoric," or the art of public speaking and writing, and helped students gain social authority and power, what the ancient Greeks called, "arete." )
Nicomachean Ethics was written by
Aristotle
Tabula Rasa literally means "________ slate"
BLANK
Socrates was smuggled out of jail to which Greek City.
NONE OF THE ABOVE ( Socrates was not smuggled out of jail)
Our English word "philosophy" derives from two ancient Greek words, " philos" and "sophia"- what does "philos" mean?
NONE OF THE ABOVE. "LOVE"
Identify the author ( i.e. the writer) of the following passage:"... i know their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was, such was their effect. Yet they hardly spoke a word of truth. But many as their falsehoods were, there was one of them which quite amazed me-- I mean when they told you to be on your guard and not let yourselves be deceived by the force of my eloquence."
PLATO
Rationalists claim that _________, not sensation, is the origin of certainty.
REASONS
Metaphysics is the study of the difference between
Reality and appearance ( of their universe as a whole)
The term " the Dao" is often translated into English as
The Way
An Athenian jury found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to drink hemlock.
True
Aristotle attended Plato's university, the Academy.
True
Descartes was a seventeenth-century French philosopher and mathematician.
True
During the Apology, Socrates confronts 1 of his accusers directly, a man named Miletus.
True
Earlier in his life, Socrates had pursued cosmological studies, or what we would nowadays call "scientific" studies, but at some point he turned away from the natural world—the scientific universe—and toward the world of man, the political world of the city.
True
In the Meditations, Descartes employs a kind of argument called a reductio ad absurdum (or a "reduction to absurdity").
True
In the Western tradition, philosophers have oftentimes wanted to focus on controlling our desires (or eliminating the unnecessary ones).
True
Laozi was the founding figure of a Chinese religion or philosophy called Daoism.
True
One problem with correspondence theory is that it doesn't seem like we could know whether a belief corresponds to reality or not, given the way "reality" is usually understood.
True
Plato's metaphysics is a dualism.
True
The following is an important question for ethics: do we discover the difference between right and wrong or create it?
True
The horse-trainer analogy implies that the methods of an expert will look unusual or strange to the average person.
True
Alternative epistemological theories of truth include
both A & B
