Philosophy-1301

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In the Meditations, Descartes argue that if empiricism were correct, then

BOTH A & B ( We could not ever be certain that our senses were working correctly & we could not distinguish between dream and reality with certainty) (All of the above)

Epistemological theories of truth include

Both A & B ( coherence theory and pragmatism )

How is it, according to Hume, that humans are conditioned to believe that one thing causes another?

Both A & B ( Repetition & Proximity in time)

Socrates was a accused of

Both A and B ( corrupting the youth of Athens & denying the existence of the gods that the city believed in and introducing new " divine things."

According to Aristotle, most of the things we want are

Both ends ( in a limited way) and also means to another end

Identify the source of the following passage: " what shall we say of him? Surely this, that he was verily guilty of the death of those men. It is admitted that he did sincerely believe in the soundness of his ship' but the sincerity of his conviction can in no wise help him, because he had not right to believe on such evidence as was before him."

Clifford

All of the following statements are true except

Everything that exists is equally real according to Plato.

According to Bertrand Russell, philosophy itself is a science

FALSE

According to Plato's understanding of metaphysics, bodies are more real than immaterial truths ( like 1+1=2)

FALSE

According to Plato, if something cannot be sensed ( e.g. seen, heard, tasted, smelled, etc.), then it does not exist.

FALSE

Aristotle attended Plato's university, called the Lyceum.

FALSE

Christopher Phillips held his discussions only in academic settings, either universities or research think tanks.

FALSE

Clifford's theory of truth is an example of pragmatism

FALSE

Corrupting the youth was considered a minor crime in ancient Athens because it had no real effect on the city.

FALSE

David Hume was a seventeenth- century French philosopher and mathematician.

FALSE

Descartes argues that empiricism, not rationalism, is the most satisfactory account of certainty.

FALSE

Descartes himself believes that we cannot tell the difference between dream and reality with certainty.

FALSE

Empiricists tend to believe in the existence of innate idea

FALSE

In Taoism (Daoism), the yang is the principle of passivity and receptivity.

FALSE

In the Apology, Socrates asks Miletus whether he'd rather live with good citizens or AVERAGE ones and implies that moral relativist shouldn't care one way or the other.

FALSE

In the Western tradition, Aristotle became influential as a philosopher only in the late 19th century, when his works were rediscovered at Nag Hammadi.

FALSE

On Aristotle;s view, all of the animals possess reason.

FALSE

One can really know something and still be uncertain of it

FALSE

Plato denies that material objects exist at all

FALSE

Plato's mentor was an Athenian named Miletus

FALSE

Plato's metaphysics is not hierarchical.

FALSE

Russell argues that philosophy cannot help us get free of our " prejudices," our most basic assumptions about the world.

FALSE

Russell suggests the philosophy has very little to do with scientific understand, but much more to do with feelings and therapy.

FALSE

The allegory of the cave is an "allegory", meaning that it is mathematical proof, not a story.

FALSE

The buddha was a greek philosopher, but not an Athenian and therefore an outsider at Plato's/Aristotle's school.

FALSE

Unconcerned about right and wrong, ethics is the area of philosophy most removed from our everyday lives.

FALSE

According to Berkeley, if no human or finite mind perceives a particular table, that table necessarily will "poof" out of existence, i.e. will cease to exist.

False

According to Plato, the hierarchy has no upper limit, meaning that there is no "most real" thing.

False

According to Socrates's horse-trainer analogy, the vast majority of people know how to make a horse better ( i.e. more virtuous or excellent).

False

Clifford's theory of truth is an example of correspondence theory.

False

Hume claims that we sense causal relationships (I.e. X causing Y to occur) directly.

False

In the allegory, the cave represents the world of immaterial truths (i.e. the upper rungs of Plato's hierarchy).

False

Knowledge may or may not be of the truth (i.e. it's possible to know a falsehood).

False

One problem with coherence theory is that it doesn't seem we can evaluate how closely our beliefs correspond to reality.

False

Plato's metaphysics, unlike Laozi's, is not hierarchical.

False

According to correspondence theory, a belief is true if

It corresponds or " matches up" with the way the world really is

According to pragmatism, a belief is true if

It is useful, like a tool

According to coherence theory, a beliefs is true if

It is well-supported and coheres with the rest of one's beliefs without contradicting them

Identify the source of the following passage: "There are, then, cases where a fact cannot come at all unless a preliminary faith exists in it coming, and where faith in a fact can help create the fact..."

James

Hume believes that ___________, not reasons, is the origin of certainty

SENSATION

Out of the following options, pick the one that is the least real according to Plato's metaphysics.

Sensations

Identify the speaker ( i.e. the character who speaks) in the following passage: " then every Athenian improves and elevates them [ the youth], all with the exception of myself. I alone an their corrupter? is that what you say?"

Socrates

What was the name of the university that Plato founded?

THE ACADEMY

According to Aristotle, anytime you're doing some kind of activity for the sake of something else, as means to obtaining some end, you must believe that the end you're pursuing is better and more desirable than the means or methods you're using to get it.

TRUE

According to Bertrand Russell, all of the sciences in the West emerge historically from philosophy.

TRUE

According to correspondence theory, beliefs are like representation, images, or likenesses of the world

TRUE

According to the Buddha, the origin of suffering is "craving" ( i.e. [excessive] desire)

TRUE

Aristotle claims that if everything we wanted was a means to another end, then none of those things would have any real value. Aristotle claims that if everything we wanted was a means to another end, then our desires would be "vain" in the old sense of "empty" and we wouldn't finally desire anything.

TRUE

Beliefs may or may not be the truth (I.e. It's possible to believe a falsehood)

TRUE

Clifford argues that what you believe ( or the "substance" of your beliefs) is less important than how you come to what you believe, how you arrive there, how you justify those beliefs you have, whatever they are.

TRUE

Consider two humans Wendy and James: Aristotle claims that if Wendy performs her function better than James, then Wendy is better than James.

TRUE

During The Apology, Socrates guilty and sentenced him to drink hemlock.

TRUE

Ethics is the systematic study of the difference between right and wrong.

TRUE

For Christopher Phillips, philosophy is very much like a kind of group therapy.

TRUE

If I want X, I must believe that X is good and I mist believe that I lack X.

TRUE

Most probably, the first people to be called " philosophers" lived in ancient Greece in the around the Athens area.

TRUE

On Aristotle's view, in order to compare two things in respect to excellence- in order to evaluate them- you have to think about the kind of thing they are.

TRUE

On Plato's hierarchy, things higher in rank possess more coherence, orderliness, unity, than those things further down on the hierarchy.

TRUE

Plato's dialogue The Apology is a fictionalized account of Socrates;s defense at his trail.

TRUE

Socrates was tried and sentences to death by an Athenian jury for crimes against the city.

TRUE

The epistemological theory of pragmatism can be criticized on ethical grounds.

TRUE

The famous Pavlov's dogs experiment is an example of conditioning

TRUE

The following is a metaphysical question: Does the universe have a beginning or has it always existed?

TRUE

The yin and tang principles are complementary opposites.

TRUE

What does Aristotle call the function of a particular kind of thing?

Telos

Our English word "philosophy" derives from two ancient Greek words, "philos" and "sophia" - what does "sophia" mean?

WISDOM

If x is higher than y on Plato's hierarchy, then

X is more real than y and less chaotic than y

Pick the term that does not name a category into which a metaphysics might fall.

essentialism

Berkeley's metaphysics is an example of

none of the above

What does Aristotle think our function is as humans?

none of the above

Epistemology is the systematic study of the difference between

none of the above ( epistemology = believe vs opinion)

Russell suggests that when an area within philosophy becomes able to answer its own questions objectively and with certainty, that area becomes a _______, distinct from philosophy.

science

According to Daoist metaphysics, the optimal or best state of existence is when

the two principles are harmonized.

In the allegory, how many people escape from the cave?

1 person

What 2 crimes was Socrates accused of?

1. Corrupting the youth 2. Impiety

Empiricists claim that all certainty is

A posteriori

Which of the following religious traditions has Plato's metaphysics influence?

ALL OF THE ABOVE ( Christianity, Judaism, and Islam)

The ancient sophists

ALL OF THE ABOVE. ( Charged for their services, taught what we would now call "rhetoric," or the art of public speaking and writing, and helped students gain social authority and power, what the ancient Greeks called, "arete." )

Nicomachean Ethics was written by

Aristotle

Tabula Rasa literally means "________ slate"

BLANK

Socrates was smuggled out of jail to which Greek City.

NONE OF THE ABOVE ( Socrates was not smuggled out of jail)

Our English word "philosophy" derives from two ancient Greek words, " philos" and "sophia"- what does "philos" mean?

NONE OF THE ABOVE. "LOVE"

Identify the author ( i.e. the writer) of the following passage:"... i know their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was, such was their effect. Yet they hardly spoke a word of truth. But many as their falsehoods were, there was one of them which quite amazed me-- I mean when they told you to be on your guard and not let yourselves be deceived by the force of my eloquence."

PLATO

Rationalists claim that _________, not sensation, is the origin of certainty.

REASONS

Metaphysics is the study of the difference between

Reality and appearance ( of their universe as a whole)

The term " the Dao" is often translated into English as

The Way

An Athenian jury found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to drink hemlock.

True

Aristotle attended Plato's university, the Academy.

True

Descartes was a seventeenth-century French philosopher and mathematician.

True

During the Apology, Socrates confronts 1 of his accusers directly, a man named Miletus.

True

Earlier in his life, Socrates had pursued cosmological studies, or what we would nowadays call "scientific" studies, but at some point he turned away from the natural world—the scientific universe—and toward the world of man, the political world of the city.

True

In the Meditations, Descartes employs a kind of argument called a reductio ad absurdum (or a "reduction to absurdity").

True

In the Western tradition, philosophers have oftentimes wanted to focus on controlling our desires (or eliminating the unnecessary ones).

True

Laozi was the founding figure of a Chinese religion or philosophy called Daoism.

True

One problem with correspondence theory is that it doesn't seem like we could know whether a belief corresponds to reality or not, given the way "reality" is usually understood.

True

Plato's metaphysics is a dualism.

True

The following is an important question for ethics: do we discover the difference between right and wrong or create it?

True

The horse-trainer analogy implies that the methods of an expert will look unusual or strange to the average person.

True

Alternative epistemological theories of truth include

both A & B


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