Cog Psych Chapter 11

36. Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

19. Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

37. Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

2. Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

45. Most of the coherence in text is created by

Inference

3. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property?

Rules

28. In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to thterm-33e test stimulus

SKY

30. Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

21. Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

16. In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

15. An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough.

47. Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

46. Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) anaphoric inference.

anaphoric inference.

49. Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference.

causalon

52. The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

22. In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

41. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

24. In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____.

fixation; pretty

5. In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

1. Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

hierarchical structure.

7. Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

48. Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves

18. When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

is continuous.

10. Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

11. Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon.

27. Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

50. According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

8. One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

9. Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

6. B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

44. Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

39. The interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

51. According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

20. The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more A. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. B. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. C. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. D. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

34. When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

55. A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

53. When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

syntax-first

17. You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

the group with 10 years of English instruction

42. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing.

25. Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to

the meaning of a conversation.

32. Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences.

12. A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

13. The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

three

14. "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.

three

23. A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect.

trial 1; word frequency

40. The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved.

when semantics

33. Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex, respectively?

with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex, respectively?