Cognition and Learning Exam 2

__________ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely.

reinforcement

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

The "magic number," according to Miller, is

7 plus or minus 2

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

which of the following involves procedural memory

Reading a sentence in a book

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Syntax is

The rules for combining words into sentences.

A phoneme refers to

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

the founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was

Wilhelm Wundt

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pebble, girk"

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

consolidation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or non word

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the property of language.

hierarchical

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

implicit

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

implicit

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Most of the coherence in text is created by

interference

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

manipulated

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________memory.

procedural

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.

procedural

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

recognition

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

repetition priming

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

the following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s"

semantic

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

short term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with memory.

short-term

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information