Cognition final review

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be

"Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

Behavior of people with brain damage

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his

Broca's area.

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism.

CONDITIONAL

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

Change

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?

Default mode network

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

Dictionary Unit

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain.

Distributed representation

Case studies from patients with brain trauma provide evidence tat two or more mental processes function independently of from each other.

Double Dissociation

Adding powerful machine-learning techniques to fMRI imaging has the potential to allow researchers to detect very specific of mental activity. This technique of training a classifier program to identify activation patterns within specific voxel regions has been used to:

Examine the effects of reconsolidation

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word ('s meaning) and something you've previously learned

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called

feature detectors.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to

measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.

mental scanning

Reaction time refers to the time between the ________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

perception

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

selective

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of memory.

semantic

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

semantic.

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________________.

shifting of attention from one place to another by moving the eyes

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and...

source misattribution

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

the hippo campus

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called.

working memory.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as

cognitive neuroscience

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology.

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

connecting the fortress with the tumor.

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the:

constructive nature of memory.

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?

content

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

crowding

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. b. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. c. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. d. All of these

d. All of these

a lesson learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Speech segmentation is defined as

recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

The "cognitive revolution"

was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds.

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40 percent

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Angled orientation

current research in cognitive psychology and the applied area of education psychology suggests that which of the following is the best way to study for exams?

Generate your own test questions and then test yourself with them.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of:

Increased firing in the neurons

memories for facts or events can be manipulated. one technique that demonstrates this is called:

Presenting misleading post event information (MPI)

ONE WAY TO TEST CHANGES IN MEMORY OVER TIME IS TO USE A _____ PROCEDURE IN WHICH PARTICIPANTS ASKED TO SHARE DETAILS OF A SPECIFIC MEMORY IN SESSIONS REPEATED OVER THE COURSE OF MANY YEARS

Repeated recall

Coding refers to the way information is ____ in memory, whereas encoding refers to the way information is _______ in memory.

Represented; stored

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

Same-object advantage

What is the difference between synaptic and system consolidation?

Scale

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding...?

Specificity

If kitten are raised/ Horizontal.

Table

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the

The frontal and temporal lobes

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

They took themselves

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Working units

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema.

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

a smaller response set.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

3) The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.

bottom-up

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

causal

The key structural components of neurons are

cell body, dendrites, and axon.

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of _______________________.

coding

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition.

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention; distraction

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation.

according to the state-dependent learning hypothesis, performance on a memory test should be best when you study (learn) ____________ and test _________.

happy;happy

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.

high-saliency

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The primary effect of chunking is to what?

improve the capacity of short-term memory

You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed

in one localized area of the brain.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina is called the _____ problem.

inverse projection

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____.

irrational; accepting only high offers

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

it cuts the taffy into pieces

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to Specificity Coding?

it is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function.

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?

one sends information and the other receives information

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting one's _________ attention.

overt

providing a participant with a series of stimuli containing previously experienced stimuli and asking them to identify the previously encountered stimuli/ stimulus tests:

paired-associate memory

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

persistence of vision.

Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.

preattentive

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) _____ quality to learning and using language

predictive

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

propositions

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

Its often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum" However, the emptiness of ______ is critical for brain functioning

synapses

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________.

system

Experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing.

The cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...

the stimulus category remained the same

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called __________________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

A syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

valid.