Cognitive chapter 7

Hebb proposed that:

"Neurons that fire together wire together"

systems consolidation

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within the brain regions and takes place on a long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

paired-associate learning

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other words

Cued recall

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli.

synaptic consolidation

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes.

Reconsolidation

A process proposed by Nadar and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This was repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.

reactivation

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neutral activity associated with the memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

Retrieval cue

Cues that help a person remember information that is stored in memory.

Testing effect

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion

generation effect

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Standard model of consolidation

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

Spacing effect

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Coding

The form in which information is represented

Multiple trace model of consolidation

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval Of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.

long term potentiation (LTP)

The increased firing that occurs in a neutron due to prior activity at the synapse.

State dependent learning

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. The principle is related to encoding specificity.

Encoding specificity

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.

Encoding

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into long-term memory is called encoding.

Retrieval

The process of transferring information from long term memory to working memory.

Consolidation

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption.

Graded amnesia

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

transfer appropriate processing

When the type of task that occurs durring encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words Ex: was the word bird in capital letters

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention Ex:does the word train rhyme with pain Ex: deepest processing does the word car fit into the sentence with the blank.

levels of processing theory

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes (Proposed by Ferguson Craik and Robert lockhart 1972)

maintenance rehearsal

repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory (not good for memory retention) Ex: repeating a number over and over to remember it

self reference effect

tendency to better remember things related to ourselves

depth of processing

the idea that information that is thought about at a deeper level is better remembered Shallow processing vs deep processing

elaborative rehearsal

the linking of new information to material that is already known (Results in better memory retention) Ex: the first numbers of the phone number you want to remember are your partner number the last four are your birth year