Cognitive FINAL-MC

70. How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories

- Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

114. Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers .... They do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ____ bias

--

48. Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the groups after 3 seconds but one 10% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ____, but later research showed that it was actually due to ____

----

76. Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research

-After 32 weeks, participants had high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower beliefs in the memories of "everyday" events

99. Consider the sentence "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance for him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases

-Because he always jogs a mile

61. Which of the following techniques LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information

-Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up

89. Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category dog. Thus far she has experienced only two dogs, one small poodle and the other a large German Shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if the animal

-Is a dog that does not bark

81. ______ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past

-Retroactive interference

37. In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order

-Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

56. Wickens et. Al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

-The stimulus category remained the same

47 .According to the method of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road

-Trying to remember the definition of a work they just learned

24. Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists

-We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations

74. The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

-after the event

38. In support of late selection models, Donald McKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants processing of _____ when they were ______ of that word

-ambiguous sentence; unaware

58. Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

-are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

43. A task with the instructions " Read the following words while repeating the the the out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember would most likely be studying

-articulatory suppression

92. Supposed that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

-at the far side of the front yard, away from the house

83. In Lindsays misinformation effect experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides....... Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

-auditory from a female speaker

101. Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence

-before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

20. Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ____ and _____ experiments

-behavioral; physiological

93. Peggy is participating in a paired-asasociate learning experiment. During the study period, she presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

-boat_______-car________

62. Mantyla's banana/yellow, bunches, edible experiment demonstrates that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

-by the person whose memory will be tested

116. Of the following real-world phenomenia, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

-can site several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

33. Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

-could focus on one message and ignore the other at the same time

19. Brain imaging has made it possible to

-determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

75.Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI

-even if they are told to ignore the postevent information

87. Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

-facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

109.Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. The found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ___- features in common with the radiation problem

-fragile-glass; structural

111. Experts categorize problems based on

-general principles that problems share

51. The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to

-have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

94. "Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

-imagery requires a special mechanism

57. Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ______ memory does not depend on conscious memory

-implicit and procedural

103. Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

-invent a sign language themselves

27. The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

-inverse projection problem

60. According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

-it involves mental time travel

69. From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in

-long-term memory acquisition

21. People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily that other orientations according to the

-oblique effect

117. By using a(n) _____ a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically

-opt-out procedure

86.Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network

-parallel distributed processing theory

102. According to the situation model of the text processing

-people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

41. Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the

-prefrontal cortex

42. Physiological studies indicate the damage to the area of the brain known as the ___ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

-prefrontal cortex

71. Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories

-recent and remote episodic

55. Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

-release from proactive interference

73. Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of

-retroactive inference

50. Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

-saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun

59.The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

-simply because we have been exposed to them before

85. Based on the information in your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ____ categories resulted in the largest gain in information

-superordinate level to basic level

100. When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

-temporary ambiguity

40. The Cocktail party effect is

-the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

49. One function of ___ is to pull information out of long-term meory

-the central executive

34. With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

-the color and the name differed

26. Computer programs have been designed that can recognize mathing human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at the process when

-the faces are viewed from an angle

98. You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

-the group with 10 years of English instruction

45. When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

-the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second

118. At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls inc.... Given your texts discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

-the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population

115. Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabriell's being a model quite high because she resembles our sterotype of a model, we are using

-the representativeness heuristic

119. Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

-the representativeness heuristic

84.The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

-the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

90. For the category fruit, people give a higher typically rating to "banana" than to "kiwi". Knowing that, we can also reason that

-the word fruit will lead to larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

88. Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basec level objects for a category, U.S participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer____

-tree; oak

36. The Stroop effect occurs when participants

-try to name the colors and ignore words

39. Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements

-were determined primarily by task

108. The best descriptive of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

-what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

80. Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after the delay of

24 hours

53. According to your text, which of the following movies LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem

50 First Dates

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description of how research progresses in cognitive psychology

A trail from which one thing leads to another

In Donders experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

Choice reaction time task

The Little Albert" experiment involving a rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments

Classical conditioning

54. "I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball" This statement is an example of ____memory

Episodic

Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by

Helmholtz

52. ______ memories are those that we are not aware of

IMplicit

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding

It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have separate neuron for each

79. ______ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence

Pragmatic inference

91. "3x+9=16" is a ____ representation

Propositional

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

Simplicity

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map

Tolman

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

107. Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway.....She continues to take the street to the north, even though it is slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

113. " You cant have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema

110. The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

availability heuristic

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

aware; unaware

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called _______.

binding

29. The experiment technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

brain ablation

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as

cognitive neuroscience

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

72. _____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

consolidation

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

The idea of specific cogntive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed processing

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

68. According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

63. Acquiring information and transforming it into-long-term memory is

encoding

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called

feature detectors

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the

firing rate of the action potential

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

group brainstorming

106. Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem

has one correct answer

32. When we search a scene , initial fixations are most likely to occur on ___ areas

high-saliency

105. A researchers records brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of _____ research

in vivo problem solving

67. Hebb's idea of long term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

120. Consider the following conditional syllogism. Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade Premise 2: I got a good grade Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is

invalid

23. Viewpoint ______ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from a different perspective

invariance

104. When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language, we see that the speech signal

is continuous

According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified?

labeling familiar objects

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific area. These results support the idea of

localization of function

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between simple choice condition of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus

46. The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

manipulated

96. Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment....She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, ben has had no more clogs. The superintendent's suggestion involved

mental scannign

The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of

neurons

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g. food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning

95. The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order

66. The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of ___ in memory

organization

31. The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's ___ attention

overt

22. Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception

30. The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form a larger object is in the principles of

perceptual organization

An early model of memory indicates that incoming information is first handled by "sensory" memory, is then moved to "short term" memory, and finally pushed into "long-term" memory. This model, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, is an example of a(n) ____ model

process

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

propositions

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

77. Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home and make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in the top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your research, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

82. Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread and apples. First she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store............. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store_____

script

35 . When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other peoples conversations, he is engaged in the process of _____ attention

selective

44. Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of _____ memory

semantic

28. The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often result in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene on the lion or microscope. That latter two tend to have fewer details because individuals from modern society have less knowledge of ____ in those scenes

semantic reularities

In Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a

simple reaction time task

78. In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), amny students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ____ as part of the list of stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature

sleep

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing on neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's facecauses three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding least and neuron 9 responding most. Your results support ______ coding

sparse

97. Kossly interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves _____ representations

spatial

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology

structural models and process models

65. _____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years

systems

112. Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

64. Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are veery different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggest reliance on

the self-reference effect

At the Massachusetts institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

there are limits to the human ability to process information

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

three

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

25. The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the

where pathway