Cognitive Final
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing LTM?
Elaborative is more effective then maintenance
If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16 digit credit card number, which techinique is recommended?
He should think the numbers as a sequence of football statistics
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump descries enhanced memory for ___________
adolescence and young adulthood
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented ___________
after the event
People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ___________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new LTM
amnesia
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by ________
an inborn biological program
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled condition is known as ________
analytic introspection
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that ________
has high stimulus salience
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________
neural networks
According to the behaviorist, only the study of _______ should be emphasis on the science of psychology.
observable behavior
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if ___________
one is handles by the sketch pad and the other is handled by the phonological loop
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers (food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (shock) is best known as _________
operant conditioning.
You begin to think about the first time you drove a car including the time of day, the weather, and what you felt like. The first time you drove a car is an example of something you ___________
remember
The main effect of the word length effect is that people
remember more short words than long words
Pans, dishwasher, knife are known as ___________ of a kitchen
schema
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Yur ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
the visuospatial sketch pad
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos ___________
they took themeselves
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur
Sperling's delay partial report procedure provided evidence that ___________
information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with _______
prosopagnosia
In the operation span demonstration, participants were asked to ___________
recall a list of words
Word Length Effect lab demonstration being correct meant ___________
recalling the order of a presented word
This multiple choice question is an example of a ___________ test
recognition
Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better, you are experiencing ___________
release from proactive interference
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ___________ memories
remote
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of ___________
remote and episodic memories
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is ___________
repeated recall
Lamar realizes that while he remembers the name of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar is demonstrating ___________
retroactive interference
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length because ___________
saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are ___________
short and across several days
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ___________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable
transition points
The pathway leading from the striate (visual) cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the ________
what pathway
The pathway leading from the striate (visual) cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the _______
where pathway
According to the predictions of the memory span demonstration for which of the following types of material should a participant have the shortest memory span?
words
Memory span is a measure of ___________
working memory capacity
Based on the properties of the word length effect, which list of words is likely to be recalled best?
tip, star, heart, felt, cash
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignore other people's conversation, he is engaged in the process of _______ attention.
selective
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called ___________
transfer-appropriate processing
Things we remember depend more on ___________ while things we know depend more on ___________
recollection, familiarity
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on ___________
reconsolidation
You have been studying for weeks for an exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes then study. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a ___________ mind set.
relaxed
Acquiring information and transforming it into LTM is ___________
encoding
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as ___________
encoding specificity
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.
episodic
Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hold. But Phoebe says "wait a minute, I havne't teed off yet" This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ___________ memory.
episodic
___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts
episodic, semantic
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that ___________
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on ___________
the physical features of the word
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus"experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes found that ___________
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event
The effective duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is ___________
15 - 20 seconds
Jacob's experiment in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the name of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of ___________
24 hours
According to your text, the ___________ movie is least accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem
50 first dates
Which of the following sets of results show evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task?
80%, 40%, 30% correct
Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ___________ percent of the 12 letters in the display.
82
Which of the following statement is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographic memories can involve both episodic and semantic content
Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure yet he has no difficulty communicating in writing. Josiah may have damage to his ________
Broca's area
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as ___________
C
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surround how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time
Which of the following best describes implicit learning?
Learning that occurs without one's conscious knowledge
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you have previously learned
Imagine that students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
One student comes to a question for which is unsure of the answer but choice B seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
In the remember/know lab, some words were encoded using a deep level of processing. How was this done?
Participants were asked to write down a synonym to the target word
Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?
Tolman
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory while Tim has good epiosodic but poor semantic
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________
aware, unaware
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ___________ and __________ experiments.
behavioral; physiological
The term metamemory refers to a person's ___________
belief about their own memory performance
___________ is the process by which feature such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
binding
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list
both the first and last
Your text describes the occurance of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of ________
computers
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
consolidation
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people ______
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time
The Stroop effect demonstrates
how automatic processing can interfere processing
The word length effect suggests that working memory is limited by ___________
how fast items can be rehearsed
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory
implicit and proceduarl
You are walking down the street and a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed ________
in different parts of the brain
The primary effect of chunking is to ___________
increase the efficiency of STM
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which proves a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories includes the idea of ___________
increased firing in the neurons
Viewpoint ______ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
invariance
Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following ___________
it interferes with semantic coding
Scene schema is __________
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene
Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took _______ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
less than one second
Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for ________
localization of function
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
A 10-month old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the ________
parietal lobe
The Forgot-It-All-Along demonstration shows that ___________
people can forget what they had remembered
You notice you have trouble driving when you are also talking on the phone. This observation would be consistent with which of the following ___________
people have one general resource pool
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called _______
perception
Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of the many choices. During the task, she continues to choose the red object even when it's incorrect. Shanta is displaying ___________
perserveration
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as ___________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
prefrontal cortex
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in LTM
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things like books that weren't there. This illustrates the effect of ___________
schemas
Jackie went to buy food at the grocery store. Soon, after he left the store. We know Jackie paid for her groceries even tho, it wasn't mention because we are relying on ___________
script
Information remains in sensory memory for ___________
seconds or a fraction of a second
Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ___________
semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
semantic
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are ___________
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
The partial report demonstration predicts that participants will correctly remember more letters when the delay from the offset of the letter matrix until the onset of the tone is ___________
short
Wei has allergy symptoms and goes see his regular doctor. He was advised to buy an over-counter medicine. While in the waiting room, he saw three ads for SneezeLess (allergy medicine). Wei tells his bother that SneezeLess is the best. Wei and his never discussed that brand. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
source monitoring
Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?
structural models and process models
The independent variable in the Word Length Effect lab demonstration is number of ___________
syllables in the word
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as ___________
echoic memory
In a serial position experiment, typically the last few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called?
Recency effect
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of hawaii has many active volcanoes
Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10-11 am class period. Both women intend to study for three hours the day before exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect
In a serial position experiment, typically the first few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called?
Primacy effect
Other than decay from STM, what else could explain the predicted results of the Brown-Peterson Experiment?
Rehearsal can also explain the predicted results. Lack of rehearsal causes decreases in performance because information in STM must be rehearsed to be transferred into LTM.
___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory
Retrieval
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits with brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale lasting weeks, months, or even years.
Systems
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of ___________
a sequence of actions
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably ___________
are caused by different mechanism that act independently
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals and neural processing is an example of ________ processing.
bottom-up
The implicit learning demonstration predicts that you will learn the rule for the presentation of the dots ___________
but you won't be able to consciously identify the rule
The key structural components of neurons are _______
cell body, dendrites and axon
Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called __________ blindness.
change
Attention, percept, memory and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of ________
cognitive
Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like the bicycle was blue with high handlebars and a racing seat) rather than a simple sentence ( he rode the bicycle". This occurs because the complex sentence ___________
creates more connection
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of other is known as ___________
cryptomnesia
Peterson and Peterson (later to become the Brown-Peterson task) studied how well participants can remember group of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decreased in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________
decay; interference
According to the predictions of the levels of processing demonstration which of the following processing strategies should result in the best recall?
deciding if a word has a similar meaning to another given word
Which of the following involves memory judgement?
deciding whether you have studied enough for a test
Donders' main reason for conduction the choice reaction time experiment was to study _______
decision making
Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a _______ response to faces and a __________ response to Greebles.
decreased; increased
Elementary school students in the US are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provies an example of ___________
elaborative rehearsal
The ______ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses
frontal
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the ___________
generation effect
Your text describes an Italian woman" who after an attack of encephalitis had diffculty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could remember life events and daily tasks tho. Her memory behavior reflects ___________
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggest ___________
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in ___________
long term memory storage
If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a ________ task.
low-load
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis which states that ___________
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identitites
According to the predictions of the false memory demonstration, how often should participants remember the special/related distractors
more often than the normal distractors
Given the properties of metamemory, when studying for an important exam, a good strategy might be to study: ___________
more than you think is necessary because you may recall less than you think
Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?
object discrimination problem
Reation time refers to the time between the _________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.
presentation
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of ________
similarity
In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ___________ as part of presented stimuli.
sleep
Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was the word, ___________
smashed
Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the ___________ of the stimulus
sound
Automatic processing occurs when
tasks are well-practiced
One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to
test patients with amnesia
Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when ______
the faces are viewed from an angle
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of LTMs
the hippocampus
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, ___________
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because ___________
the length or ironic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.
The occipital lobe is _____
the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located.
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggest reliance on ___________
the self-reference effect
The serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?
Free - recall
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds ___________
decreases the recency effect
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during ___________
delay
Dichotic listening occurs when ________
different messages are presented to the left and right ears
The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as
divided attention
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
manipulated
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for _______
meaning
Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on monday. This process is called ___________
proactive interference
Lucille is teaching Kendra how play racquetball. She teaches how to hold the racquet, where to stand and how to make effective shots. Those learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory
procedural
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to ___________
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories
If you were given the words: jog, gallop, sprint, jump, track and chase then have to remember them. Which of the following words would you be most likely to falsely remember?
run
The cocktail party effect is ______
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
the central executive and the phonological loop
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos ___________
they took themselves
Why do levels of processing experiments use incidental learning?
to prevent participants from engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of ________
top-down processing
Working memory differs from STM in that ___________
working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk". Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by _______
top-down processing
