Cognitive Final

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing LTM?

Elaborative is more effective then maintenance

If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16 digit credit card number, which techinique is recommended?

He should think the numbers as a sequence of football statistics

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump descries enhanced memory for ___________

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented ___________

after the event

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ___________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new LTM

amnesia

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by ________

an inborn biological program

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled condition is known as ________

analytic introspection

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that ________

has high stimulus salience

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________

neural networks

According to the behaviorist, only the study of _______ should be emphasis on the science of psychology.

observable behavior

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if ___________

one is handles by the sketch pad and the other is handled by the phonological loop

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers (food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (shock) is best known as _________

operant conditioning.

You begin to think about the first time you drove a car including the time of day, the weather, and what you felt like. The first time you drove a car is an example of something you ___________

remember

The main effect of the word length effect is that people

remember more short words than long words

Pans, dishwasher, knife are known as ___________ of a kitchen

schema

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Yur ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the visuospatial sketch pad

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos ___________

they took themeselves

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

Sperling's delay partial report procedure provided evidence that ___________

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with _______

prosopagnosia

In the operation span demonstration, participants were asked to ___________

recall a list of words

Word Length Effect lab demonstration being correct meant ___________

recalling the order of a presented word

This multiple choice question is an example of a ___________ test

recognition

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better, you are experiencing ___________

release from proactive interference

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ___________ memories

remote

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of ___________

remote and episodic memories

Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is ___________

repeated recall

Lamar realizes that while he remembers the name of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar is demonstrating ___________

retroactive interference

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length because ___________

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are ___________

short and across several days

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ___________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable

transition points

The pathway leading from the striate (visual) cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the ________

what pathway

The pathway leading from the striate (visual) cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the _______

where pathway

According to the predictions of the memory span demonstration for which of the following types of material should a participant have the shortest memory span?

words

Memory span is a measure of ___________

working memory capacity

Based on the properties of the word length effect, which list of words is likely to be recalled best?

tip, star, heart, felt, cash

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignore other people's conversation, he is engaged in the process of _______ attention.

selective

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called ___________

transfer-appropriate processing

Things we remember depend more on ___________ while things we know depend more on ___________

recollection, familiarity

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on ___________

reconsolidation

You have been studying for weeks for an exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes then study. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a ___________ mind set.

relaxed

Acquiring information and transforming it into LTM is ___________

encoding

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as ___________

encoding specificity

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hold. But Phoebe says "wait a minute, I havne't teed off yet" This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ___________ memory.

episodic

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts

episodic, semantic

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that ___________

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on ___________

the physical features of the word

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus"experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes found that ___________

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

The effective duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is ___________

15 - 20 seconds

Jacob's experiment in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the name of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of ___________

24 hours

According to your text, the ___________ movie is least accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem

50 first dates

Which of the following sets of results show evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task?

80%, 40%, 30% correct

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ___________ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

82

Which of the following statement is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographic memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B.F. Skinner

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure yet he has no difficulty communicating in writing. Josiah may have damage to his ________

Broca's area

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as ___________

C

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surround how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

Which of the following best describes implicit learning?

Learning that occurs without one's conscious knowledge

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you have previously learned

Imagine that students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

One student comes to a question for which is unsure of the answer but choice B seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

In the remember/know lab, some words were encoded using a deep level of processing. How was this done?

Participants were asked to write down a synonym to the target word

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?

Tolman

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory while Tim has good epiosodic but poor semantic

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________

aware, unaware

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ___________ and __________ experiments.

behavioral; physiological

The term metamemory refers to a person's ___________

belief about their own memory performance

___________ is the process by which feature such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

binding

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list

both the first and last

Your text describes the occurance of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of ________

computers

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

consolidation

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people ______

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

The Stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere processing

The word length effect suggests that working memory is limited by ___________

how fast items can be rehearsed

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory

implicit and proceduarl

You are walking down the street and a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed ________

in different parts of the brain

The primary effect of chunking is to ___________

increase the efficiency of STM

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which proves a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories includes the idea of ___________

increased firing in the neurons

Viewpoint ______ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following ___________

it interferes with semantic coding

Scene schema is __________

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took _______ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.

less than one second

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for ________

localization of function

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A 10-month old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the ________

parietal lobe

The Forgot-It-All-Along demonstration shows that ___________

people can forget what they had remembered

You notice you have trouble driving when you are also talking on the phone. This observation would be consistent with which of the following ___________

people have one general resource pool

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called _______

perception

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of the many choices. During the task, she continues to choose the red object even when it's incorrect. Shanta is displaying ___________

perserveration

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as ___________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things like books that weren't there. This illustrates the effect of ___________

schemas

Jackie went to buy food at the grocery store. Soon, after he left the store. We know Jackie paid for her groceries even tho, it wasn't mention because we are relying on ___________

script

Information remains in sensory memory for ___________

seconds or a fraction of a second

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ___________

semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are ___________

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The partial report demonstration predicts that participants will correctly remember more letters when the delay from the offset of the letter matrix until the onset of the tone is ___________

short

Wei has allergy symptoms and goes see his regular doctor. He was advised to buy an over-counter medicine. While in the waiting room, he saw three ads for SneezeLess (allergy medicine). Wei tells his bother that SneezeLess is the best. Wei and his never discussed that brand. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?

structural models and process models

The independent variable in the Word Length Effect lab demonstration is number of ___________

syllables in the word

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as ___________

echoic memory

In a serial position experiment, typically the last few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called?

Recency effect

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of hawaii has many active volcanoes

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10-11 am class period. Both women intend to study for three hours the day before exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

In a serial position experiment, typically the first few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called?

Primacy effect

Other than decay from STM, what else could explain the predicted results of the Brown-Peterson Experiment?

Rehearsal can also explain the predicted results. Lack of rehearsal causes decreases in performance because information in STM must be rehearsed to be transferred into LTM.

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

Retrieval

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits with brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale lasting weeks, months, or even years.

Systems

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of ___________

a sequence of actions

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably ___________

are caused by different mechanism that act independently

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals and neural processing is an example of ________ processing.

bottom-up

The implicit learning demonstration predicts that you will learn the rule for the presentation of the dots ___________

but you won't be able to consciously identify the rule

The key structural components of neurons are _______

cell body, dendrites and axon

Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

Attention, percept, memory and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of ________

cognitive

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like the bicycle was blue with high handlebars and a racing seat) rather than a simple sentence ( he rode the bicycle". This occurs because the complex sentence ___________

creates more connection

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of other is known as ___________

cryptomnesia

Peterson and Peterson (later to become the Brown-Peterson task) studied how well participants can remember group of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decreased in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________

decay; interference

According to the predictions of the levels of processing demonstration which of the following processing strategies should result in the best recall?

deciding if a word has a similar meaning to another given word

Which of the following involves memory judgement?

deciding whether you have studied enough for a test

Donders' main reason for conduction the choice reaction time experiment was to study _______

decision making

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a _______ response to faces and a __________ response to Greebles.

decreased; increased

Elementary school students in the US are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provies an example of ___________

elaborative rehearsal

The ______ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses

frontal

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the ___________

generation effect

Your text describes an Italian woman" who after an attack of encephalitis had diffculty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could remember life events and daily tasks tho. Her memory behavior reflects ___________

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggest ___________

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in ___________

long term memory storage

If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a ________ task.

low-load

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis which states that ___________

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identitites

According to the predictions of the false memory demonstration, how often should participants remember the special/related distractors

more often than the normal distractors

Given the properties of metamemory, when studying for an important exam, a good strategy might be to study: ___________

more than you think is necessary because you may recall less than you think

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

object discrimination problem

Reation time refers to the time between the _________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of ________

similarity

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ___________ as part of presented stimuli.

sleep

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was the word, ___________

smashed

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the ___________ of the stimulus

sound

Automatic processing occurs when

tasks are well-practiced

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to

test patients with amnesia

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when ______

the faces are viewed from an angle

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of LTMs

the hippocampus

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, ___________

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because ___________

the length or ironic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.

The occipital lobe is _____

the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggest reliance on ___________

the self-reference effect

The serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?

Free - recall

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds ___________

decreases the recency effect

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during ___________

delay

Dichotic listening occurs when ________

different messages are presented to the left and right ears

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as

divided attention

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

manipulated

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for _______

meaning

Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on monday. This process is called ___________

proactive interference

Lucille is teaching Kendra how play racquetball. She teaches how to hold the racquet, where to stand and how to make effective shots. Those learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to ___________

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

If you were given the words: jog, gallop, sprint, jump, track and chase then have to remember them. Which of the following words would you be most likely to falsely remember?

run

The cocktail party effect is ______

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

the central executive and the phonological loop

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos ___________

they took themselves

Why do levels of processing experiments use incidental learning?

to prevent participants from engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of ________

top-down processing

Working memory differs from STM in that ___________

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk". Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by _______

top-down processing