Cognitive Psychology - Chapter 8

Unlike event memories, flashbulb memories are reliable and stable over time.

False; flashbulb memories are just as prone to distortion and forgetting as regular memories

___ is the tendency for reconstructed flashbulb memories to include media-provided information that was not part of the original memory.

TV priority

In their study of flashbulb memories for the events of 9/11, Hirst, et al. (2015) found that ___.

all the above (accuracy dropped by about one-third in the first year, after year one there was little additional forgetting, confidence in memory was always high)

Events that occurred during adolescence and early adulthood ___.

all the above (are considered especially important to the rememberer, are considered especially significant to the rememberer, are remembered especially well)

In order to study language-based encoding specificity effects, Marian and Neisser (2000) used ___ as an independent variable.

all the above (cue-word language, interview language)

In their study of language-based encoding specificity effects, Marian and Neisser (2000) found that an encoding-retrieval match enhanced autobiographical memory when the match was in terms of the ___ language.

all the above (cue-word, interview)

The reminiscence bump is found when people are asked to answer questions about ___.

all the above (current events, the Academy Awards, the World Series)

Flashbulb memories are thought to be especially ___.

all the above (detailed, long-lasting, vivid)

Based on the ideas of encoding specificity and "metaphorical mental representations," one should expect autobiographical memory to be especially good when people are asked about___.

all the above (exercise experiences while doing jumping jacks, happy events while listening to cheerful music, travel experiences while sitting in a car)

Brown and Kirk (1977) found that "flashbulb memories" tended to include information about ___.

all the above (how the person felt when they first heard the remembered information, where a person heard the remembered information, the source (e.g. TV, radio, or a friend) of the remembered information)

Which of the following is an example of a phenomenon associated with research on flashbulb memories?

all the above (phantom flashbulbs, TV priority, time-slice errors)

Poor autobiographical memory for early-life events is called ___.

childhood amnesia

Which of the following illustrates the principle of encoding specificity?

context-dependency effects

Rubin, Wetzler, and Nebes (1986) used the ___ technique to study how people recall events from different parts of their lives.

cue-word

In their study of encoding specificity of "metaphorical mental representations," Cassanto and Dijkstra (2010) used ___ as an independent variable.

direction of marble movement (up or down)

Compared to when other types of cues are used, when autobiographical memories are elicited using odor cues, the reminiscence bump occurs ___.

earlier

___ is the degree to which experimental research finding generalize to real-world situation that may be very different from the experimental one.

ecological validity

Which of the following statements about autobiographical memory research is accurate?

effects to corroborate autobiographical memories can be difficult and influenced by personal biases

In Wang's (2009) study of memory for diary entries, the data supported the hypothesis that cultural differences in autobiographical memory are the result of different ___ processes.

encoding

Childhood amnesia effects ___ memory.

episodic

Compared to Euro-Americans, studies of autobiographical memory show that Asian-Americans report ___.

fewer episodic memories

A detailed, vivid, and confidently-held memory for the circumstances surrounding when you first heard a startling bit of news is called a ___ memory.

flashbulb

The autobiographical recall of depressed people tends to be ___.

for negative events

If cultural differences in memory for specific events are due to retrieval factors, then differences in recall of daily events for Asian-Americans and Euro-Americans should ___.

get larger as the retention interval increases

Compared to Western cultures, people from eastern cultures tend to engage in more cognitive processes that are best described as ___.

holistic

Brown and Kirk (1977) found that "flashbulb memories" tended to include information about ___.

how the person felt when they first heard about the surprising event

In general, ___ is strong when possible confounding variable shave been strictly controlled.

internal validity

Marian and Neisser (2000) found that an encoding-retrieval match enhanced autobiographical memory more when the match was for the ___ language.

interview

Brewin (2014) suggests that ___ is the basis of vivid flashbacks experienced in PTSD.

long-term perceptual memory

Which of the following factors influences the accuracy of flashbulb memories?

none of the above (conversation, media attention, where research participants live)

The "reminiscence bump" refers to the fact that ___.

none of the above (most semantic memories are established between the ages 10 and 30 years, older people need more retrieval cues (i.e. bumps) in order to remember past events, people have especially good memory for the recent past)

The "Proust phenomenon" refers to the power of ___ to elicit especially vivid memories.

odors

memories of depressed people tend to be ___ compared to non-depressed people.

overly general

The "specialness" of flashbulb memories is reflected by their ___.

phenomenological vividness

Which of the following is not a component of autobiographical memory?

procedural memory

The disproportionately greater number of life memories that can be recalled from ages 10 to 30 is called the ___.

reminiscence bump

According the ___ theory, autobiographical memories are reconstructed from an autobiographical knowledge base in the service of higher-level plans and goals.

self-memory system

Compared to Asian-Americans, Euro-Americans used ___ segments to identify meaningful events in a mock diary (Wang, 2009).

smaller

Involuntary memories ___.

tend to have a negative valence

In studies of flashbulb memory, "event memory" refers to a person's ability to recall ___.

the details of a surprising event