Cognitive Psychology, exam 1 (study for final)

(3.2) Which of the following psychologists is known for research on reaction times to infer differences in cognitive processing? A. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B.F. Skinner

A. Franciscus Donders

(2) Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Functioning and survival b. Attention c. Routine d. Cognition

A. Functioning and Survival

(9.2) Sally has experienced brain damage, making it difficult for her to recognize faces (aka prosopagnosia). Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

A. Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

(4.1) Which of the following DOES characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes c. IP involves the use of rats as a metaphor to understand human cognition d. IP ignores the sequence of mental operations in cognition

A. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

(11.2) What are the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes? a. Semantic regularity b. Viewpoint invariance c. Bottom-up processing d. Principle of similarity

A. Semantic regularity

(12.2) Looking at something creates an image on the retina, generating electrical signals that are transmitted through the retina then to visual receiving area. What is this called? a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing c. their in-depth understanding of principles of perception d. repeated practice at the task

A. bottom-up processing Sequence from eye to brain starts at the "bottom" of the system. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

(8.2) Neural networks are interconnected brain areas that communicate. This idea of neural networks is a logical extension of the idea of______________________. A. Distributed processing b. Localization of function c. prosopagnosia d. neural net theory

A. distributed processing

(1.3) By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference between what two things to determine a person's reaction time? a. Presentation of stimulus and participant's response b. perception of stimulus and process of stimulus c. attending of the stimulus to perception of stimulus d. making a decision about the stimulus

A. measuring the relationship between presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response.

(13.2) Pelligrino and coworkers were investigating neurons firing in monkey's brain. Neurons fired with actions like picking up food but the same neuron also fired when the monkey was watching the experimenter pick up food. What has this since been labeled as? a. mirror neurons b. natural selection c. scene schema d. pragnanz

A. mirror neurons

10. The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called ____________. a. Specificity coding b. Population coding c. Sparse coding d. Hierarchical coding

A. specificity coding

(17.2) What is Treisman's model of attention called?

Attenuation model of attention

(17.5) What model of attention is this: First stage an attenuator analyzes the incoming message and lets through the attended message, and also the unattended message, but at a lower (attenuated) strength

Attenuation model of attention By Treisman

(19.2) Leaving your home and locking your door is something most people do without thinking. What type of processing is this?

Automatic processing

(19.3) What is processing that occurs automatically without the person's intending to do it? (uses few cognitive resources and is associated with easy or well-practiced tasks)

Automatic processing

(2.4) Consider the following definition of the mind: Focusing on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Functioning and survival b. Attention c. Routine d. Cognition

B. Attention (there was not really a good definition that I was able to find for this)

(17.4) Why is Treisman's model of attention also called an early selection model?

Because it proposes a filter that operates at an early stage in the flow of information

Why is broadbent's model of attention also called the early selection model?

Because the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

(20.3) What is a process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create perception of a coherent object? a. sampling b. scanning c. synchronizing d. binding

Binding

(12.3) What is a sequence from eye to brain that starts at the beginning of the system? (when environmental energy stimulates the receptors)

Bottom up processing

What is it when stimulation of receptors creates electrical signals that reach the visual receiving area of the brain?

Bottom up processing

What model attempted to explain how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn't taken in from the other message that is given at the same time?

Broadbent's filter model of attention AKA early selection model

(7.4) How did Edgar Adrian study the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience?

By measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin

(5.2) Why can't we consider Tolman a behaviorist? a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior c. Because he theorized that something other than stimulus-response connections may be occurring in the rat's mind. d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning

C. Because he theorized that something other than stimulus-response connections may be occurring in the rat's mind. Chapter 1-2c

3. Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? a. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d.. B.F. Skinner

D. B.F. Skinner

(11.2) What are characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes?

Semantic regularities

(10.4) Which type of coding is not discussed in the text? a. Specificity coding b. Population coding c. Sparse coding d. Hierarchical coding

d. Hierarchical coding Is never discussed in the book. (there is hierarchical model/organization)

(3.4) Which of the following psychologists is known for founding behaviorism and whose ideas were associated closely with classical conditioning? A. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B.F. Skinner

C. John Watson (he is the one who did the experiment with the rat and the 9month old boy Albert. ) he wanted to demonstrate how pairing of a stimulus affects one's behaviors.

(17.8) When the attenuator analyzes how sequences of words create meaningful phrases, what is it analyzing? a. Physical characteristics b. language c. meaning d. direction

meaning

(2.3) Consider the following definition of the mind: recognizing a person, having a conversation, or deciding what courses to take next semester. Basically everyday events Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Functioning and survival b. Attention c. Routine d. Cognition

C. Routine (there was not really a good definition that I was able to find for this)

(2.2) Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Functioning and survival b. Attention c. Routine d. Cognition

D. cognition (the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory, which is what the mind creates)

(1.2) In Donder's reaction time experiment what was he concerned with?

Determining how long it took to make a decision

What is the other name for Broadbent's filter model of attention?

Early selection model

(20.5) A procedure that was developed to answer the question, "what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior?" One way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day.

Experience sampling

(9.5) What is an area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects?

Extrastriate body areas (EBA)

(9.6) What is an area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces.

Fusiform face area (FFA)

(7.3) Edgar Adrian when recording action potentials from single neurons, what did he find about the action potential as it travels down the axon?

He found that the action potential travels down the axon without changing its height or shape

(4.2) Which of the following DOES characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition e. All of the above f. None of the above g. answers a, c, d h. Answers b, c, d

It was G a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition

(17.7) When the attenuator analyzes how the message groups into syllables or words, what is it analyzing? A. physical characteristics b. language c. meaning d. direction

Language

(13.4) What is every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible? (AKA law of good figure, or law of simplicity) a. mirror neurons b.Law of perceptual organization c. scene schema d. pragnanz

Law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Also called the law of good figure and the law of simplicity.

(17.3) According to Triesman, words that are common or important (like your name) have _______________ thresholds? Low or high thresholds.

Low. Meaning we can hear our name from across the room

(7.2)Edgar Adrian recorded electrical signals from single neurons using what?

Microelectrodes

What neurons in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that respond both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself carries out the action?

Mirror neurons

What analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning? Attended messages pass through the __________ at full strength and unattended messages pass through with reduced strength

The attenuator

Broadbent's filter model of attention was designed to explain what experiment completed by Colin Cherry?

The dichotic listening

What model of attention did Broadbent create?

The filter model of attention, which states that a filter lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli

(20.4) what are movement of the eyes from one location or object to another?

Visual scanning

5. Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists? a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior c. Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat's mind during his maze experiment d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning

a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes Chapter 1-2c

19. Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing? a. close attention b. Ease in performing parallel tasks c. Tasks that are well-practiced d. The use of few cognitive resources

a. Close attention

18. A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. Has high stimulus salience b. fits with the observer's interests c. is familiar d. carries meaning for the observer

a. has high stimulus salience

(6.3) The insulating cover that surrounds an axon. Discontinues at nodes of Ranvier. Increases the speed a nerve impulse can travel along an axon a. Myelin sheaths b. potentiated somas c. neural circuits d. spreading activation

a. myelin sheaths

15. Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference? a. perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover b. Perceiving the transitional probability of a language c. Perceiving the ringing of an alarm clock while sleeping d.Perceiving the length of an unfamiliar object by using a familiar object

a. perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

(17.9) When the attenuator analyzes whether it is high-pitched or low-pitched, fast or slow; what is it analyzing? a. physical characteristics b. language c. meaning d. directoin

a. physical characteristics

(5.3) What could we have used to consider Tolman to be a behaviorist? a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior c. Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat's mind during his maze experiment d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning

b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior Chapter 1-2c

(4) Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition

b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes

(8) Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for A. Distributed processing b. Localization of function c. prosopagnosia d. neural net theory

b. Localization of function

9. sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

(15.2) The likelihood that one speech sound will follow another within a word. a. perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover b. Perceiving the transitional probability of a language c. Perceiving the ringing of an alarm clock while sleeping d.Perceiving the length of an unfamiliar object by using a familiar object

b. Perceiving the transitional probability of a language

(3.3) Which of the following psychologists is known for structuralism, used analytic introspection, and was the founder of the first lab of scientific psychology? A. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B.F. Skinner

b. Wilhelm Wundt He was also the first to call himself a psychologist (although none of his findings were reliable. )

(14) Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception? a. interactive b. conscious c. supportive d. complex

b. conscious

(13.3) Theory that states, characteristics enhance an animal's ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on to future generations. a. mirror neurons b. natural selection c. scene schema d. pragnanz

b. natural selection

(10.2) The representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. (An advantage of this is that a large number of stimuli can be represented) a. Specificity coding b. Population coding c. Sparse coding d. Hierarchical coding

b. population coding

(20.2) When you are looking at a photo and trying to quickly identify the people within, what are you using? a. Sampling b. Scanning c. Synchronizing d. Binding

b. scanning

12. Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines can't read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing c. their in-depth understanding of principles of perception d. repeated practice at the task

b. top-down processing

11. Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops? a. Semantic regularity b. Viewpoint invariance c. Bottom-up processing d. Principle of similarity

b. viewpoint in-variance

(11.4) What is processing that starts with information received by the receptors. This type of processing is also called data-based processing. a. Semantic regularity b. Viewpoint invariance c. Bottom-up processing d. Principle of similarity

c. Bottom-up processing

(9.3.) Aziz has experienced brain damage making it difficult for him to understand body parts. He still understands faces. Which area of his brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) Is activated by bodies

(4.3) Which of the following DOES characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information all at once b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition d. IP ignores the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition

c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition

(6) Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as a. myelin sheaths b. potentiated somas c. neural circuits d. spreading activation

c. Neural circuits chapter 2.2a

(13) Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of a. mirror neurons b. natural selection c. scene schema d. pragnanz

c. Scene schema

(10.3) When a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons with the majority of neurons remaining silent? a. Specificity coding b. Population coding c. Sparse coding d. Hierarchical coding

c. Sparse coding

(7) Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. he found that a. The shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure b. The shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure c. The rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure d. The rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure

c. The rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure

17. Suppose twin teens are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, the other about a school project. According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. physical characteristics b. language c. meaning d. direction

c. meaning

(8.3) Condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces. A. Distributed processing b. Localization of function c. prosopagnosia d. neural net theory

c. prosopagnosia

(5.4) Why was Skinner considered to be a behaviorist? a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior c. Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat's mind during his maze experiment d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning

d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning (Skinner argued that children learn language through operant conditioning) Chapter 1-2c

(9.4)Which one of these is not an area of the brain? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

(4.4)Which of the following DOES characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information all at once b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes c. IP involves the use of animals as a metaphor to understand human cognition d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition

d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition

(8.4) Ramon y Cajal's research resulted in abandoning what theory to instead favor neuron doctrine? A. Distributed processing b. Localization of function c. prosopagnosia d. neural net theory

d. Neural net theory Which I think is the same as nerve net

(11.3) This is the law of perceptual organization that states that similar things appear to be grouped together. a. Semantic regularity b. Viewpoint invariance c. Bottom-up processing d. Principle of similarity

d. Principle of similarity

16. Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because a. sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of a second and then transfers all of it to filter. b. The output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15seconds and also transfer the information to long term memory c. The attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it d. The filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

d. The filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

20. If you stand very close to pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? a. sampling b. scanning c. Synchronizing d. binding

d. binding

(17.6) Which of the following are not involved in Triesman's model of attention? a. physical characteristics b. language c. meaning d. direction

d. direction

1. By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to a. perceive the stimulus b. process the stimulus c. attend to the stimulus d. make a decision about the stimulus

d. make a decision about the stimulus

(6.2) Activity that spreads out along any link in a semantic network that is connected to an activated node a. Myelin sheaths b. potentiated somas c. neural circuits d. spreading activation

d. spreading activation

(8.5) What is a network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (as contrasted with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapses)?

nerve net