Cognitive Psychology Exam 2

Which of the following statements about episodic vs. semantic memory is correct? a. episodic memory stored information about when events happened, semantic memory does not. b. episodic memory refers to short-term memory, whereas semantic memory refers to long-term memory c. episodic memory includes knowledge about words and symbols, semantic memory does not. d. source information exists in semantic memory but not it episodic memory.

a. episodic memory stored information about when events happened, semantic memory does not.

Which demonstration illustrated the basic proces of retrieval from long-term memory? a. everyone generated either one or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long) b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence. c. intrustions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled. d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun e. you remembered three lists of fruit, then a list of vocationsone or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long) b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence. c. intrusions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled. d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun e. you remembered three lists of fruit, then a list of vocations

a. everyone generated either one or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long)

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of... a. persistence of vision b. a visual delay effect c. ecohic memory d. top-down processing

a. persistence of vision

What are the three phases of the experiment to show that even highly emotional memories are reconstructed? a. recalling an emotional event right away, recalling the event three years later, and showing participants their original recall to compare them. b. make someone feel emotional (happy or sad), giving them a list of emotional words and having them recall those words after a delay. c. writing down childhood memories that are emotional , writing down childhood memories that are neutral, and verifying whether those memories were accurate by asking parents. d. scanning someone's brain while they think baout and imagine false emotional events, waiting three months, and repeating to scan to compare the two images

a. recalling an emotional event right away, recalling the event three years later, and showing participants their original recall to compare them.

Misleading post-event information is an example of: a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. elaborative rehearsal d. maintenance rehearsal

a. retroactive interference

How does similarity between two memory tasks affect forgetting? a. similarity increases forgetting b. similarity decreases forgetting c. similarity sometimes increases forgetting and sometimes decreases forgetting d. similarity has no effect on forgetting

a. similarity increases forgetting

The notion that the recency effect reflects an advantage that the final list items have in being recalled from short-term memory is consistent with which of the following? a. that the recency effect decreases as the delay increases between study and recall. b. that the recency effect decreases as the list items are presented more rapidly c. that the recency effect decreases as the number of items in the list increases d. that the recency effect is smaller than the primacy effect

a. that the recency effect decreases as the delay increases between study and recall.

What does Brook's Block Letter F task reveal about memory? a. that thre are independent subsystems in working memory b. that the phonological loop uses sound codes c. that the phonological loopnhas a limited capacity d. that there is a dissociation between working memory and long-term memory

a. that thre are independent subsystems in working memory

As described in the textbook, the partial-report procedure (by Sperling) demonstrated which concept? a. the classic forgetting curve b. the duration of short-term memory c. the capacity of short-term memory d. the retrieval from long-term memory is reconstructive

a. the classic forgetting curve

Which of the following demonstrated sensory memory? a. the partial-report procedure b. digit span c. recall of "sleep" words d. lexical decision

a. the partial-report procedure

As discussed in the text, Stany and Johnson's "weapon focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes found that: a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for all other parts of the event. b. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event c. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. d. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself.

a. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for all other parts of the event.

The semantic network is a model of : a. the structure of long-term memory b. working memory c. the structure of implicit memory d. all memory systems

a. the structure of long-term memory

What did the study oon memory for the space shuttle challenger (Neisser & Harsch, 1992) show about "flashbulb" memories? a. they can be reconstructed just like any other episodic memory b. they are usually traumatic c. they are "special" because they do not change much over time d. they are different for everyone, depending on the personal importance of the truamatic event

a. they can be reconstructed just like any other episodic memory

A sudden, loud noise often has the impact of distracting participants long enough to clear the contents of working memory. Imagine that participants hear a list of the names of 20 different fruits, followed by an unexpected loud noise. The effect of the noise will be: a. a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered. b. a diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered . c. a diminished recency effect and a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the words in the list are remembered d. dimished performance for the entire list.

b. a diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered .

There are 48 trials in the Brown-Peterson paradigm with different time intervals during which participants have to "count backwards by 3". The effect of the trials with a 3-second time interval on the trials with a 9-second time interval is: a. due to both proactive and retroactive interference. b. due to proactive interference only. c. due to retroactive interference only. d. insignificant

b. due to proactive interference only.

In the movie momento, how do we know that Sammy Jankis was faking his condition? a. he remembered information for longer than 30 secs without rehearsal b. he didn't show operant conditioning c. emotions had no effect on his memory d. his declarative memory seemed to be intact

b. he didn't show operant conditioning

What did the Indian myth called "War on Ghosts" (Bartlett, 1932) demonstate about memory? a. maintenance rehearsal does not encode information into long-term memory b. recall from long-term memory is reconstructive c. memory is accurate for information that is culturally significant d. if something is interesting, we pay more attention and remember it

b. recall from long-term memory is reconstructive

Research on long-term memory by Bahrick shows that: a. long-term memry continues to decline throughout life b. recallable information after three years will likely be accessible throughout life c. only recently-learned information is accessible from our lives d. memories become highly unreliable once we reach old age

b. recallable information after three years will likely be accessible throughout life

Which of the following is NOT an indirect memory task? a. lexical decision b. recognition c. perceptual identification d. fragment completion

b. recognition

As discussed in lecture, breaking up your study time into separte smaller study episodes is one of the "keys to efficient processing". Which of the following best explains this strategy? a. generation and retrieval practice b. spacing effect c. encoding specificity principle d. depths of processing

b. spacing effect

As discussed in lecture, reading a chapter, waiting a day, and reading the chapter again, is one of the keys to effcient processing. Which of the following best explains this strategy? a. generation and retrieval practice b. spacing effect c. encoding specificity principle d. depths of processing

b. spacing effect

What does a digit span task measure? a. the capacity of attention b. the capacity of sensory memory c. the capacity of the phonological loop d. the capacity of long-term memory

b. the capacity of sensory memory

The class demonstration on processing vs. storage in working memory was shown by which procedure? a. everyone generated either one or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long) b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence. c. intrustions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled. d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun e. you remembered three lists of fruit, then a list of vocations

b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence.

Brook's block letter f task include visuospatial tasks such as mentally tracing a block letter and pointing at the front of the classroom. It also included verbal tasks such saying "yes" or "no" and holding a sentence in mind. What were the results of the class demonstration? a. while mentally tracing a block letter, it was harder to say "yes" or "no" than to point. b. while mentally tracing a block letter, it was harder to point than say "yes" or "no" c. while mentally tracing a block letter, it was harder to hold a sentence than to say "yes" or "no" d. while holding a sentence in mind, it was harder to point than to say "yes" or "no".

b. while mentally tracing a block letter, it was harder to point than say "yes" or "no"

As discussed in lecture, studying in the room you're in to take this exam is one of the keys to effcient processing. Which of the following best explains this strategy? a. generation and retrieval practice b. spacing effect c. encoding specificity principle d. depths of processing

c. encoding specificity principle

As discussed in lecture, thinking about the place in which you studied before taking an exam is one of the "keys to efficient processing". Which of the following best explains this strategy? a. generation and retrieval practice b. spacing effect c. encoding specificity principle d. depths of processing

c. encoding specificity principle

A _____ memory refers to a memory of an event that is so emotionally powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were preserved on film. a. traumatic b. photographic c. flashbulb d. iconic

c. flashbulb

Which demonstration illustrated the retrieval from memory is not just a reproductive process, but a reconstructive process? a. everyone generated either one or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long) b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence. c. intrustions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled. d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun e. you remembered three lists of fruit, then a list of vocations

c. intrustions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled.

Which of the following statements most closely supports the statement "the more we know about something , the easier it is to learn something new about that topic?" . a.encoding in long-term memory is best achieved through elaborative rehearsal b. the "deeper" we process something, the better we remember it c. learning new information builds our semantic network d. interference can be reduced with dissimilar information, thereby increasing learning

c. learning new information builds our semantic network

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves: a. more prototypes than Bob's b. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. c. more exemplars than Bob's. d. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

c. more exemplars than Bob's

People who had seen identical film footage of a traffic accident were either asked "how fast was the car going when it smashed into the other car?" or.. "bumped into the other car?". Those who were asked the "smashed" version rated the speed faster than the bumped version. This is an example of: a. reproductive memory b. flashbulb memory c. reconstructive memory d. working memory

c. reconstructive memory

Doug has allegy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an alllergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescrption by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over the counter medicine. While he was in the specialists waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Doug says to his brother " My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one". Doug has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a. MPI b. recovered memory c. source monitoring d. Schema confusion

c. source monitoring

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that: a. highly confident eyewitness are usually accurate b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a line-up. c. when viewing a line-up, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. d. both b and c

c. when viewing a line-up, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's

Which of the following conditions results in the most accurate assessment of how well you have learned information? a. when you judge your learning immediately after study (provided the to-be-learned information is absent) b. when you judge your learning in the presence of the to-be-learned information c. when you judge your learning at a delay after learning and the to-be-learned is absent d. we are never accurate at assessing our own knowledge

c. when you judge your learning at a delay after learning and the to-be-learned is absent

The research on misleading post-event information demonstrated that: a. people are remarkably resistant to new, inconsistent information b. misleading information influences recall only for children, and not for adults c. memory for any even information can easily be altered d. a question containing incorrect information can alter people's recall of the original event

d. a question of containing incorrect information can alter people's recall of the original event

Which class demonstration showed a dissociation between the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad? a. the levels of processing demonstration b. the working memory span task c. the serial position curve task d. brook's block letter f task

d. brook's block letter f task

Which of the following is true regarding children's episodic memory? (Hint: Hand caught in a moustrap) a. you can get children to believe anything happened with enough repition of misinformation. b children are not susceptible to misinformation; they only report what they think adults want to hear. c. children's epidsodic memory is extremely poor. d. children are only suspectible to misinformation if they're not sure something happened.

d. children are only suspectible to misinformation if they're not sure something happened.

As discussed in lecture, relating new information to things you already know is one of the "keys to efficient processing". Which of the following best explains this strategy? a. generation and retrieval practice b. spacing effect c.encoding specificity principle d. depths of processing

d. depths of processing

According to the textbook's discussion on Rosch's research on the structure of knowledge, which of the following considered a "basic" category? a.trout b. animal c. rainbow trout d. fish

d. fish

What was the actual condition of Leonard, the main character in "Momento"? a. he had no short term memory b. he had no long term memory c. he could not encode any new information of any kind d. he could not encode any new explicit information

d. he could not encode any new explicit information

In the movie momento, what does Teddy look like? a. he has blonde hair with no facial hair b. he is very hairy with a scruffy beard c. he is bald with a goatee d. he has glasses and a moustache

d. he has glasses and a moustache

A digit span task must have two components. Those are: a. delayed recall of a series of digits in serial order. b. immediate recall of a series of digits in serial order c. delayed recall of a series of digits in any order d. immediate recall of a series of digits in any order

d. immediate recall of a series of digits in any order

The primacy effect is information recalled from _________ while the recency effect is recalled from________ a. a sensory buffer/ long-term memory b. short-term memory/working memory c. short-term memory/ long-term memory d. long-term memory/ short-term memory

d. long-term memory/ short-term memory

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the : a. cognitive hypothesis b. life-narrative hypothesis c. reminiscence hypothesis d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis

d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis

An indirect memory task measures: a. semantic memory b. episodic memory c. resting activation d. priming in implicit memory

d. priming in implicit memory

Imagine yourself trying to think of a song that you know but then coming up with a different song. This different song gets "stuck in your head", thereby making it difficult to retrieve the song you're trying to get. This is an example of: a. tip of tongue b. phonological similarity c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference

d. retroactive interference

What was the point of the "FSCAR- SCARF" experiment, in which participants made judgments about the difficulty of solving anagrams (i.e, scrambles letters). a. that anagrams are easier to solve when the last letter of the word is moved to the front b. that anagrams are harder to solve when the last letter of the word is moved to the front c. that judging the difficulty of anagrams is extremely difficult. d. that judging the difficulty of anagrams is more accurate when the solution is present.

d. that judging the difficulty of anagrams is more accurate when the solution is present.

The class demonstration of subsystems of working memory was shown by which procedure? a. everyone generated either one or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long) b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence. c. intrusions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled. d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun e. you remembered three lists of fruit, then a list of vocations

d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun

Which of the following is a type of implicit memory? a.semantic memory b. episodic memory c.autobiographical memory d. procedural memory

procedural memory

Another term for explicit memory is ___ and another term for implicit memory is ___ a. declarative/ nondeclarative

a.

What is the correct order of "Levels of processing" from shallow to deepest? a. ornographic, phonological, semantic, self-reference

a.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short term memory? a. it uses semantic codes

a.

According to research described in your textbook, which of the following statements would be the fastest to recognize as true? a. "A robin is a bird" b. " A robin is a living thing" c. "A penguin is bird" d. " A pomegrante is a fruit"

a. "A robin is a bird"

On an immediate test of short term memory capacity, the members of this class would recall the string of 13 letters and digits " C S U F 9 1 1 P S Y 1 2 8" much better than would the members of a corresponding class at the University of Australia. This is likely due to: a. chunking strategies b. language differences c. implicit memory d. different sizes of short-term memory

a. chunking strategies

In the " War of the Ghosts" experiment participant's reproductions contained inaccuracies based on: a.cultural expectations b. narrative rehearsal c. source misattributions d. shallow processing

a. cultural expectations

As discussed in lecture, testing yourself on the "key terms" at the end of the chapter is one of the keys to effcient processing. Which of the following best explains this strategy? a. generation and retrieval practice b. spacing effect c. encoding specificity principle d. depths of processing

a. generation and retrieval practice

From the research on pronounciation time using immediate recall tasks, it is conclde that : a. one would probably recall are large number of 1-syllable words than 3-syllable words. b. the length of a word is generally irrelevant to working memory span c. long words provide greater redundancy are are therefore recall than short words d. people who speak languages with more syllables per word will show a greater working memory span

a. one would probably recall are large number of 1-syllable words than 3-syllable words.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual en-codes _____ and is tested _____. b. Auditorially, semantically

b.

The capacity of long-term memory is : a. seven plus or minus two items b. virtually unlimited c. about 10,000 items d. dependent on rehearsal

b.

in the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. a.scripts b. schemas c. confabulation d. bias

b.

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? a. after dinner tonight, I must call the library b. I know the lemons taste sour c. I recall the first time i ever thought about my child imaginary friend d. I remember seeing the word "consciousness" in the second chapter of the book

b. I know the lemons taste sour

In the first controlled memory experiement, what memory measure did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to measure his own forgetting? a. Word recall b. Trials to relearn c. Perceptual Identification d. Recognition

b. Trials to relearn

For people over 40 years old, during which of the following periods is autobiographical memory the best? a. childhood and adolecence b. adolescence and early adulthood c. early adulthood and middle age d. during the previous three years

b. adolescence and early adulthood

An example of a dissociation is evidenced by a brain-injured patient who: a.shows a significantly reduced digit span b. exhibits a recency effect but no primacy effect c. cannot recognize either familiar faces or familiar voices d. shows a build-up but no release from proactive interference

b. exhibits a recency effect but no primacy efect

A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with lake"? the particpant is most likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory task if he or she: a. used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words b. paid attention to the appearance of the words when trying to memorize them c. paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them d. relied on perceptual fluency when studying the words

c.

Most cognitive psychologists believe that people forget information because : c. other previous or subsequent information interferes with access to the target information

c.

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the: c. prefrontal cortex

c.

The study in which participants were instructed to repeat the last "B" word to themselves (Bjork and Whitten), demonstrated that: c. maintenance rehearsal does not encode information into long-term memory

c.

When we are in a happy mood, we are more likely to retrieve happy memories than sad memories, This phenomenon is called: a. encoding variability b. mood dependent memory c. mood congruent memory d. state dependent memory

c.

=Suppose you have four exams on the same day and you study each topic before each test. Exam 1 is Abnormal Psychology, exam 2 is Social Psychology, exam 3 is Cognitive Psychology, and exam 4 is is Anthropology. Assuming you knew each topic equally well, how well do you think you would perform on the Cognitive Psychology versus Anthropology tests, and what is this phenomenon called? a. Higher performance on Anthropology than Cognitive Psychology/ release from retroactive interference. b. Higher performance on Cognitive Psychology than Anthropology/ release from proactive interference. c. Higher performance on Anthropology than Cognitive Psychology/ release from proactive interference. d. Higher performance on Cognitive Psychology than Anthropology/ release from retroactive interference.

c. Higher performance on Anthropology than Cognitive Psychology/ release from proactive interference.

Thinking about the meaning of something in order to remember it is called: a. repetitive rehearsal b. working memory rehearsal c. elaborative rehearsal d. maintenance rehearsal

c. elaborative rehearsal

Which of the following encodes information into long-term memory? a.repetitive rehearsal b. working memory rehearsal c. elaborative rehearsal d. maintenance rehearsal

c. elaborative rehearsal

The Skaggs-Robinson Law of Similarity demonstrated that: a. as similarity increases, inferences increases b. as similarity increases, interferences decreases c. highly similar (but not identical) information increases interference while highly dissimilar information has almost no effect on interference d. highly similar (but not identical) information has almost no effect on interference while highly dissimilar information increases interference

c. highly similar (but not identical) information increases interference while highly dissimilar information has almost no effect on interference

The class demonstration on false memories was shown by which procedure? a. everyone generated either one or three associated words to each to-be remembered word. ( 20 items long) b. various members of the class read sets of sentences aloud (size set varied) and were instructed to remember the last word in each sentence. c. intrusions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled. d. you held the sentence "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" in your head while you made a decision about whether each word is a noun e. you remembered three lists of fruit, then a list of vocations

c. intrusions were mastered after a list of words with a similar theme (i.e sleeping) was read out loud and then recalled.

A study showed that items at the beginning of a list were often confused with other words that were similar in meaning (Kintsch & Buschke). In contrast, words at the end of the list were often confused with other words that sounded the same. This study is important because it suggests that: a. all material must be rehearsed before it can be recalled b. the serial position effect holds only for items at the beginning of the list c. there is a distinction between semantic and episodic memory d. material in long term memory uses semantic codes, whereas material in short-term store uses acoustic codes

d.

Repeating something over and over to your self is called: a.repetitive rehearsal b. working memory rehearsal c. elaborative rehearsal d. maintenance rehearsal

d.

The library and your bedroom are two study locations available to you and you want to go over your class notes for physics and art history. According to the "keys to efficient processing, which of the following sequences would be LEAST effective in long-term retention? d. Study in P in L, then P in L, then AH in B, then AH in B.

d.

Experiments on emotions and physiology using PET brain imaging showed greater activiation in the amygdala and improved memory for: a. pleasant pictures b. unpleasant pictures c. neutral pictures d. both present and unpleasant pictures

d. both present and unpleasant pictures

It may be difficult to remember what you had for dinner two weeks ago. The dinners you've had since that time are sources of: a. reality monitoring b. proactive interfernece c. memory decay d. retroactive interference

d. retroactive interference

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following conditions would best produce the best recall of a list of words? a. deciding whether the words rhyme with other words . b. concentrating on the number of syllables in the words. c. thinking about typing the words on a keyboard. d. thinking about synonyms of the words.

d. thinking about synonyms of the words