cognitive test 5

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the

belief bias

class. There is One hundred students are enrolled in State group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on chance that Sarah is a science major. In the University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high campus. Her boyfriend is also in the

40 percent

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, cach showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13.

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative?

Analysis

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2+5x-7 4x2-2x + 8?

Analytical

In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon?

Backfire effect

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?

Choosing an entree from a menu

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

Deliberate

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming?

Divergent

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? mother-in-law later explained that the ladle to wait until her mother-in-law Holly's ability to solve the "dish

Functional fixedness

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night

occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

Incubation

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?

It has a single correct answer.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, student, she was deeply demonstrations. Which of the following concerned with outspoken, and very issues of discrimination alternatives is most probable? bright. She majored in and social justice, and she philosophy as an undergraduate. As a participated in anti-nuclear

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

Means-end analysis

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?

Myside bias

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection experience can make it

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

Problem Solving: Planning

The expected utility theory of decision making is grounded in which of the following?

Rationality

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?

Representation

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the

Russian marriage

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain?

Temporal lobe

Consider the following argument: risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

From a thinking perspective, when faced with making a decision, the suggestion to "Go with your gut" would emphasize while the suggestion "Take your time" would place emphasis on

Type 1; System 2

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema,

The conjunction rule states that

alone the probability of two events co-occumng s equal te or less than the prohahility of ether event occurring

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using

an illusory correlation

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his purchase. On the first day he went out "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.

analogies

problem. By doing this, Dr. In this new study, participants Chan is studying the effect study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. of Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade shoes, which are all jumbled in a large him to grab his shoes and report to the sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? lobby. In his hurry, Miguel class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red children have removed their Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of in problem solving.

analogy

coworkers lustrates the keep telling use of a(n) Wally and Shamika are out on a date. me about that new asks where downtown, When Shamika lapanese place they should so it must be a great go for dinner, Wally says. "My place to eat" Wally's response

availability heuristic

Donte purchased a new "Mustangs must be the judgment is most likely biased by a(n) best-selling car car, a Ford Mustang, less than a now. I can't remember month ago. While heuristic. seeing as many sitting in traffic, Donte on the road as I have recently." Donte's says to his girlfriend

availability heuristic.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tomados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic.

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Particip the group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a of a syllogism.

conclusion; conditional

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) syllogism.

conditional

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

confirmation bias.

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies reasoning

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using reasoning.

deductive

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the approach developed by Ronald Finke.

divergent thinking

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking.

Josiah is trying to decide whether to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of

expected emotion.

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion.

The process of analogical encoding is focused on

finding similarity

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that important than in creative thinking. may be more

flexibility; experience

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of she will use a strategy

gains; risk-aversion

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Hernandez debate on TV, Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be

give me an answer the question and job creation very well

many of the floral floats seen in the Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best start preparing the floats for the next year's advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After merits or deficits, until they come up with creative

group brainstorming

machines have only yellow and orange machine dispenses 15 gumballs, There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent while the small machine decision-making. His "probability amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose of cach color. For cach coin, the large gumball interests include probability and sound of either of the colors, but not an equal project of the day" is to get a greater percentage

he should use is going in the small machine

they One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that

ignore the falsification principley

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of research

in vivo problem solving

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an emotion.

incidental

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves reasoning

inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly yesterday, and she expects to receive her order for the past five years Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days Bonnie placed an onder supply of msedicines through the mail tomorrow Bonnie is using omission bias.

inductive reasoning.

17.In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

13. In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) state.

intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

invalid

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is

invalid

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatun game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the decision of

irrational; accepting only high offers

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings.

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves.

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators.

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

performance is better for the concrete task

The application of a(n) makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome.

prefrontal cortex; insula

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associatedrwith

progress

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

The radiation problem can be solved using

representation and restructuring.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution prior to the solution of an insight problem and prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James

sample size

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

I Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the problem.

source

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the bias.

status quo

Experts than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

and the problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. In analogical problem solving, the problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve,

target; source

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

tendency to detect when others are cheating.

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Consider the following syllogism Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism?

the conclusion is valid

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification priniciple

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by diversity

the framing effect

residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member immediately, calling people at their At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls,, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the Given your text's discussion of inductive called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not America's favorite day of the week is Monday representative because

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early aftemoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the US population.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How willl Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

valid.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.