Cold War, Civil Rights, Vietnam War Review

Cesar Chavez

(1) Mexican-American migrant farm worker & founder of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1963; (2) helped exploited Chicano workers with his successful "boycott grapes" movement that led to better pay, limits on the use of toxic fertilizers, and recognition of farm workers' collective bargaining right

19th Amendment

(1920) gave women the right to vote

Cold War

(HT) 1946-1988, Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment)

Cuban Missile Crisis

(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Peace Corp

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Rosa Parks

(LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

14th Amendment

- Constitutional amendment which defined African Americans citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law

Vietnam War

..., a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

superpower

...dominant position in international relations by a country

sit-down strikes

...is a form of civil disobedience in which organized group of workers in which the workers refuse to move

socialism

...society owns all businesses and splits all profits for the good of the society and equality

arms race

...the race to have the best armed forces

26th Amendment

18 year olds can vote

Dwight D. Eisenhower

1952, 1956; Republican; Domino Theory established, Cold War deepened, sent US military advisors to Vietnam; president when Supreme Court decided Brown v. Board of Education, and created the Interstate Highway System (for purposes of national defense)

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Women's Liberation Movement

1960s to present. argued that the traditional family form is oppressive for women and children. takes away womens independence and that we need to start looking at families differently Brought Black and white women together

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964-Banned segregation in public accommodations and gave the federal government the ability to compel state and local school boards to desegregate their schools -Individuals who violated people's civil rights and outlawed discrimination in employment on account of race, color, sex, or national origin could be prosecuted -Established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Selma to Montgomery marches

1965 Campaign to pressure the federal government to enact voting rights legislation -The protests turned violent on a bridge -As protesters tried to cross, state troopers attacked the marchers -Known as "Bloody Sunday"

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Election of 1968

1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, Humphrey v Nixon; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

brinkmanship

A 1956 term used by Secretary of State John Dulles to describe a policy of risking war in order to protect national interests

Equal Rights Amendment

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

Mutually Assured Destruction

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Literacy Test

A method to deny blacks (and poor whites) right to vote during the Jim Crow Era by requiring reading or civics test in order to vote. Could be selectively applied. Prohibited by the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

I have a dream speech

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

An African-American Civil Right's Activist and pastor who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 by James Earl Ray in Tennesee

Oklahoma City lunch counter sit-ins by Clara Luper

August 19, 1958 in Oklahoma City a nationally recognized sit-in at the Katz Drug Store lunch counter occurred. The group quickly desegregated the Katz Drug Store lunch counters. Eventually integrated all of Oklahoma City's eating establishments.

Nuclear arms race

Cold War competition between U.S. and Soviet Union to develop the most advanced nuclear weapons

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that ended slavery

15th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

National Organization of Women

Founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

It caused riots over 100 cities across America. One week after his death Congress passed the Civil rights Act of 1968 it prevented discrimination in housing.

Rosenbergs

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg -Case based on the work of a confessed spy -Rosenbergs plead innocent and claimed they were attacked for being Jewish and nontraditional beliefs -Found guilty and executed -Evidence suggests Julius was involved in espionage but Ethel only a minor role

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Freedom Rides

Organized by CORE -2 buses went from Washington DC to New Orleans and along the way riders defied segregation codes -In Alabama, the buses were firebombed and attacked by a white mob -JFK had police and state troopers protect the riders -Federal Transportation Commission mandated the desegregation of interstate transportation

Second Red Scare

Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

President Lyndon B. Johnson

President from 1963 to 1969. Most legislatively productive U.S. President. Civil Rights Legislation, Keynesian economics (Kennedy tax cut), Immigration Act, Warren Report, Great Society, War on Poverty (Office of Economic Opportunity, Head Start, Food Stamps, Medicaid), Medicare, money lost to Vietnam - escalation

Separate But Equal

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

De facto

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Montgomery Buss Boycott

Started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat so blacks started boycotting in 1955

Kent State protests

Students react to Nixon expanding the war. They break windows and burn the ROTC building. National Guard comes in and fires tear gas. students throw rocks at them and the National guard fires at them killing 4 students and injuring nine. Federal charges filed against the guardsmen.

Birmingham Church

The 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed on Sunday, September 15, 1963. The explosion at the African-American church, which killed four girls, marked a turning point in the U.S. 1960s Civil Rights Movement and contributed to support for message of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness.

Little Rock Central High School

Was the site of forced desegregation in 1957 when the governor of Arkansas (Faubus) wouldn't allow the "Little Rock nine" access to the school. President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students.

lynching

a mob that takes the law into its own hands in which usually results in death of the accused

communism

a revolutionary socialist movement to create a classless, moneyless, and stateless social order structured upon common ownership of the means of production

Civil Rights Movement

a social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts.

American Indian Movement

an Indian activist organization in the United States. AIM burst onto the international scene with its seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

CORE

an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality (Congress of Racial Equality)

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Desegregation of military

in 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military

Johnson's War on Poverty

name of campaign launched by Lyndon B. Johnson to bring poor into mainstream society by promoting greater opportunity.

United Farm Workers

organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

President Kennedy

president during, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War.

De jure

segregation by law