College Board U 1-6 Progress Check MCQ: Missed

6.11: Reform in the Gilded Age "The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 Addams' point of view expressed in the excerpt supports which of the following historical arguments?

Activists believed that political machines hindered immigrant adoption of American political norms~ Addams' claim in the second paragraph of the excerpt that foreign-born residents of Chicago often lived in places where machine politicians often invented their own electoral rules supports the argument that social activists believed that political machines hindered immigrant adoption of American political norms. -Although Addams was a prominent woman in social reform movements, the excerpt does not address whether women claimed that their participation in reform movements would increase support for women's rights.

4.8: Jackson and Federal Power Which of the following pieces of evidence would help modify an argument in the excerpt about President Jackson's intentions toward American Indians?

Jackson had led United States armies that conquered American Indian peoples in the Southeast and forced land cessions~ Evidence that Jackson had commanded United States armies in the conquest of American Indian peoples would modify the argument in the excerpt that Jackson believed that his intentions toward American Indians were paternalistic and humane. -Evidence that Jackson believed that relocating American Indians was the only way in which they could preserve their way of life would not modify an argument in the excerpt. Rather, this evidence would support the argument that Jackson's intentions toward American Indians were motivated by a paternalistic desire to protect their supposed interests.

Which of the following was the most important reason that Native American relations with English settlers differed from Native American relations with other groups of European settlers in the 1600s?

Larger numbers of English colonists settled on land taken from Native Americans~ The larger number of English settlers than of settlers from other nations created more instances of tension with Native Americans, whose land was rapidly being populated by the English. -Although a few small sections of the Eastern Seaboard experienced disease and population loss in the decades immediately before English colonization, leading to an English perception that the land was thinly inhabited, for the most part, large populations of Native Americans lived along the Eastern Seaboard as well as the North American interior before European colonization. As a result, English settlers had similar opportunities for conflict with Native Americans as did other European settlers in the interior.

"The next matter I shall recommend to you is the providing more effectively for the security of your frontiers against [American] Indians, who notwithstanding the many parties of Rangers [militia, or local men who volunteered for colonial defense] have . . . killed and carried off at least twenty of our outward inhabitants and Indian allies; I have attempted by several ways to oppose those [invasions] but after some trouble and expense have only experienced that our people are not ready for warlike undertakings. . . . The [condition of our Indian allies has] of late approved themselves to be ready and faithfully allied, and I am persuaded that setting them along our frontiers without all our inhabitants . . . would be a better and cheaper safeguard to the country than the old method of Rangers." Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood, addressing the members of the House of Burgesses, 1713 Which of the following groups would most likely oppose the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

Members of allied American Indian groups~ Spotswood is suggesting putting allied American Indians on the front line of frontier conflict, so they would likely oppose his plan. -Spotswood's plan would protect Virginians without putting the lives of White militia members in direct danger, so it would likely be politically appealing to members of the House of Burgesses.

English colonists in North America in the 1600s and 1700s most typically sought which of the following?

Opportunities to improve their living conditions~ English colonists came to North America for many reasons, but most common among these was to find economic opportunities and social mobility. -While the American colonies did eventually declare independence from England, English settlers rarely came to America with this intent. Instead, most English settlers saw themselves as English, not as Americans, and did not seek political independence until the 1770s.

4.4: America on the World Stage "The committee of the president and directors of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company [in Delaware] . . . beg leave respectfully to offer to the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the following facts and observations relative to the said canal. . . . ". . . The island of Great Britain furnishes proof of the advantages of canals, beyond any other country. That nation has now become the maritime rival, and almost controller of every commercial people; her superiority has arisen from her unbounded commerce, and the vast wealth it has introduced, the basis of which wealth is her immense manufactures . . . : the foundation of these manufactures has again been formed by her internal improvements. . . . "The United States, both from their present political and natural situation, demand from their government every aid it can furnish. . . . Her rapid increase in prosperity, has already drawn upon her the envy, the jealousy, and the hostility of other nations, which alone can be counteracted by improving her internal strength, supplying her wants as far as possible by her own [products] and manufactures, and extending her agriculture so as to gain from its surplus the wealth of other nations." The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, petition to the United States Congress, 1809 The claims in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as opposing which of the following existing federal government policies at the time?

Promoting economic development through foreign trade~ The claims in the excerpt about developing manufacturing and the domestic economy would have been interpreted as opposing government policies focused on encouraging foreign trade. -The claims in the excerpt about developing manufacturing would not have been interpreted as opposing the levying of tariffs on imported manufactured goods. In the early 1800s, tariffs were used, in part, to protect manufacturing enterprises from foreign competition in order to help them grow.

4.13: The Society of the South in the Early Republic Which of the following resulted from the mass production of cotton described in the excerpt?

Some southerners relocated their plantations to the west of the Appalachian Mountains~ Overproduction of cotton depleted the soil in eastern states of the South, leading to many southerners moving west and allowing the institution of slavery to grow. -The invention of the cotton gin was a cause that led to the tremendous growth of cotton production because it facilitated cotton production, so it was not an effect of the mass production of cotton.

6.11: Reform in the Gilded Age "The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 Addams' point of view in the excerpt can be used to support which of the following arguments about social reformers during the Gilded Age?

Social reformers explored connections between different social problems~ Addams' point of view in the excerpt as a social reformer supports the argument that social reformers explored connections between different social problems. In addition to her advocacy against corruption in the excerpt, Addams was a prominent leader of the settlement house movement, which sought to help immigrants to adapt to the customs and culture of the United States. -Addams' point of view in the excerpt as a social reformer does not support the argument that social reformers achieved many legislative reforms. While some reform such as civil service reform occurred during the Gilded Age, social reformers did not necessarily pass regulations such as child labor laws that they hoped to pass. In the last paragraph of the excerpt Addams only discusses the failure of reformers to rein in urban political machine corruption.

3.8: The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification Skill 3.A: Identify and describe a claim and/or argument in a text-based or non-text-based source. "The United States [under the Articles of Confederation] has an indefinite discretion to make [requests] for men and money; but they have no authority to raise either, by regulations extending to the individual citizens of America. The consequence of this is, that though in theory their resolutions concerning those objects are laws, constitutionally binding on the members of the Union, yet in practice they are mere recommendations which the States observe or disregard at their option. "There is nothing absurd or impracticable in the idea of a league or alliance between independent nations for certain defined purposes . . . depending for its execution on the good faith of the parties. . . . In the early part of the present century there was an [enthusiasm] in Europe for [leagues or alliances]. . . . They were scarcely formed before they were broken, giving an instructive but afflicting lesson to mankind, how little dependence is to be placed on treaties which have no other sanction than the obligations of good faith. . . . "There was a time when we were told that breaches, by the States, of the regulations of the [Confederation's] authority were not be expected. . . . "In our case, the [agreement] of thirteen distinct sovereign wills is requisite, under the Confederation, to the complete execution of every important measure that proceeds from the Union. . . . The measures of the Union have not been executed. . . . Each State, yielding to the persuasive voice of immediate interest or convenience, has successively withdrawn its support." Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist paper number 15, published in 1787 Which of the following claims did Hamilton make in the excerpt about the powers of the United States under the Articles of Confederation?

The United States was not empowered to raise sufficient money for the government~ In the first paragraph of the excerpt, Hamilton claimed that while the United States under the Articles of Confederation could request money from the states, the states were not obliged to fulfill such requests to fund the national government. -Hamilton did not claim in the excerpt that Congress could act without the unanimous consent of the states under the Articles. The Articles of Confederation authorized Congress to make some decisions with the support of a prescribed majority of states. The Articles could not be amended without the unanimous support of the states.

What was a major difference between the Spanish encomienda system and the Spanish caste system in the Americas?

The encomienda system was based on using Native Americans for forced labor, while the caste system was based on a diverse and racially mixed population~ The encomienda system was developed by the Spanish based on their experience in Europe of deriving forced labor from the indigenous population. The caste system developed after extensive interracial and ethnic mixing took place as a way to maintain Spanish control over a diverse population.

The efforts of Spanish colonists to convert Native Americans to Christianity were most directly influenced by which of the following simultaneous developments?

The extraction of gold and other wealth from the land in the Americas~ As the Spanish sought to extract more gold and wealth from the land, they developed new institutions that converted many Native Americans to Christianity in order to subjugate the population and assimilate them into Spanish colonial society. -English colonists initially settled in regions separate from Spanish colonists and would develop relationships with Native Americans that were different from Spanish relationships with Native Americans. English attitudes toward religious freedom and tolerance did not directly influence or connect to the proselytizing efforts of the Spanish in the Americas.

5.6: Failure of Compromise Which of the following developments most directly related to the increased sectional strife immediately prior to the election of 1860?

The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship~ The 1857 Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case ruled that enslaved people were property and that African Americans did not have a Constitutional claim to rights of citizenship. This ruling further inflamed sectional tensions prior to 1860 by overturning earlier laws that had banned the expansion of slavery into certain territories and allowing slavery to stand as an institution in any territory in the United States. -The annexation of California was a result of the Mexican-American War in the late 1840s and, although it added free territory to the United States, a region where slavery could not be established, it was not a primary or immediate cause for the deepening regional divisions prior to the election of 1860.

3.11: Developing an American Identity Skill 1.B: Explain a historical concept, development, or process. "The preservation of the states in a certain degree of agency is indispensable. It will produce that collision between the different authorities which should be wished for in order to check each other. To attempt to abolish the states altogether, would degrade the councils of our country, would be impracticable, would be ruinous. [John Dickinson] compared the proposed national system to the solar system, in which the states were the planets, and ought to be left to move freely in their proper orbits. . . . If the state governments were excluded from all agency in the national one, and all power drawn from the people at large, the consequence would be, that the national government would move in the same direction as the state governments now do, and would run into all the same mischiefs [troubles]." John Dickinson, delegate from Delaware, summary of a speech at the Constitutional Convention from the notes of James Madison, 1787 Dickinson's desire to preserve "a certain degree of agency" for states is best explained by which of the following developments in the early United States?

The retention of regional cultural identity in conjunction with national unity~ Dickinson's concern for the continued existence of the states after the Constitutional Convention was most reflective of the continuation of local American cultures after the American Revolution. Americans such as Dickinson wanted to preserve the particularity of the states at the same time that the states would become united to protect the gains of the American Revolution. -The popularity of George Washington did not pose a threat to the existence of the states. Washington continued to support the development of Virginia at the same time that he became a national political leader.

"On the western side of the ocean, movements of people and ideas . . . preceded the Atlantic connection. Great empires—in the Valley of Mexico, on the Mississippi River . . . —had collapsed or declined in the centuries before 1492. . . . As Columbus embarked on his first transatlantic voyage, the Mexica, or Aztecs, were consolidating their position [in Mexico]; their city was a center of both trade and military might. Tenochtitlán [the Aztec capital] . . . held 200,000 people, a population greater than in the largest city in contemporary Europe. ". . . The Mississippian culture spread east and west from its center, the city of Cahokia, on the Mississippi River near the site of modern St. Louis. It was a successor to earlier cultures, evidence of which can be seen in the great ceremonial mounds they built. Cahokia declined and was ultimately abandoned completely in the later thirteenth century. . . . Throughout the Southeast, smaller mound-building centers continued." Karen Ordahl Kupperman, historian, The Atlantic in World History, 2012 Which of the following contributed most significantly to the population trend in pre-Columbian Mexico described in the excerpt?

Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation~ Maize cultivation supported trade, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification, all of which contributed to population growth and the development of a large urban center. -Although Native Americans experienced diseases and population loss after contact with Europeans, the excerpt describes population trends before exposure to European diseases and the resulting impact.

3.12: Movement in the Early Republic Skill 5.A: Identify patterns among or connections between historical developments and processes. The highest percentages of the African American population in South Carolina compared to other southern states shown in the table most directly suggest the

expansion of slavery in the Deep South~ The fact that in 1800 South Carolina had in its population the largest percentage of African Americans among southern states suggests the expansion of slavery in the Deep South to support plantation economies at this time.

6.3: Westward Expansion - Social and Cultural Development "The measures to which we are indebted for an improved condition of [American Indian] affairs are, the concentration of the Indians upon suitable reservations, and the supplying them with means for engaging in agricultural and mechanical pursuits, and for their education and moral training. . . . The light of a Christian civilization seems to have dawned upon their moral darkness, and opened up a brighter future. . . . "It has become a matter of serious import whether the treaty system in use ought longer to be continued. In my judgment it should not. A treaty involves the idea of a compact between two or more sovereign powers, each possessing sufficient authority and force to compel a compliance with the obligations incurred. The Indian tribes of the United States are not sovereign nations. . . . Many good men, looking at this matter only from a Christian point of view, will perhaps say that the poor Indian has been greatly wronged and ill treated; that this whole county was once his . . . and that he has been driven from place to place until he has hardly left to him a spot where to lay his head. This indeed may be philanthropic and humane, but the stern letter of the law admits of no such conclusion, and great injury has been done by the government in deluding this people into the belief of their being independent sovereignties." Ely Parker, commissioner of Indian affairs, report to the secretary of the interior, 1869 "My friends, I have been asked to show you my heart. I am glad to have a chance to do so. I want the white people to understand my people. . . . I will tell you in my way how the Indian sees things. . . . "[In 1863] a chief called Lawyer, because he was a great talker, . . . sold nearly all the Nez Percés country. . . . In this treaty Lawyer acted without authority from our band. He had no right to sell . . . [our] country. That had always belonged to my father's own people. . . . "In order to have people understand how much land we owned, my father planted poles around it and said: 'Inside is the home of my people—the white man may take the land outside. Inside the boundary all our people were born. It circles around the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man.' . . . ". . . I was granted permission to come to Washington. . . . I have shaken hands with a great many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. . . . Too many misrepresentations have been made, too many misunderstandings have come up between the white men about the Indians. . . . You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. . . . I have asked some of the great white chiefs where they get their authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in one place, while he sees white men going where they please. They can not tell me." Chief Joseph, chief of the Nez Percé American Indian nation, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," published in the North American Review, 1879 Unlike Commissioner Parker, Chief Joseph supports the claim that American Indians...

sought to preserve their culture~ Chief Joseph's assertions in the excerpt that the Nez Percé land "had always belonged to my father's own people" and that he desired to preserve territory where people were buried indicate the general desire to maintain cultural as well as territorial independence. -Chief Joseph does not express a desire for compensation for Nez Percé land. In the excerpt, he argues that the land should not have been taken in the first place.

4.13: The Society of the South in the Early Republic "Mississippi planter and agricultural reformer M. W. Phillips, a regular contributor to the American Cotton Planter, wrote about soil exhaustion and crop rotation, and extolled the virtues of manuring and self-provisioning. In one of his most widely reproduced articles, Phillips condemned planters before whom 'everything has to bend [and] give way to large crops of cotton.' . . . "Phillips imagined the cotton economy in terms of flows of energy, nutrients, and fertility, all of which he was convinced were being expended at an unsustainable rate. He used images of human, animal, and mineral depletion to represent an onrushing ecological catastrophe. But he did so within the incised [limited] terms allowed him by his culture—the culture of cotton. Phillips was arguing that the slaveholding South needed to slow the rate at which it was converting human beings into cotton plants." Walter Johnson, historian, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom, 2013 In the first half of the 1800s, which of the following resulted from the debates about the cotton economy described in the excerpt?

A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged~ As the Southern economy became based around the production and export of a few agricultural staples like cotton, a distinctive southern culture and identity emerged in stark contrast to that of the North. -Northerners framed their antislavery arguments in moral and economic terms, but they did not typically make environmental or ecological arguments.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre-Columbian American societies described in the excerpt?

Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit~ Both the Aztec and Mississippian pre-Columbian societies adapted to their environments and exploited their surroundings in order to succeed. Both built large central cities and lasting cultural practices such as mound-building. -Although many groups, including the Mississippians, utilized waterways, this was not a universal characteristic of successful pre-Columbian societies. Using waterways was just one manner in which societies utilized their surroundings. The Aztec capital was not located on a major waterway, for example, but it still became a center of trade.

4.10: Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening was most directly related to which of the following other historical developments of the early nineteenth century?

Challenges to Enlightenment views of rationalism~ The religious revivalism of the Second Great Awakening challenged existing Enlightenment views of rationalism, which sought to teach reason (rather than spiritual growth) as the single greatest purpose of having knowledge. -The Whigs and Democrats disagreed about the role and the powers of the federal government in the nineteenth century, but these political debates did not directly relate to the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening.

4.7: Expanding Democracy The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men by the 1820s and 1830s most directly contributed to the

Emergence of political rallies and events to encourage people to vote for particular parties~ As political participation came to be more often based on being an adult White male rather than property ownership, parties sought to promote voting by holding large-scale rallies and events and offering incentives including money and alcohol to support their sides. -Although, in the early nineteenth century, several states claimed that they could nullify federal law, the federal government largely rejected this claim. This claim did not result from the expansion of suffrage to most adult White men.

5.4: Compromise of 1850 "Mr. President, it was solemnly asserted on this floor, some time ago, that all parties in the non-slaveholding States had come to a fixed and solemn determination upon two propositions. One was that there should be no further admission of any States into this Union which permitted, by their constitutions, the existence of slavery; and the other was that slavery shall not hereafter exist in any of the territories of the United States, the effect of which would be to give to the non-slaveholding States the monopoly of the public domain. . . . The subject has been agitated in the other House [of Congress], and they have sent up a bill 'prohibiting the extension of slavery . . . to any territory which may be acquired by the United States hereafter.' At the same time, two resolutions which have been moved to extend the compromise line from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, during the present session, have been rejected by a decided majority. "Sir, there is no mistaking the signs of the times; and it is high time that the Southern States—the slaveholding States—should inquire what is now their relative strength in this Union, and what it will be if this determination is carried into effect hereafter." John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847 The excerpt best provides evidence about which of the following historical situations in the late 1840s?

Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War~ The aftermath of the Mexican-American War led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories, which increased sectional tensions between the North and the South. -Although the courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve issues around slavery (such as the Compromise of 1850), the court system was not a main venue in which these attempts at compromise occurred.

5.9: Government Policies During the Civil War "There are those who are dissatisfied with me. To such I would say: You desire peace; and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we attain it? . . . "But to be plain, you are dissatisfied with me about the Negro. . . . You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the Constitution invests its commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it, helps us, or hurts the enemy? . . . "You say you will not fight to free Negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you. . . . I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. . . . Why should they do anything for us, if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they must be prompted by the strongest motive—even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept." President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following?

How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy~ As Lincoln explains in the excerpt, he believed the Constitution gave the president broad powers during wartime. Lincoln sought to use these powers to frame the Emancipation Proclamation as necessary to achieving victory in the Civil War. -The excerpt does not address African Americans' motivation during the Civil War such as ending slavery and gaining rights of citizenship. Instead it focuses on Lincoln's motivations to aid the Union cause and undermine the Confederacy in issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

6.9: Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tos[sed] to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Emma Lazarus, poet, "The New Colossus," written to raise funds for the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, 1883 Which of the following best explains a similarity between the characteristics of immigration described in the poem and earlier immigration to the United States?

Immigrants compromised between the cultures they brought and the cultures they found in the United States~ Immigrants in the late 1800s and those who immigrated earlier in century were similar in that they negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought from their homelands and the cultures they encountered in the United States. In both periods, while immigrants often settled in enclaves with people of the same ethnic background, they also assimilated into the ranks of the working class, became active in politics, and sought to Americanize themselves.

6.6: The Rise of Industrial Capitalism "Senator Henry H. Blair: Won't you please give us . . . your idea in regard to the establishment of a postal telegraph for the purpose of supplanting or rivaling the existing telegraphic systems of the country now controlled by private ownership? "[Industrialist] Jay Gould: Well, I think that control by the Government in such things is contrary to our institutions. A telegraph system, of all businesses in the world, wants to be managed by skilled experts. . . . If the Government controlled the telegraph, the heads of the general managers and the superintendents would come off every four years, if there was a change in politics . . . and you would not have any such efficient service as you have now. "Blair: . . . Do you think there would be any opposition made to a general national law regulating the fares and freight charges upon inter-state commerce? "Gould: Well, I don't know about that. I think the freer you allow things to be the better. They regulate themselves. The laws of supply and demand, production and consumption, enter into and settle those matters. . . . "Blair: There has been testimony before us that the feeling generally between employers and employees throughout the country is one of hostility, especially on the part of employees toward those whom they designate as monopolists. From your observation, what do you think is really the feeling as a general rule between those two classes? "Gould: I think that if left alone they would mutually regulate their relations. I think there is no disagreement between the great mass of the employees and their employers. These societies that are gotten up to magnify these things and create evils which do not exist—create troubles which ought not to exist. "Blair: Of the men who conduct business enterprises and wield the power of capital in this country today, what proportion do you think are what are called 'self-made men'? "Gould: I think they are all 'self-made men;' I do not say self-made exactly, for the country has grown and they have grown up with it. In this country we have no system of heirlooms or of handing down estates. Every man has to stand here on his own individual merit." Jay Gould, telegraph and railroad company owner, testimony before a committee of the United States Senate, 1883 Which of the following can be inferred about the popular business practices of the late 1800s referenced in Gould's testimony?

Industry leaders increased profits and concentrated wealth through corporate consolidation into trusts and holding companies~ The excerpt refers to "monopolists" and the "power of capital," which resulted from the consolidation of corporations and the concentration of wealth, both of which occurred with greater frequency during the Gilded Age than in the decades prior. -Although the excerpt refers to private ownership and free market forces, communication and transportation networks benefited, in part, from federal and state government subsidies.

5.3: Mexican-American War "It was not automatically apparent how any of the filibustering targets of the post-1848 period could 'fit' into an American republic, or even into an American empire. . . . While it seemed only logical to some to simply take all of Mexico as booty [spoils] of the war, cut Mexico up, and turn it into new territories and states, most Americans rejected this idea. They did so because central Mexico was densely populated. . . . Many Americans feared the result of the integration of Mexico's people into the United States. Critics also doubted whether Americans could be happy in the alien landscape of central and southern Mexico." Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005 "American settlers had eclipsed the Mexicans in Texas and, with ample aid from southern Whites, had rebelled and won their independence. . . . A small band of Americans, many of them merchants, lived in Mexican California when war broke out in 1846. This dispersion of hardy migrants inspired observers to insist that pioneers and not politicians won the West. . . . "Pioneers played a role in expansion, but the historical record points to politicians and propagandists as the primary agents of empire. Racial, economic, social, and political factors coalesced [combined] to make territorial and commercial expansion enticing to American leaders. . . . "Denying any parallels between earlier empires and their own, expansionists insisted that democracy and dominion were complementary, not contradictory. Since leaders intended to transform [territorial] cessions into states and their inhabitants (at least Whites) into citizens, they scoffed at misgivings about governing a vast domain." Thomas Hietala, historian, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, 2003 Which of the following arguments about the Mexican-American War do the excerpts best support?

It generated debates over citizenship~ As a result of the war, the United States added to its territorial holdings, raising questions about the status of enslaved people, Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land. -Americans had already settled west of the Appalachian Mountains and into the areas of the Louisiana Purchase before the 1840s; therefore, the war allowed the continuation of westward migration and expansion.

4.1: Contextualizing Period 4 "Let us, then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own Federal and [Democratic-] Republican principles, our attachment to union and representative government. Kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe; too high-minded to endure the degradations of the others; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our descendants . . . ; entertaining a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own faculties, to the acquisitions of our own industry, to honor and confidence from our fellow citizens, resulting not from birth, but from our actions and their sense of them; enlightened by a benign religion . . . —with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a happy and a prosperous people? Still one thing more, fellow citizens—a wise and frugal Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government; and this is necessary to close the circle of our felicities." President Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801 Which of the following best describes the context from which the ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged?

Political leaders sought to encourage domestic economic development~ Jefferson's discussion in his inaugural address of the advantages of the United States in the early 1800s occurred in the context of the desire of many political leaders to encourage expanded agriculture and increased trade. -Jefferson did not deliver his inaugural address in the context of widespread reform movements encouraged by religious revivals. This development occurred during the Second Great Awakening beginning in the 1820s.

6.13: Politics in the Gilded Age "Most Populists sought economic and political reform, not the overthrow of existing systems. . . . The ethos of modernity and progress swept across the cultural landscape of late nineteenth-century America, driven by the winds of commercial capitalism. The Populists mainly shared this ethos. . . . A firm belief in progress gave them confidence to act. Because they believed in the transforming power of science and technology, they sought to attain expertise and knowledge for their own improvement. Because they believed in economies of scale, they strove to adapt the model of large-scale enterprise to their own needs. . . . Because they believed in the logic of modernity, the Populist[s] . . . attempted to fashion an alternative modernity. . . . ". . . The demands of [Populist] farmers for currency inflation . . . threatened the dogmas and profits of bankers and creditors. . . . The capitalist elite pursued a corporate power that left little room for the organized power of men and women of the fields, mines, or factories. Their corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision of an alternative capitalism." Charles Postel, historian, The Populist Vision, 2007 Which of the following pieces of evidence would refute Postel's claim in the first paragraph of the excerpt about the "ethos of modernity and progress" and the Populists?

Populist speakers often used religious examples and metaphors to make moral arguments for their policies~ Evidence that Populist speakers often used religious examples and metaphors to make moral arguments for their policies would contradict Postel's claim in the first paragraph of the excerpt that Populists embraced the culture of progress in the late 1800s that emphasized modern science, industry, and technology. -Evidence that Populists formed a large-scale organization out of numerous local farmer and labor organizations would support Postel's claim in the first paragraph of the excerpt that Populists supported economies of scale and the logic of modern organizations to further progress.

6.13: Politics in the Gilded Age "Most Populists sought economic and political reform, not the overthrow of existing systems. . . . The ethos of modernity and progress swept across the cultural landscape of late nineteenth-century America, driven by the winds of commercial capitalism. The Populists mainly shared this ethos. . . . A firm belief in progress gave them confidence to act. Because they believed in the transforming power of science and technology, they sought to attain expertise and knowledge for their own improvement. Because they believed in economies of scale, they strove to adapt the model of large-scale enterprise to their own needs. . . . Because they believed in the logic of modernity, the Populist[s] . . . attempted to fashion an alternative modernity. . . . ". . . The demands of [Populist] farmers for currency inflation . . . threatened the dogmas and profits of bankers and creditors. . . . The capitalist elite pursued a corporate power that left little room for the organized power of men and women of the fields, mines, or factories. Their corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision of an alternative capitalism." Charles Postel, historian, The Populist Vision, 2007 Which of the following pieces of evidence would refute Postel's claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt that the "corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision" for the United States economy in the late 1800s?

Populists sought new markets for United States agricultural goods overseas~ Evidence that Populists sought new markets for United States agricultural goods overseas would contradict Postel's claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt that corporations and Populists clashed over their visions for the United States economy. In the late 1800s, businesses were also seeking overseas commercial expansion to gain access to new markets for their goods. -Evidence that corporations advocated that the federal government avoid regulation of the economy would support Postel's claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt that corporations and Populists clashed over their visions for the United States economy. In the late 1800s, Populists advocated government intervention in the economy to, among other things, regulate railroad rates, operate the national telegraph network, and provide employment during times of economic distress.

4.8: Jackson and Federal Power "Jackson truly believed that, compared to his predecessors' combination of high-minded rhetoric, treachery, and abandonment, his Indian policy was 'just and humane.' . . . ". . . Jackson's paternalism was predicated on his assumption, then widely but not universally shared by white Americans, that all Indians . . . were [irrational] and inferior to all whites. His promises about voluntary and compensated relocation . . . were constantly undermined by delays and by sharp dealing by War Department negotiators—actions Jackson condoned. . . . Jackson tried to head off outright fraud, but the removal bill's allotment scheme invited an influx of outside speculators, who wound up buying between 80 and 90 percent of the land owned by Indians who wished to stay at a fraction of its actual worth. At no point did Jackson consider allowing even a small number of Georgia Cherokees who preferred to stay to do so in select enclaves, an option permitted to small numbers of Iroquois in upstate New York and Cherokees in western North Carolina. . . . Bereft of long-term planning and a full-scale federal commitment, the realities of Indian removal belied Jackson's rhetoric. Although the worst suffering was inflicted after he left office, Jackson cannot escape responsibility for setting in motion an insidious policy that uprooted tens of thousands of Choctaws and Creeks [from the Southeast] during his presidency." Sean Wilentz, historian, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, published in 2005 Which of the following pieces of evidence would best refute Jackson's claim about his predecessors' policies toward American Indians, as described in the first paragraph of the excerpt?

President George Washington enforced treaties guaranteeing American Indians in New York rights to their land~ Evidence that George Washington enforced treaties to guarantee American Indians rights to their land in New York would refute Jackson's claim that earlier presidents had mistreated American Indians. -Evidence that President Monroe forced American Indians in Florida to move to a reservation after the First Seminole War would support Jackson's claim that earlier presidents had mistreated American Indians.

6.13: Politics in the Gilded Age "The writer [of this paper] is giving her own experience from an eight years' residence in a ward [political district] of Chicago which has, during all that time, returned to the city council a notoriously corrupt politician. . . . "Living together as we do, . . . fifty thousand people of a score of different tongues and nationalities, . . . our social ethics have been determined much more by example than by precept [rules]. . . . In a neighborhood where political standards are plastic and undeveloped, and where there has been little previous experiences in self-government, the office-holder himself sets the standard. . . . "Because of simple friendliness, the alderman [city council member] is expected to pay rent for the hard-pressed tenant when no rent is forthcoming [and] to find jobs when work is hard to get. . . . The alderman of the Nineteenth Ward at one time made the proud boast that he had two thousand six hundred people in his ward upon the public pay-roll. . . . When we reflect that this is one-third of the entire vote of the ward, we realize that it is very important to vote for the right man, since there is, at the least, one chance out of three for a job. ". . . What headway can the notion of civic purity, of honesty of administration, make against this big manifestation of human friendliness . . . ? The notions of the civic reformer are negative and impotent before it." Jane Addams, social reformer, "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption," International Journal of Ethics, 1898 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support Addams' argument in the excerpt about politics in the late 1800s?

The allegiance of immigrant voters led to the creation of urban political machines~ Evidence that the allegiance of immigrant voters led to the creation of urban political machines would support Addams' argument in the excerpt that corrupt urban politicians gained votes by offering patronage jobs and other social services. -Evidence that many writers gained a large audience with their criticisms of corruption in city politics would not support Addams' argument in the excerpt about the cause of corruption in urban areas. In the last sentence of the excerpt, Addams claims that reformers were ineffective in combating corruption because they could not counter the bonds created between urban politicians and the voters to whom they provided benefits and services.

4.1: Contextualizing Period 4 "Antebellum planters . . . were very interested in the control of black movement. They were also keen to master their slaves' senses of pleasure. Seeking to contain [African Americans] even further than laws, curfews, bells, horns, and patrols already did, some planters used plantation [parties] as a paternalist mechanism of social control. Plantation parties, which carefully doled out joy on Saturday nights and holidays, were intended to seem benevolent and to inspire respect, gratitude, deference, and importantly, obedience. . . . The most important component of paternalistic plantation parties was the legitimating presence of the master. ". . . [Yet] again and again, slaves sought out illicit, secular gatherings of their own creation. They disregarded curfews and pass laws to escape to secret parties where . . . pleasures such as drinking, eating, dancing, and dressing up were the main amusements. . . . ". . . In the context of enslavement, such exhilarating pleasure . . . must be understood as important and meaningful enjoyment, as personal expression, and as oppositional." Stephanie M. H. Camp, historian, Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South, 2004 Which of the following best describes a context in the first half of the 1800s that influenced the development of slavery as described in the excerpt?

Southern planters used enslaved people to produce cotton for international markets~ The context of the use of enslaved laborers to produce cotton for international markets in the first half of the 1800s influenced the development of slavery as described in the excerpt. -Protestant religious revivalists encouraging the growth of antislavery movements did not contribute to the growth of slavery in the South in the first half of the 1800s, so this was not a context that influenced the development of slavery as described in the excerpt.

How were European economic systems in the American colonies in the 1500s and 1600s different from existing economic systems in Europe?

Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations~ During the colonization of the Americas, Spanish and later other European settlers relied on enslaved African labor, which was a significant departure from labor practices in European society. -Although the Spanish and, later, the English governments sought to assert control over colonial economies at various times, in reality they could exercise little power over the economic systems either at home or abroad.

3.3: Taxation Without Representation Skill 2.A: Identify a source's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience. "Every British Subject born on the continent of America . . . is by the law of God and nature, by the common law, and by act of parliament, . . . entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent and inseparable rights of our fellow subjects in Great-Britain. Among those rights are the following . . . : ". . . Taxes are not to be laid on the people, but by their consent in person, or by [representatives]. ". . . I can see no reason to doubt, but that the imposition of taxes, whether on trade, or on land, or houses, or ships, . . . in the colonies is absolutely irreconcilable with the rights of the Colonists, as British subjects. . . . "The power of parliament is uncontrollable, . . . and we must obey. . . . Therefore let the parliament lay what burthens they please on us, we must, it is our duty to submit and patiently bear them till they . . . afford us relief by repealing such acts, as through mistake, or other human infirmities, have been suffered to pass, if they can be convinced that their proceedings are not constitutional." James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, pamphlet, 1764 In the excerpt, Otis was responding to which of the following developments?

The British government's attempts to pay for the costs of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)~ After the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, Great Britain began to pursue new policies to raise revenue in its North American colonies, including the stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the passage of new taxes for the colonies. Colonists such as Otis opposed these measures, claiming they violated the rights of colonists as British subjects. -British colonists did not begin to use boycotts as a strategy for opposing Parliamentary legislation until the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765. This was later than when Otis wrote the pamphlet.

3.9: Constitution Skill 5.A: Identify patterns among or connections between historical developments and processes. "The preservation of the states in a certain degree of agency is indispensable. It will produce that collision between the different authorities which should be wished for in order to check each other. To attempt to abolish the states altogether, would degrade the councils of our country, would be impracticable, would be ruinous. [John Dickinson] compared the proposed national system to the solar system, in which the states were the planets, and ought to be left to move freely in their proper orbits. . . . If the state governments were excluded from all agency in the national one, and all power drawn from the people at large, the consequence would be, that the national government would move in the same direction as the state governments now do, and would run into all the same mischiefs [troubles]." John Dickinson, delegate from Delaware, summary of a speech at the Constitutional Convention from the notes of James Madison, 1787 The principle of federalism embodied in the United States Constitution had most in common with which of the following earlier aspects of British colonial government?

The autonomy of colonial legislatures from Great Britain~ During the period of British salutary neglect of its North American colonies before 1763, colonial legislatures enjoyed relative autonomy from direct control by central authorities in London. This was similar to the relationship the framers of the Constitution hoped to establish between the state governments and the federal government under the Constitution. -Under the British imperial government, the British king had absolute authority over his appointed royal governors, which was dissimilar from the federal system, in which powers were reserved for the states to wield independent from the federal government.

5.3: Mexican American War Both authors would most likely suggest that the historical situation described in the excerpts contributed to which of the following?

The continued alteration of Native American culture and society~ The United States victory and territorial gains as a result of the Mexican-American War increased conflict between Americans and Native Americans and put increased pressure on Native American culture and society by further taking their land. -While the controversial decision in Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford addressed issues of the rights of enslaved people in territories and states where slavery was illegal, the excerpts do not directly address this issue.

5.1: Contextualizing Period 5 The industrial resources of the North during the Civil War most likely accounted for which of the following?

The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies~ The industrialization of the North allowed for greater production of war materials for the Union army. In contrast, the Southern economy was more agrarian and did not have the resources to mobilize and adequately supply the Confederate army. -Although Northern industrialization and the Southern economy were interdependent, Northern industrialization did not directly account for the Southern reliance on cotton production and enslaved labor.

3.4: Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution Skill 2.B: Explain the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience of a source. "To understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. "A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another. . . . "The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges every one . . . that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1689 Interpretations of Locke's assertions regarding a "state of freedom" and a "state also of equality" most directly influenced which of the following?

The political rhetoric of Patriots during the American Revolution~ The political rhetoric of Patriots during the American Revolution was strongly influenced by the concept of natural rights and freedom from tyranny. -Locke's ideas did not directly contribute to the end of United States involvement in the international slave trade. It is ambiguous how much Enlightenment ideas influenced the decision.